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Figure 1 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 1. 'Rocky Knob tubes', Middle Miocene, New Zealand. A, RK-5, larger tube fragments in hand specimen. B, RNT-1, smaller, parallel-aligned tubes, with one tube exhibiting fine longitudinal wrinkles on its surface (white arrow). C, 12-RK, detail of smooth tube wall. D, RNT-1, tube exhibiting round concretions on its surface. E, RK-15B-6B, tube in transverse section showing preserved torn fibres. F, RK-15B-6B, tube with irregular cross section suggesting it may originally have been flexible. G, RK-15B-6A, detail of join between three tubes with thick, multi-layered walls in transverse section; imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (see online for colour version). H, detail of tube transverse section showing delamination of its thick, multi-layered tube wall. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D, F = 1 mm; E = 100 µm; G, H = 200 µm.

Fig. 7 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 7. Cladogram of relationships between Neolepadidae, Pedupycnolepas and Etcheslepas, using heuristic unconstrained analysis optimised to deltran and based on characters listed in Table 1. Values are for Bremer support/bootstrap.

Fig. 6 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 6. Comparative morphology (capitula in lateral view) of neolepadids and other genera of pedunculated thoracicans. A. Etcheslepas durotrigensis Gale, 2014; Tithonian (Upper Jurassic), UK. B. Pedupycnolepas articulata (Collins, 1980); Aptian (Lower Cretacous), Antarctica. C. Ashinkailepas seepiophila Yamaguchi, Newman, and Hashimoto, 2004; Recent, Japan. D. Leucolepas longa Southward and Jones, 2003; Recent, Pacific. E. Neolepas zevinae Newman, 1979; Recent, Pacific. F. Vulcanolepas osheai Buckeridge, 2000; Recent, New Zealand. G. Litholepas klausreschi Nagler, Haug, Glenner, and Buckeridge, 2017; Tithonian (Upper Jurassic), Germany. H. Pycnolepas rigida (Sowerby, 1836); Albian (Lower Cretaceous), UK. I. Stipilepas molerensis Carriol in Carriol et al., 2016; Eocene of Denmark.

Fig. 5 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 5. Comparative morphology of neolepadid cirripede Ashinkailepas indica Gale sp. nov. (A, D, G) from Late Pleistocene, Krishna-Godavari Basin, off shore India, and other cirripedes. A. NHMUK IC 1412, paratype, scutum. D. NHMUK IC 1410, paratype, tergum. G. NHMUK IC 1404, paratype, upper latus. B, C, F. Brachylepadid Pycnolepas rígida (J. de C. Sowerby, 1836) from Gault Clay, Upper Albian (Lower Cretaceous), Naccolt, Kent, UK (based on B, Gale 2014b: fig. 4S; C, Gale 2014b: fig. 4Q; F, Gale 2014b: fig. 4R). B. NHMUK IC 1034, scutum. C. NHMUK IC 1032, tergum. F. NHMUK IC 1033, upper latus. E. Brachylepadid Faxelepas bruennichi (Withers, 1914) from Paleocene, Danian, Faxe, Denmark (based on Gale 2014b: fig. 6A). NHMUK IC 1019, scutum. H. Brachylepadid Pedupycnolepas pulcher Gale, 2019 from Endemoceras amblygonium Zone, Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous), Engelbostel, near Hannover, Germany (based on Gale 2019b: fig. 11B). NHMUK IC 1397, holotype, tergum. I–K. Zeugmatolepadid capitula of Etcheslepas durotrigensis Gale, 2014 from Pectinatites pectinatus Zone, Tithonian (Upper Jurassic), Freshwater Steps, Kimmeridge, Dorset, UK. I, J. MIJML coll. unnumbered (based on Gale 2019a: fig. 2C, D). K. MIJML K1261, holotype (based on Gale 2014a: fig. 1). All in external view. Abbreviations: r, rostrum; s, scutum; rl, rostrolatus; ul, upper latus.

Fig. 3 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 3. Capitular plates of neolepadid cirripede Ashinkailepas indica Gale sp. nov. from Late Pleistocene (52.6 ka), Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India (A–G) and living species of the genus (H, I). A–F. Capitular plates of paratypes. A. NHMUK IC 1402, tergum in external (A1) and internal (A2) views. B. NHMUK IC 1403 small tergum in external view. C. NHMUK IC 1404, upper latus in external view. D. NHMUK IC 1405, carina in dorsal (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. NHMUK IC 1406, small scutum in internal (E1) and external (E2) views. F. NHMUK IC1407, rostrum in ventral view. G. Recent Ashinkailepas seepiophila Yamaguchi, Newman, and Hashimoto, 2004 from near Sagami Bay, Japan. USNM 1018131, paratype in lateral (right side) view (based on Yamaguchi et al. 2004: fig. 4). H. Recent Ashinkailepas kermadecensis Buckeridge, 2009 from Kermadec Ridge, northeast of North Island, New Zealand. NIWA 44722, holotype in lateral view (based on Buckeridge 2009: pl. 1: 5).

