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Figure 10 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 10. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus reversati from Coptodon tholloni. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I–VII, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, Male Copulatory Organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bar. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 7 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 7. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus kmentovae n. sp. from Hemichromis stellifer. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I-VII, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, male copulatory organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bar; Vg, vagina. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 5 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 5. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus calycinus n. sp. from Hemichromis elongatus. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I–VII, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, male copulatory organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bar; Vg, vagina. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 8 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 8. DIC micrographs of (a–b) Cichlidogyrus kmentovae n. sp. from Hemichromis stellifer: haptor (a), MCO (b); of (c–d) Cichlidogyrus omari n. sp. from Tylochromis praecox: haptor of holotype (c), MCO of holotype (d); compound micrographs of (e–f) Onchobdella ximenae n. sp. from Hemichromis elongatus: haptor (e), MCO (f). Scale bar 20 µm, except for (e) 50 µm.

Figure 4 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 4. Compound micrographs of (a–c) Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai n. sp. from Tylochromis praecox: haptor of holotype (a), MCO of holotype (b) and MCO of paratype (c); of (d–f) Cichlidogyrus calycinus n. sp. from Hemichromis elongatus: haptor of holotype (d), MCO of holotype (e), vagina of holotype (f); of (g–h) Cichlidogyrus polyenso n. sp. from Hemichromis elongatus: haptor (g), MCO (h). Scale bar 20 µm, except for (g) 50 µm.

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Fig. 2 in Relationships between morphology, diet and spatial distribution: testing the effects of intra and interspecific morphological variations on the patterns of resource use in two Neotropical Cichlids

Fig. 2. Head of Satanoperca pappaterra (a) and Crenicichla britskii (b), showing differences in the mouth protrusion.

Fig. 8 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 8. Testicular morphological characteristics of the Regression phase in C. kelberi. (a) Testicular proximal region, highlighting the big volume of melano-macrophage centers (mmc). (b) Gonad in restructuration with details to the Sertoli cells phagocytizing (Sp) the residual sperm (rSz), and the apoptotic cells (double arrow). (c) Transversal section along the testis in Regression. (d) Testicular periphery (dorsal region) highlighting the intense proliferation of primary spermatogonia in this region (Sg). primary spermatogonial cluster (dotted line); I - interstitial tissue; Sp - Sertoli cell in phagocytosis; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 - primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia. H.E. stain.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 7. Testicular morphological characteristics of Late GE Development phase in C. kelberi. (a) Longitudinal section of the main testicular duct (dt). (b) Germinal epithelium discontinuity in the distal region of the testicular lobules (asterisk). (c) Spermatogenic cysts in different development phases, highlighting the spermatocytes cyst in metaphase (mt) of the first meiotic division. (d) Discontinuity of the germinal epithelium along the testicle. H.E. stain. Egd - discontinuous germinal epithelium; mmc - melano-macrophage centers; S - Sertoli cell; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 -primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia cysts; St - spermatids cysts; Sz - sperm. H.E. stain.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 6. Testicular morphological characteristics of Mid GE Development phase in C. kelberi. (a and b) Testicular anastomosing region, highlighting the beginning of the germinal epithelium discontinuity (asterisk), in both the anastomosing region and lobules near the main testicular ducts. (c) Discontinuous germinal epithelium, with cysts in different development stages and lots of sperm (Sz) in the lobular lumen. (d) Peripheral lobular region (dorsal) highlighting the continuous germinal epithelium and clusters of primary spermatogonia (dotted line). ar - anastomosing region; dt - main testicular ducts; I - interstice; m - basal membrane; mt - metaphase; S - Sertoli cell; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 - primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia; St - spermatids; ta - tunica albuginea; cytoplasmic extension (hollow arrow). H.E. stain.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 5. Testicular morphological characteristics of Early GE Development phase in C. kelberi. (a) Main testicular duct region (dt), highlighting the narrow light (arrow). (b) Testicular lobules with continuous germinal epithelium (Egc) and germ cells cysts in different phases of spermatogenesis. (c) Germ cells cysts in different phases of spermatogenesis. (d) Distal lobular region, highlighting the germ cells clusters (dotted line). Bv - blood vessels; S - Sertoli cell; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 - primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia; St - spermatids; ta - tunica albuginea. H. E. stain.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 1. Testicular structure of C. kelberi in transversal section. (a) Testis draft highlighting the different regions. (b) A lobule representation, highlighting the cystic type spermatogenesis and the unrestricted distribution of spermatogonia. (c) Testis ventral region, showing the main testicular duct (dt), anastomosing region (ar) and the beginning of the lobular region (L). Reticulin reaction. (d) Testis dorsal region, highlighting the blind end (double arrow) of the testicular lobules, which are formed by the connective tissue septa sent by tunica albuginea (ta). Reticulin reaction. c - spermatogonial clusters; I - interstice; S - Sertoli cell; Sc - spermatocyte; Sg - spermatogonia; St - spermatid.

