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Figs 8a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 8a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b – right and left side view of the same specimen; c – left side view of a specimen with many small macronuclear nodules; d – anterior dorsal view of the proter from a late divider, showing the isostichad dorsal brush; e–g – anterior right (e) and left (f, g) side views of the specimens shown in Figs (a–c). Arrowheads (f, g) mark nematodesma bundles forming the oral basket. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, F – oral bulge fibres, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)

Figs 5a–k. Protospathidium lepidosomatum after protargol impregnation. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 5a–k. Protospathidium lepidosomatum after protargol impregnation. a, b – ventral and dorsal view, showing the nuclear apparatus and the heterostichad dorsal brush with end of row 1 marked by an arrowhead; c, d – right and left side view of anterior body region, showing the disconnected oral kinetofragments; e – rarely, the oral bulge extrusomes impregnate; f – arrowheads indicate nematodesma bundles originating from the oral kinetofragments; g–i – variability of macronucleus; j – a specimen with a large food vacuole containing a Vorticella; k – an inflated specimen with some food vacuoles up to 10 µm across. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pore, FV – food vacuoles, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronucleus, OF – oral kinetofragments. Scale bars: 10 µm (e, f), 20 µm (c, d, j, k), and 30 µm (a, b, g–i).

Figs 4a–o in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 4a–o. Protospathidium lepidosomatum from life (a–f, i–k), after protargol impregnation (g, h, l–o), and in the SEM (i). a – left side view of a representative specimen, length 70 µm; b – mature extrusome, 2.5 µm; c – frontal view of oral bulge; d – slightly schematized dorsal brush; e, f – surface view and optical section of cortex; g, h – ciliary pattern of ventral and dorsal side and nuclear apparatus of holotype specimen, length 75 µm; i, k – details and overview of resting cyst in optical section. Note the nipple-shaped lepidosomes; j – body outline; l, m – maximum size variability; n, o – right and left side view, showing the ciliary pattern. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EL – external layer, EP – excretory pores, G – cortical granules, IL – internal layer, L – lipid droplets, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei, N – nematodesma bundle, OF – oral kinetofragments. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (i), 10 µm (k, n, o), 30 µm (a, l, m), and 40 µm (g, h).

Figs 3a–k. Arcuospathidium bromelicola after protargol impregnation. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 3a–k. Arcuospathidium bromelicola after protargol impregnation. a, b – left and right side view of a representative specimen; c, d – ventral and dorsal view of anterior body region, showing the cuneate, slightly curved circumoral kinety and the dorsal brush; e – left side view, showing the heterostichad dorsal brush with end of row 3 marked by an arrowhead; f – a horseshoe-shaped macronucleus accompanied by an ellipsoidal micronucleus with a minute, hemispherical cap; g–i – specimens with distinctly curved oral bulge, respectively, circumoral kinety; j – post-conjugant with two macronuclear nodules; k – a trophont with two large food vacuoles which contain ciliates and dislocate the macronucleus. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus. Scale bars: 10 µm (e, f), 15 µm (c, d, g, h), 30 µm (k), and 40 µm (a, b, i, j).

Figs 12a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum, dividers after protargol impregnation. a–c in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 12a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum, dividers after protargol impregnation. a–c – overview and details of an early divider. Note body indentation (asterisks), basal bodies production in the division zone of all kineties (arrowhead), and beginning fusion of macronuclear nodules (arrow in c); d–f – a middle divider, showing an inflated fission area (small arrowheads), the developing dorsal brush (1–3), the oral kinetofragments (large arrowheads), and the macronuclear strand that developed by fusion of the macronuclear nodules. B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)

Figs 9–15 in Three New Microthoracids (Ciliophora, Nassophorea) from Austria and Venezuela