Fig. 4 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 4. Plates of neolepadid cirripede Ashinkailepas indica Gale sp. nov. from Late Pleistocene, 52.6 ka) Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India. A–C. External views of terga. A. NHMUK IC 1408. B. NHMUK IC 1409, holotype. C. NHMUK IC 1410. D. NHMUK IC 1411, carina in dorsal view. E. NHMUK IC 1412, scutum external (E1) and internal (E2) views. F. NHMUK IC 1413, small scutum in external view, with predatory gastropod drillhole Oichnus paraboloides Bromley, 1981. I. NHMUK IC 1416, upper latus in external view, with predatory boring made by gastropod. J. NHMUK IC 1417, rostrum in ventral view. G, H, K–M. NHMUK IC 1414, 1415, 1417–1419, respectively, peduncular plates in external (G, L, K) and internal (H, M) views.

Fig. 2 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 2. Fossil taxa assigned to Neolepadidae. A, B.?Neolepas augurata Buckeridge and Grant-Mackie, 1885 (original of Buckeridge and Grant-Mackie 1985: figs. 2, 3); Sinemurian–Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic), New Caledonia. A. University of Auckland Geology Department UoA A291a, b, external mould of tergum. B. University of Auckland Geology Department UoA A292a, b, external mould of scutum. This is here tentatively interpreted as an eolepadid. C. Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015 (SMNS 26029); Toarcian (Jurassic), Harpoceras falciferum Zone, Zell u. Aichelberg, Germany; reconstruction based upon type material (Gale and Schweigert 2015: fig. 5). D. Litholepas klausreschi Nagler, Haug, Glenner, and Buckeridge, 2017; Tithonian (Upper Jurassic), Hybernoticeras hybernotum Zone, Eichstatt, Germany; D2, SMNS 70388/5 (decolourised original of Nagler et al. 2017: fig. 5B). I am unable to identify the upper latus, marked "l" in their figure; D1, reconstruction (mirrored for comparison with C). E. Concinnalepas costata (Withers, 1928) (NHMUK IC 1103); Kimmeridge Clay, 2 m beneath Freshwater Stone Band, Pectinatites pectinatus Zone, Tithonian (Upper Jurassic), Kimmeridge, Dorset, UK; fragmentary capitulum, showing scutum, tergum, and two lateral plates (based on original of Gale 2014: fig. 6l). Abbreviations: c, carina; l, upper latus; p, peduncle; r, rostrum; s, scutum;; t, tergum.

Fig. 1. NGHP-01 in A new neolepadid cirripede from a Pleistocene cold seep, Krishna-Godavari Basin, offshore India

Fig. 1. NGHP-01 core sites (circles) and logging sites (stars) in the offshore Krishna-Godavari Basin, modified from Lorenson and Collett (2018). Site 12 is co-located with sites 10 and 21 (red circle). Inset shows the study area in Krishna-Godavari Basin is located on the eastern margin of peninsular India in the western Bay of Bengal.

Fig. 18 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 18. Geological ranges of Thyasiridae and the discussed thyasirid genera at seeps and non-seep environments.

Fig. 16. Thyasirid bivalve Thyasira becca Kauffman, 1967, from a in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 16. Thyasirid bivalve Thyasira becca Kauffman, 1967, from a Campanian seep carbonate at Warbonnet Battlefield Monument, Montrose, Nebraska, USA. A. ZPAL L.16/18, a partial internal mold in left (A1) and right (A2) lateral views, with fragments of the shell preserved and weak radial striation on the surface of the mold; dorsal view (A3) shows broad posterior sulcus; anterior view (A4) shows poorly preserved anterior adductor muscle scar. B. ZPAL L.16/19, a partial internal mold in left lateral view, showing broad posterior sulcus and posterior part of the posterior adductor muscle scar. C. ZPAL L.16/20, of a complete internal mold in right lateral view showing the shell outline.

Fig. 17 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 17. Thyasiridae gen. et sp. indet A and B, respectively. A. ZPAL L.16/21 from middle to upper Eocene cold seep carbonates of West Fork of Grays River, "Siltstone of Unit B", western Washington State, USA; a poorly preserved specimen in left lateral view with partially preserved shell. B. ZPAL L.16/22 from an upper Oligocene, SR4 seep carbonate, Satsop River area, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA; a specimen in left left lateral view showing shell outline, external ornament, and secondary ridge running amidst posterior fold (asterisk).

Fig. 15 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 15. Thyasirid bivalve Thyasira tanabei Kiel, Amano, and Jenkins, 2008, from Santonian seep carbonates from the Himenoura Group, Maeshima, Goshoura Island, Kumamoto Prefecture, southern Kyushu, Japan. A. ZPAL L.16/14, a partial internal mold in oblique right lateral view (A1); detail with indicated radial striae and anterior adductor muscle scar (A2, A3). B. ZPAL L.16/15, a partial internal mold in oblique right lateral view (B1); probably anterior pedal retractor muscle scar (B2). C. ZPAL L.16/16, a specimen in oblique dorsal view (C1); a very weak posterior sulcus and posterior fold, with minute auricle visible (C2). D. ZPAL L.16/17, a specimen in oblique posterodorsal view (D1); posterodorsal shell margin with posterior sulcus, posterior fold, submarginal sulcus and auricles indicated (D2).

