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153 results for “Chironomus”
Data from: What is regulating chironomid populations? The influence of food supply and interference competition on development and mortality in <em>Chironomus riparius</em>
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Data from: Rapid adaptation to high temperatures in Chironomus riparius
Effects of seasonal or daily temperature variation on fitness and physiology of ectothermic organisms and their ways to cope with such variations have been widely studied. However, the way multivoltines organisms cope with temperature variations from a generation to another is still not well understood and complex to identify. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the multivoltine midge Chironomus riparius Meigen (1803) responds mainly via acclimation as predicted by current theories, or if rapid genetic adaptation is involved. To investigate this issue, a common garden approach has been applied. A mix of larvae from five European populations was raised in the laboratory at three different pre-exposure temperatures (PET): 14, 20, 26°C. After three and five generations respectively, larvae were exposed to three treatment temperatures (TT) 14, 20, 26°C, mortality was monitored for the first 48h and after emergence. After three generations significant mortality rate differences depended on an interaction of PET and TT. This finding supports the hypothesis that chironomids respond rapidly to climatic variation via adaptive mechanisms, and to a lesser extent via phenotypic plasticity. The result of the experiment indicates that three generations were sufficient to adapt to warm temperature, decreasing the mortality rate, highlighting the potential for chironomids to rapidly respond to seasonally changing conditions.
Data from: The influence of potential stressors on oviposition site selection and subsequent growth, survival and emergence of the non-biting midge (Chironomus tepperi)
Theory predicts that animals should prefer habitats where their fitness is maximized but some mistakenly select habitats where their fitness is compromised, that is, ecological traps. Understanding why this happens requires knowledge of the habitat selection cues animals use, the habitats they prefer and why, and the fitness costs of habitat selection decisions. We conducted experiments with a freshwater insect, the non‐biting midge Chironomus tepperi to ask: (a) whether females respond to potential oviposition cues, (b) to explore whether oviposition is adaptive in relation to metal pollution and conductivity, and (c) whether individuals raised in poor quality sites are more likely to breed in similarly poor locations. We found the following: (a) females responded to some cues, especially conductivity and conspecifics, (b) females preferred sites with higher concentrations of bioavailable metals but suffered no consequences to egg/larval survival, (c) females showed some avoidance of high conductivities, but they still laid eggs resulting in reduced egg hatching, larval survival, and adult emergence, and (d) preferences were independent of natal environment. Our results show that C. tepperi is susceptible to ecological traps, depending on life stage and the relative differences in conductivities among potential oviposition sites. Our results highlight that (a) the fitness outcomes of habitat selection need to be assessed across the life cycle and (b) the relative differences in preference/suitability of habitats need to be considered in ecological trap research. This information can help determine why habitat preferences and their fitness consequences differ among species, which is critical for determining which species are susceptible to ecological traps.
FIGURE 17 in A new species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from polluted streams of southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 17. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus inquinatus sp. n.: AE, BF, CD, and G. Arrows indicate centromere positions. Double arrows indicate positions of marker bands or group of bands. BR = Balbiani ring. N = nucleolar organizer. P = puff. Bold letter I indicates section involved in inversion. (a) Heterozygous inversion in arm G. Homologues are unpaired. One homologue has band sequence 6 (BR),1,2,3,4,5, and the other has 6,4,2,3,1,5 (BR) due to inversions.
FIGURES 1–5 in A new species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from polluted streams of southeastern Brazil
FIGURES 1–5. Chironomus inquinatus sp. n. male imago. 1. Thorax. 2. Abdominal tergites I–VIII. 3. Front, middle, and hind legs. 4. Hypopygium. 5. Superior volsella, ventral view.
FIGURES 6–16 in A new species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from polluted streams of southeastern Brazil
FIGURES 6–16. Chironomus inquinatus sp. n. 6–8. Pupa. 6. Frontal region. 7. Basal ring. 8. Anal spur. 9–16. Larva. 9. Head, ventral view 10. Antenna. 11. Pecten epipharyngis. 12. Premandible. 13. Labral seta. 14. Mandible. 15. Mentum and ventromental plate. 16. Lateral, ventral, and anal tubuli.
FIGURES 30–58 in New species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from Brazil
FIGURES 30–58. Larvae of Chironomus detriticola sp. n. (30–35); C. antonioi sp. n. (36–41); C. phytophilus sp. n. (42–46); C. oliveirai sp. n. (47–52); and C. fittkaui sp. n. (53–58). 30, 36, 42, 48, 54. Antenna. 31, 37, 43, 49, 55. Pecten epipharyngis. 32, 38, 44, 50, 56. Premandible. 33, 39, 45, 51, 57. Labral seta. 34, 40. Mandible. 35, 41, 46, 52, 58. Mentum and ventromental plate. 47, 53. Postmentum.