Figs 9–15. Drepanomonas minuta after protargol (9–13) and Klein-Foissner silver nitrate impregnation (14, 15). 9, 10 – right and left side view of the holotype and a paratype specimen, showing the kinetid pattern and the nuclear apparatus; 11 – ventral view of a paratype specimen, showing the obliquely arranged preoral kineties and the postoral complex; 12, 13 – right and left side view of paratype specimens, showing the slenderly semi-ellipsoidal body and the characteristic posterior extrusome; 14, 15 – right and left side view, showing the kinetid pattern and the cytopyge. CY – cytopyge, E – extrusomes, K1–9 – somatic kineties, M – adoral membranelles, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, PC – postoral complex, PO(1–3) – preoral kineties. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Figs 11a–j in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 11a–j. Spathidium bromeliophilum, body and nuclear changes in dividers (a–g) and post-dividers (h–j) after protargol impregnation; drawn to scale. For the ciliary pattern, see Figs 10a–e, 12a–f, 15a–d. a – a morphostatic specimen with many macronuclear nodules scattered throughout the cytoplasm; b – early divider with most macronuclear nodules fused; c, d – middle dividers in which the macronuclear nodules fused to an irregular mass. Note micronuclear division and the slightly inflated fission area; e, f – middle-late and late stage, showing elongation of body and macronucleus, and division furrow. The opisthe is considerably narrower than the proter (f), a rare feature (Table 5); g – very late divider, showing proter and opisthe about to separate while the macronucleus has already divided; h–j – post-dividers develop a three-dimensional macronuclear reticulum (h, i) that breaks into many nodules during the maturation of the cell (j, a). BU – oral bulge, CV – contractile vacuole, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei. Scale bar: 40 μm.

Figs 2a–m. Arcuospathidium bromelicola from life. a, b in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 2a–m. Arcuospathidium bromelicola from life. a, b – left side and ventral view, showing body outline of a specimen with strongly convex oral bulge (arrowheads); c – oral bulge extrusomes (some marked by arrowheads) are rod shaped and about 4 × 0.3 µm in size; d – a pillar of a squashed cyst; e – bright field micrograph of a resting cyst in optical section, showing the thin external layer (arrow) and thick internal layer (opposed arrowheads); f–h – optical section of cyst pillars, showing the variability of the distal end; i, j – optical section and surface view, showing the narrowly spaced pillars; k – arrowheads mark overturned pillars in a squashed cyst; l, m – optical sections, showing the cysts filled with lipid droplets and surrounded by a narrow slime layer. CV – contractile vacuole, L – lipid droplets, MA – macronucleus, SL – slime layer. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (f–h), 10 µm (c), 15 µm (e, i, j, l, m), and 40 µm (a, b).

Figs 16–24 in Three New Microthoracids (Ciliophora, Nassophorea) from Austria and Venezuela

Figs 16–24. Drepanomonas multidentata (16–21) and D. dentata (22–24) from life (16, 17, 22–24) and after protargol impregnation (18–21). 16, 17 – right and left side view of a representative specimen, length 45 µm, showing the crescentic body and the cortical ridges. The right side ridges form an obfalcate plate with a subapical spine and a shallow concavity in the posterior portion (asterisk); the two left side ridges, each with a spine anteriorly, produce a tridentate pattern posteriorly. Note the three highly characteristic ventro-lateral spines in the surrounding of the oral opening. 18, 19 – right and left side view of holotype specimen, length 35 µm, showing the kinetid pattern and the nuclear apparatus; 20 – ventral view of a paratype specimen, showing the obliquely arranged preoral kineties, the circumoral basal bodies, and the postoral complex. The posterior segment of somatic kinety 1 cannot be seen in this specimen because it is over the deeply impregnated macronucleus (outline dotted); 21 – in dividing specimens, three adoral membranelles are recognizable both in proter and opisthe. The arrowheads mark the ventro-lateral spines; 22–24 – D. dentata (22, 23, from Fresenius 1858; 24, from Kreutz 1998), showing the crescentic body, the tooth-like projection on the ventral side (triangle), the serrate dorsal (arrows) and ventral (arrowhead) margin, and the cortical ridges. A – anterior body end, K(1–9) – somatic kineties, LAS – left anterior spines, LVS – left ventro-lateral spines, M(1–3) – adoral membranelles, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, NK – nasse kinetosomes, P – posterior body end, PC – postoral complex, PO(1–3) – preoral kineties, R – ridges, RVS – right ventro-lateral spine, SAS – subapical spine, T – excretory tube of contractile vacuole, TP – spines of the tridentate pattern. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Figs 21a–c in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 21a–c. Spathidium wolfi, dorsal views of anterior body region after protargol impregnation, showing the isostichad dorsal brush (c, arrows) and the excretory pores (arrowheads) of the anterior contractile vacuole. B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus. Scale bars: 20 µm.

