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56 results for “Clade size”
Data from: Moth body size increases with elevation along a complete tropical elevational gradient for two hyperdiverse clades
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Data from: Tempo and mode of mandibular shape and size evolution reveal mixed support for incumbency effects in two clades of island-endemic rodents (Muridae: Murinae)
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Data from: Decoupling of latitudinal gradients in species and genus geographic range size: a signature of clade range expansion
Aim. Clade range size is a function of species range sizes but also depends on the geographic deployment of species; clade range expansion should therefore depend partly on a clade's tendency to produce new species. Under high speciation pressure, species-rich clades can migrate outside its present distribution, and thus overcome niche conservatism. A simple probabilistic mechanism for an out-of-tropics dynamic (OTT) for clade range expansion can thus operate in the absence of species-level differences in probability of range expansion, with speciation into novel climates more likely to occur in species-rich clades. In this scenario, (a) species and clade range sizes are decoupled and (b) clade range expansion is a function of per-clade species diversification. To test these predictions that can discriminate between a weaker and a stronger climatic niche conservatism, we contrast the latitudinal and thermal range sizes of marine bivalves at the species and clade (genus) level. Location. Western Pacific, Eastern Pacific, and Western Atlantic. Methods. We decompose the latitudinal and thermal distribution of genera into within-species and among-species dispersions and quantify their contributions to genus range size and species richness. We model the latitudinal gradient in per-genus species richness with a scenario where species range expansion does not vary with latitude. Result. Genus latitudinal range size cannot be predicted from the latitudinal range sizes of congeneric species, but strongly depends on latitudinal distances among species centroids, which correlate strongly with per-genus species richness. Genus thermal ranges correlate with the thermal ranges of congeneric species and thus support thermal conservatism of genera, but they correlate even more strongly with thermal differentiation among congeneric species. Genus latitudinal and thermal range sizes increase towards higher latitudes because genera that are species-rich anywhere within their range increase in proportion towards higher latitudes. Main Conclusions. The probabilistic model represents a first-order neutral expectation of clade-level range expansion at multiple phylogenetic levels arising from clade differences in net species diversification. Unless opposed by a strong niche conservatism, clade species richness can promote genus range expansion to new latitudes and climates. Species diversification thus plays a significant role in range expansion of marine genera even when thermal range sizes and limits of clades are conserved.
Data from: Chromosome number evolves independently of genome size in a clade with non-localized centromeres (Carex: Cyperaceae)
The effects of chromosome rearrangement on genome size are poorly understood. While chromosome duplications and deletions have predictable effects on genome size, chromosome fusion, fission, and translocation do not. In this study, we investigate genome size and chromosome number evolution in 87 species of Carex, one of the most species-rich genera of flowering plants and one that has undergone an exceptionally high rate of chromosome rearrangement. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares regression, we find that the correlation between chromosome number and genome size in the genus grades from flat or weakly positive at fine phylogenetic scales to weakly negative at deeper phylogenetic scales. The rate of chromosome evolution exhibits a significant increase near the crown of a species-rich clade that arose approximately 5 million years ago. Genome size evolution, however, demonstrates a nearly constant rate across the entire tree. We hypothesize that this decoupling of genome size from chromosome number helps explain the high lability of chromosome number in the genus, as it reduces indirect selection on chromosome number.
Data from: The tree balance signature of mass extinction is erased by continued evolution in clades of constrained size with trait-dependent speciation
The kind and duration of phylogenetic topological "signatures" left in the wake of macroevolutionary events remain poorly understood. To this end, we examined a broad range of simulated phylogenies generated using trait-biased, heritable speciation probabilities and mass extinction that could be either random or selective on trait value, but also using background extinction and diversity-dependence to constrain clade sizes. In keeping with prior results, random mass extinction increased imbalance of clades that recovered to pre-extinction size, but was a relatively weak effect. Mass extinction that was selective on trait values tended to produce clades of similar or greater balance compared to random extinction or controls. Allowing evolution to continue past the point of clade-size recovery resulted in erosion and eventual erasure of this signal, with all treatments converging on similar values of imbalance, except for very intense extinction regimes targeted at taxa with high speciation rates. Return to a more balanced state with extended post-extinction evolution was also associated with loss of the previous phylogenetic root in most treatments. These results further demonstrate that while a mass extinction event can produce a recognizable phylogenetic signal, its effects become increasingly obscured the further an evolving clade gets from that event, with any sharp imbalance due to unrelated evolutionary factors.
Fig. 11 in New Chummidae (Araneae): quadrupling the size of the clade
Fig. 11. Chumma tsitsikamma sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Anterior part of abdomen, dorsal view. C. Palp, dorsal view. D. As preceding, ventral view. E. As preceding, retrolateral view. Scale bars: A–B = 0.5 mm; C–F = 0.2 mm.