FIGURES 1–11 in New species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from Brazil
FIGURES 1–11. Males of Chironomus detriticola sp. n. (3, 7); C. antonioi sp. n. (1, 4, 8); C. phytophilus sp. n. (2, 5, 9); C. oliveirai sp. n. (6, 10); and C. fittkaui sp. n. (11). 1–2. Dorsal aspect of thorax. 3–6. Dorsal aspect of abdomen. 7–11. Fore-, mid-, and hind legs.
FIGURES 22–29 in New species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from Brazil
FIGURES 22–29. Pupae of Chironomus detriticola sp. n. (22); C. antonioi sp. n. (23); C. phytophilus sp. n. (24–26); C. oliveirai sp. n. (27–28); and C. fittkaui sp. n. (29). 22, 23, 26, 28, 29. Anal spur. 24. Dorsocentrals (Dc1 and Dc2, 3, 4). 25, 27. Abdomen.
FIGURES 12–21 in New species of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) from Brazil
FIGURES 12–21. Males of Chironomus detriticola sp. n. (12–13); C. antonioi sp. n. (14–15); C. phytophilus sp. n. (16– 17); C. oliveirai sp. n. (18–19); and C. fittkaui sp. n. (20–21). 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. Hypopygium. 13, 15, 17, 19, 21. Superior volsella, ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 3. Adult characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a, c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (b, d, e). a, b—tergal patterns; c, d—genitalia (left) and superior volsella (right); e—variation in superior volsella.
FIGURE 4 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 4. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus bifurcatus sp. n. *—heterozygous heterochromatic band in arm G. Limits of inversion A4 are not able to be shown. Other symbols as Fig. 1.
FIGURE 7 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 7. Polytene chromosome complement of Chironomus species b. The sequences of arms B, C, E and F are identical to sequences found in C. blaylocki. The BR of arm G is much further from the nucleolus than that of C. blaylocki. Symbols as in Fig. 1.
FIGURE 6 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 6. Pupal characters of C. bifurcatus sp. n. (a, c, d) and C. decorus Johannsen (b). Frontal apotome of C. bifurcatus (a) compared to that of C. decorus (b) with its secondary tubercles. Caudolateral spurs with different numbers of apical spines (c, d).
FIGURE 5. a—Arm B in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 5. a—Arm B of C. blaylocki sp. n. heterozygous for B1.2. The relative position of band groups 7 and 8 in the two homologs is marked. b—Arm G of a mid-Western larvae of C. bifurcatus sp. n. showing strong heterochromatin near the nucleolus, and also the presence of B-chromosomes (Bch). Other symbols as in Fig. 1.
FIGURE 2 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 2. Larval head characters of C. blaylocki sp. n. (a–c) and C. bifurcatus sp. n. (d). a, d—mentum and ventromentum, b—antenna, c—mandible.
FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic 5 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic 5-arm Neighbor-Joining tree of the cytologically defined decorus-group (dec), on the basis of the banding patterns of chromosome arms A, C, D, E and F. sta —outgroup species (Chironomus staegeri), NA dec—North American species, obt—Palaearctic species of the obtusidens-group. Modified from Gunderina et al. (2005).
FIGURE 1 in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 1. Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. Centromeres marked by arrowheads. Limits of intraspecific inversions marked by brackets above the region involved. N—nucleolus, BR—Balbiani ring.
FIGURE 7 in Description of Chironomus quinnitukut, n. sp., closely related to the C. decorus group in North America, with characterization of an additional larval form from halobiontic habitats
FIGURE 7. Salivary gland chromosome complement of C. species Cape Cod. a. basal region of arm B showing similarity to, and b. region of arm F inverted compared to those of C. quinnitukqut. Symbols as in Fig. 4.
FIGURE 5 in Description of Chironomus quinnitukut, n. sp., closely related to the C. decorus group in North America, with characterization of an additional larval form from halobiontic habitats
FIGURE 5. Polymorphisms and relationships of arms A, B, and E of C. quinnitukqut: a. decA1.1 of C. decorus showing region of possible homology with b. qutA2.2; c. qutA1.1 and B with nucleolus developed; d. qutE1.1; e. qutE2.2. Symbols as in Fig. 4.
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