Figs 22a–k. Spathidium wolfi after protargol impregnation. a – a in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 22a–k. Spathidium wolfi after protargol impregnation. a – a slender specimen; b – overview of a specimen inflated by the preparation; c, d – overviews showing the moniliform macronucleus; e–g – ventral views, showing the obovate (or broadly cuneate) circumoral kinety; h – ventrolateral view, showing kineties and cortical granules; i–k – anterior body portion at three focal planes. (i) Right side surface view, showing fibres in oral bulge and somatic cortex (arrowheads). (j) When focused slightly deeper, the nematodesmata become visible. (k) When focused to the left side, the dorsal brush and the Spathidium ciliary pattern become recognizable. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pores, F – fibres, G – cortical granules, K – kineties, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei, N – nematodesmata. Scale bars: 10 µm (e–k) and 50 µm (a–d).

Figs 1a–n in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank

Figs 1a–n. Arcuospathidium bromelicola from life (a–d, j–l) and after protargol impregnation (e–i, m, n). a – left side view of a representative specimen, length 85 µm; b – surface view, showing the minute (≤ 1 µm) cortical granules arranged in oblique rows; c – the oral bulge is distinctly curved in 70% of specimens; d – frontal view of a straight oral bulge studded with extrusomes; e, f – ciliary pattern of left and right side and macronucleus of holotype specimen, length 85 µm; note the Arcuospathidium ciliary pattern on the left side (e), i.e., the ciliary rows do not curve ventrally anteriorly; g–i – shape variability of oral bulge, respectively, circumoral kinety; j – mature extrusomes are rodshaped and about 4 µm long; k, l – overview and detail of resting cyst in optical section. Note the conspicuous, pillar-shaped lepidosomes most frayed anteriorly; m, n – length comparison of trophont and theront. BU – oral bulge, B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EL – external layer, EP – excretory pore, FV – food vacuoles, G – cortical granulation, IL – internal layer, L – lipid droplet, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, SL – slime layer, T – anterior tail of dorsal brush rows. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (l), 15 µm (h, k), 20 µm (g, i), and 40 µm (a, e, f, m, n).

Figs 16–21 in Redescription of Strombidium coronatum (Leegaard, 1915) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotricha) based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy

Figs 16–21. Strombidium coronatum, Irish Sea specimens (16–18, scanning electron micrographs; 19–21, protargol impregnation, micrographs of several focal planes were stacked, using the computer program CombineZP from Alan Hadley). 16 – ventrolateral view; 17 – left lateral view showing uniquely shaped peristome, which is roughly triangular in outline and almost flat, extending in the sagittal plane. The extrusomes insert in short oblique rows anteriorly to the girdle kinety; note that some of them are just ejected (arrowhead); 18 – posterior cell portion showing the sharp, longitudinal ridges that have already been illustrated in the original description by Leegaard (1915); 19 – left lateral view of an early divider; 20 – dorsolateral view of an early divider; 21 – ventrolateral view. AP – apical protrusion, BM – buccal membranelles, CM – collar membranelles, DC – distended cell surface, EX – extrusome attachment sites, GK – girdle kinety, MA – macronucleus, OP – oral primordium, VK – ventral kinety. Scale bars: 40 µm (16), 20 µm (17, 19–21), and 10 µm (18).