Ecological specialisation and range size determine intraspecific body size variation in a speciose clade of insect herbivores
<p><span>The body size of an adult insect is strongly determined by the environmental factors to which it is exposed during growth and development. Insect species confronted with a high environmental variability across their geographical range (i.e., wide ecological niche breadth) may therefore reveal broader variation in body size than those species which are more specialised (i.e., narrow ecological niche). </span><span>In this study, we aim to investigate whether characteristics related to the ecological niche breadth of a holometabolous insect species (i.e., its ecological specialisation) affect its intraspecific variation in adult body size. By using European geometrid moths as a model group, we specifically tested whether latitudinal range size, larval resource use, and voltinism affect intraspecific body size variation. We hypothesised that plasticity will increase along with latitudinal range and larval diet breadth. We further expected that univoltine species reveal a lower body size variation compared to those with multiple generations per year. To test these hypotheses, w</span><span>e compiled a comprehensive trait database for 631 species of European geometrid moths from literature, including information on adult body size, life history, and distribution. </span><span>We further </span><span>reconstructed a molecular phylogeny including all analysed geometrid species and applied </span><span>phylogenetic comparative methods in order to test our predictions. In support of our hypotheses, we found that intraspecific size variation is positively related to latitudinal range size and larval diet breadth, and that multivoltine species reveal a higher heterogeneity in body size than taxa with a strictly univoltine life style. </span><span>Based on our results, we demonstrated that intraspecific body size variation in geometrid moths is negatively related to ecological specialisation. We further suggest that increased variation in body size with increasing niche breadth is a general pattern, which likely applies to many other insect groups as well. This assumption, however, demands further empirical scrutiny.</span></p>
Dataset related to the publication 'Size, not phylogeny, explains the morphology of the endosseous labyrinths in the crown clade Crocodylia'
<h1>Dataset related to the publication 'Size, not phylogeny, explains the morphology of the endosseous labyrinths in the crown clade Crocodylia'</h1> <p>Dataset containing the R files and script, TPS files, supplementary results, and volume reconstructions of the endosseous labyrinths necessary for the 3D geometric morphometrics analyses presented in the main study.</p> <h2>Description of the data and file structure</h2> <p>The 'R' directory contains TPS (landmarks) and other files, as well as the annotated R script necessary to rerun all the analyses presented in the main study. The 'Meshes' directory contains all the volume reconstructions associated with each specimen studied that were used to place the landmarks for the 3D geometric morphometric analyses. All specimens are designated by their inventory number. </p> <h2>Code/Software</h2> <p>The R script file can be opened and run in R4.3.0. Necessary packages are as follows:</p> <p>geomorph 4.0.5</p> <p>rgl 1.1.3</p> <p>ggplot2 3.4.2</p> <p>ape 5.7-1</p> <p>paleotree 3.4.5</p> <p>phytools 2.1-1</p> <p>ggrepel 0.9.3</p> <p>phylolm 2.6.2</p> <p>RColorBrewer 1.1-3</p> <p>rr2 1.1.1</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Chromosome number evolves independently of genome size in a clade with non-localized centromeres (Carex: Cyperaceae)
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Data from: Decoupling of latitudinal gradients in species and genus geographic range size: a signature of clade range expansion
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Supplementary material to: Segmental series and size: clade-wide investigation of molar proportions reveals a major evolutionary allometry in the dentition of placental mammals
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The influence of climate and paleoclimate on distributions of global conifer clades depends on geographic range size
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Ecological specialisation and range size determine intraspecific body size variation in a speciose clade of insect herbivores
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Data from: The tree balance signature of mass extinction is erased by continued evolution in clades of constrained size with trait-dependent speciation
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Data from: Speciation rate is independent of the rate of evolution of morphological size, shape, and absolute morphological specialization in a large clade of birds
Whether ecological differences between species evolve in parallel with lineage diversification is a fundamental issue in evolutionary biology. These processes might be connected if conditions that favor the proliferation of species, such as release from competitors, facilitate the evolution of novel ecological relationships. Despite this, phylogenetic studies do not consistently identify such a connection. Conversely, if higher diversity caused species to become increasingly specialized ecologically, lineage diversification might become dissociated from ecological diversification. In this analysis, we ask whether the rate of lineage diversification in a large clade of birds is correlated with morphological specialization and with rates of morphological evolution. We find that morphological variation is related to species richness within clades, but that the rate of morphological evolution is decoupled from the rate of lineage diversification. Additionally, morphological specialization within lineages is independent of the rate at which lineages diversify, with the results apparently robust against false negative inference. This dissociation is likely a consequence of the major ecomorphological differences between avian clades arising early in their evolutionary history, with comparatively little variation added subsequently, while avian diversification has been driven predominantly by geographic isolation and sexual selection. Accordingly, biodiversity appears to be limited by the extent to which taxa can subdivide exploited regions of ecological space, and not just overall ecological opportunity.
Data from: Speciation rate is independent of the rate of evolution of morphological size, shape, and absolute morphological specialization in a large clade of birds
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.