Fig. 3 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 3. Structure of the germinal epithelium in C. kelberi. (a and b) germinal epithelium highlighting the spermatogenic cysts in distinct layers. H.E. stain. (c) Outline highlighting the maintenance of a continuous germinal epithelium after the higher layers cysts break. Sc1 - primary spermatocyte; St - spermatid; Sz - spermatozoa.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 4. Testicular morphological characteristics of the initial phases of C. kelberi gonadal development. (a) and (b) Immature phase: germinal epithelium showing a reduced number of primary spermatogonia (Sg1). (c) and (d) Preparatory phase: presence of lots of primary spermatogonia and cysts of secondary spermatogonia (Sg2). Mitotic figures are also observed in this phase, highlighting the spermatogonial proliferation (arrow).

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Multiple stressors lead to complex responses in reproductive behaviors in an African cichlid

<p>Exposure to multiple environmental stressors is a common occurrence that can affect organisms in predictable or unpredictable ways. Hypoxia and turbidity in aquatic environments are two stressors that can affect reproductive behaviors by altering energy availability and the visual environment, respectively. Here we examine the relative effects of population and the rearing environment (oxygen concentration and turbidity) on reproductive behaviors. We reared cichlid fish (the Egyptian mouthbrooder, Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor) from two populations (a swamp and river) until sexual maturity, in a full factorial design (hypoxic/normoxic x clear/turbid) and then quantified male competitive and courtship behaviors and female preference under their respective rearing conditions. Overall, we found that the rearing environment was more important than population for determining behavior, indicating there were few heritable differences in reproductive behavior between the two populations. Unexpectedly, males in the hypoxic rearing treatment performed more competitive and courtship behaviors. Under turbid conditions males performed fewer competitive and courtship behaviors. We predicted that females would prefer males from their own population. However, under the hypoxic and turbid combination females from both populations preferred males from the other population. Our results suggest that reproductive behaviors are affected by interactions between male traits, female preference, and environmental conditions.</p>

Fig. 6 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 6. Lower pharyngeal tooth plates in occlusal view: a, G. pseudolabiatus, MCP 11228, 71.6 mm SL; b, G. mekinos, MCP 11251, 84.2 mm SL; c, G. constellatus, MCP 10827, 91.4 mm SL; d, G. missioneiro, MCP 12725, 59.3 mm SL; e, G. lipokarenos, MCP 12991, 89 mm SL. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 5. Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus: top, paratype, male, UFRGS 7754, 102.0 mm SL, arroyo Cuaró Grande on Ruta 4, tributary of rio Quaraí, Artigas, Uruguay; bottom, paratype, female, UFRGS 7754, 80.5 mm SL, arroyo Cuaró Grande on Ruta 4, tributary of rio Quaraí, Artigas, Uruguay.

Fig. 2 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 2. Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys: top, male, UFRGS 17259, 120 mm SL, lagoa Corvina, Mostardas; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; bottom, female, uncatalogued, 84 mm SL, Saco da Alemoa, delta do rio Jacuí, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Fig. 7 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 7. Rio Sarandi III, on the road from Santana do Livramento to Quaraí, Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, type locality of Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus.

Fig. 10 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 10. Gymnogeophagus missioneiro: top, holotype, male, MCP 23495, 109.3 mm SL, arroio Ximbocuzinho, on the road from São Luiz Gonzaga to Bossoroca, 4 km from São Luiz Gonzaga, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; middle, paratype, female, MCP 12725, 72.8 mm SL, arroio Passo do Rosário or Passo da Cancela, on the road from São Nicolau to Garruchos, Santo Antônio das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; bottom, holotype, photo taken just after capture.

Fig. 4 in Descriptions of five new species of the Neotropical cichlid genus Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro, 1918 (Teleostei: Cichliformes) from the rio Uruguay drainage

Fig. 4. Gymnogeophagus pseudolabiatus: top, holotype, male, MCP 35027, 92.3 mm SL, rio Sarandi III, on the road from Santana do Livramento to Quaraí, Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; bottom, paratype, male, MCP 35036, 81.4 mm SL) creek tributary of rio Quaraí, on road from Quaraí to Baltazar Brum railroad station, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.