Figure 4 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 4. Alignment of the SSU-rDNA sequences of C. caudatum (EU264560) and C. zelihayildizae n. sp. (MW411350) to show the substitution positions.

Figure 3 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 3. Microphotographs of C. zelihayildizae n. sp. with silver carbonate staining (a–f): a, b: Ventral ciliature of representative individuals. c: Dorsal ciliature of representative individual. d, e: Oral ciliature to show paroral membranelle, NO1 and NO3, and postoral kineties 1−4. f: Oral ciliature to show NO2 and NO3. Arrowheads in Figure d show the dikinetidal section of K1. Cyt: cytopyge, EP: excretory pore, K1: the kinety on the right side of oral apparatus, Ma: macronucleus, NO1−NO3: nassulid organelles 1−3, PM: paroral membrane, PO1−PO4: postoral kinety 1−4, Arrowheads in figure d show dikinetidal section of K1.

Figure 2 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 2. Micropotographs of C. zelihayildizae n. sp. live (a–d) and silver nitrate-stained (e−f). BC: buccal cavity, CV: contractile vacuole, Ma: macronucleus, NO2: nassulid organelle 2, NO3: nassulid organelle 3, PM: paroral membranelle. Arrowheads show the furrowed edge of the antero-ventral surface. Scale bars 20 mm.

Figure 1 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 1. Morphology, infraciliature, and cortical structure of C. zelihayildizae n. sp. live (a– d), and silver nitrate- and silver carbonatestained (f–j). a: Ventral view of a representative individual. b–d: Left lateral, right lateral, and dorsal view, respectively, to show general body outline, buccal cavity, contractile vacuole, and nuclear localization. e: Part of the pellicle to show silverline system. f, g: Infraciliature in ventral (f) and dorsal view (g). h, i: Oral ciliature in different focal levels. BC: buccal cavity, CV: contractile vacuole, Cyt: cytopyge, DK: dikinetid part of K1, EP: excretory pore, K1: the kinety on the right side of oral apparatus, Ma: macronucleus, Mi: micronucleus, NO1−NO3: nassulid organelles 1−3, PM: paroral membrane, PO1−PO4: postoral kinety 1−4. Small arrows (h, i) show dikinetids above the excretory pore. Scale bars 20 mm.

Figure 5 in Morphology and phylogeny of a new soil ciliate, Colpodidium zelihayildizae n. sp. (Ciliophora, Nassophorea, Colpodidiidae), from Van, Turkey

Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree obtained from SSU rRNA gene sequences analyses using ML and BI methods to show the position of C. zelihayildizae (in red and bold). The numbers on the nodes represent the bootstrap values of the ML analysis and posterior probabilities of BI analysis, respectively. Full support in both analyses (100% ML and 1.00 BI) is marked with a bold circle. The scale bar indicates 9 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

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Fig. 1 in Morphology and Molecular Analyses of a New Marine Ciliate, Arcuseries minima sp. nov. (Ciliophora: Urostylidae)

Fig. 1. Arcuseries minima sp. nov. in vivo (A–E) and after protargol impregnation (F, G). (A) Ventral view of a representative specimen. (B, C) Cortical granulation in ventral surface. (D, E) Cortical granulation in dorsal surface, three types of cortical granules: the large (arrow), medium-sized (arrowhead), small (double arrowhead). (F) Ventral view of holotype specimen. (G) Dorsal view of a paratype specimen, arrow indicates a basal body. AZM = adoral zone of membranelles; BC = buccal cirrus; E = endoral; FC = frontal cirri; FTC = frontoterminal cirri; LMC = left marginal cirri; Ma = macronuclear nodules; MC = midventral cirri; Mi = micronuclei; P = paroral; PTC = pretransverse cirri; RMC = right marginal cirri; TC = transverse cirri; 1–3 = dorsal kineties 1–3. Scale bars: 20 µm.