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Figure 20 in Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico

Figure 20. Pione mazatlanensis: A, heads and tip of the tylostyles; B, acanthoxeas; C, microrhabds; D, detail of the spines.

Figure 12 in Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico

Figure 12. External morphology of A, Cliona amplicavata. The arrow shows an oscule. B, Pione mazatlanensis boring into different calcareous material. C, Cliona vermifera boring into the coral Pavona gigantea. The papillae are only visible in the base of the coral. D, Excavating pattern of the papillae can be observed after breaking a fragment of the coral. E, Spheciospongia incrustans sp. nov. at 5 m depth; the arrow shows an oscule. F, Spheciospongia incrustans sp. nov.; the arrows show the pore sieves.

Figure 7 in Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico

Figure 7. Cliona californiana comb. nov.: tylostyles and detail of the heads in (A) alpha stage, (B) beta stage and (C) gamma stage. Same scale bar for tylostyles (in the centre) and for the heads (below).

Figure 3 in Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico

Figure 3. Cliona papillae sp. nov.: A, heads and tips of the tylostyles, some showing annular swelling and a rounded end; B, different forms of spirasters; C, tylostyles.

Figure 2. External morphologies. A in Taxonomy and description of clionaid sponges (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Pacific Ocean of Mexico

Figure 2. External morphologies. A, Cliona papillae sp. nov., boring into rock and calcareous algae at 5 m depth. B, Detail of the papillae of Cliona papillae sp. nov. The arrow shows the fusion of oscular and ostial papillae. The typical sieve-like ostial papillae are visible to the eye underwater. C, Cliona vallartense sp. nov. growing in beta stage with scattered oscular papillae (arrow) at 4 m depth. D, Cliona vallartense sp. nov. growing in beta stage with numerous oscula (arrow) at 7 m depth. E and F, Cliona raromicrosclera comb. nov. massive orange and beige specimens.

Fig. 1 in Two Pione species (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Red Sea: a taxonomical challenge

Fig. 1 Study area on the South Sinai peninsula; sampling sites: Ras Nosrani (27°58′3.4″N, 34° 25′15.7″E), Camping Site (27° 47′19.4″N, 34°13′29.3″E), Marsa Bareka (27°46′1.2″N, 34° 13′11.4″E), Mangrove Island (27°43′26.0″N, 34°15′0.5″E)

Fig. 6 Bayesian 50 in Two Pione species (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Red Sea: a taxonomical challenge

Fig. 6 Bayesian 50% majority rule phylogram based on CO1 sequences, reconstructed by MrBayes. Bayesian posterior probabilities shown above branches indicate, maximum-likelihood bootstrap values below branches. Haplotypes 1–3 from the Red Sea, other sequences from the Caribbean or Western Australia. For each Red Sea sequence, sample number and GenBank accession number are given. Tree has been submitted to TreeBASE (www.treebase.org) under accession number SN4780

Fig. 4 in Two Pione species (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Red Sea: a taxonomical challenge

Fig. 4 Results of PCA analysis based on mean spicule lengths and widths of the two supposed species. Each triangle represents one specimen (only specimens having all three spicule types considered; see Table 1). First axis (PC1) explains 78.7% of variation among individuals

Fig. 5 in Two Pione species (Hadromerida, Clionaidae) from the Red Sea: a taxonomical challenge

Fig. 5 Discriminant analysis based on tylostyle dimensions. On horizontal axis, "0" is midpoint between means of discriminant scores of the two groups