Fig. 14 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 14. Thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas? sp. from upper Eocene cold seep carbonates in the "Siltstone of Cliff Point", Bear River, western Washington State, USA. ZPAL L.16/13, a poorly preserved specimen in left (A), right (B) lateral, and dorsal (C) views.

Fig. 13 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 13. Thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas folgeri (Wagner and Schilling, 1923) from Oligocene strata of the San Emigdio Formation, Devil's Kitchen, California, USA. UCMP 11434, holotype in right (A), left (B) lateral, and dorsal (C) views.

Fig. 12 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 12. Thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas humptulipsensis sp. nov. from a middle Eocene seep carbonate of the Humptulips Formation, LACMIP loc. 12385, Washington State, USA. A. ZPAL L.16/10, holotype in right (A1) and left (A2) lateral views; anterior view (A3), showing two ridges running from umbo towards the anterioventral angle (asterisks), bounding weak lunule (×). B. NRM Mo 182388, a partially preserved specimen in right (B1) and left (B2) lateral views; the shape similar to that of the specimen shown in A, although the dorsal margin is more convex; the anterior view (B3) shows inflated shell with incurved umbo; dorsal view (B4) shows weak posterior sulcus. C. ZPAL L.16/11, a partially preserved internal mold in anterior view (C1); the interpretative drawing (C2) shows the position of anterior adductor and anterior pedal retractor muscle scars. D. ZPAL L.16/12, specimen in oblique posterior view (D1), the interpretative drawing (D2) shows the posterior adductor muscle scar.

Fig. 11 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 11. Schematic illustration of the thyasirid bivalve Maorithyas humptulipsensis sp. nov., highlighting its main morphological features. A. Outer surface of the right valve in lateral view. B. Internal surface of the right valve in lateral view. C. Outer surface of the right valve in dorsal view and internal mold of the left valve view. D. Outer surface of the right valve in anterior view and internal mold of the left valve view.

Fig. 10 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 10. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele cf. bathyaulax Hickman, 2015. A. ZPAL L.16/7 from an upper Oligocene seep carbonate of the Pysht Formation, East Twin River, northwestern Washington State, USA; an articulated specimen in left (A1) and right (A2) views, showing characteristic rhomboidal shape with roughly parallel, convex dorsal and ventral margins, and roughly parallel anterior and posterior margins, asterisk shows a lateral aspect of a secondary ridge (A1); anterior view (A3), showing anterior pedal and adductor muscle scars, weakly incurved umbones and inflated shells, asterisk shows a frontal aspect of a secondary ridge shown in A1; dorsal view (A4), shows moderately deep posterior sulcus. B. ZPAL L.16/8 from an upper Eocene–lower Oligocene of the Canyon River, Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA; a medium-sized specimen in left lateral view, showing incurved umbo. C. ZPAL L.16/9 from an upper Oligocene of the Pysht Formation, East Twin River, northwestern Washington State, USA; a large specimen in left (C1) and right (C2) lateral views with umbo more protruding than ZPAL L.16/7, 8 (A, B), asterisk shows a lateral aspect of a secondary ridge shown in C3; anterior view (C3) showing weak secondary ridge running from umbo towards the anteroventral angle (asterisked).

Fig. 9 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 9. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele kiritachiensis sp. nov. from an upper Eocene seep carbonate of the Sakasagawa Formation, Kiritachi, Hokkaido, Japan. A. JUE 16036, holotype in right (A1) and left lateral (A2) views; dorsal view (A3) showing anterior flat area demarcated by rude ridge and a posterior fold. B. JUE 16037-3, paratype, young shell in right (B1) and left (B2) lateral and dorsal (B3) views. C. JUE 16037-2, paratype in right lateral view. D. JUE 16037-4, paratype in dorsal view, showing distinct anterior flat area demarcated by rude ridge and a distinct posterior sulcus. E. JUE 16037-7, inner side of paratype in left lateral view, showing both anterior and posterior adductor muscle scar. F. JUE 16037-6, paratype in left lateral view, the largest specimen of this species, having a pointed umbo and a wide posterior fold. G. JUE 16037-1, paratype, large specimen in left lateral view, showing a pointed umbo and a wide posterior fold. H. JUE 16037-5, paratype in right (H1) and left (H2) lateral views, showing narrow apical angle, instead posterior fold partly broken.

Fig. 8 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 8. Schematic illustration of the external shell of the thyasirid bivalve Conchocele kiritachiensis sp. nov. highlighting its main morphological features.

Fig. 6 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of the thyasirid bivalve Conchocele taylori Hickman, 2015, highlighting its main morphological features. A. Based on JUE 16038, a larger, presumably adult shell, exterior of the right valve. B. Based on ZPAL L.16/6, a small, presumably juvenile shell, exterior of the left valve. C. Based on ZPAL L.16/6, an internal mold of a larger presumably adult specimen, left valve. Not to scale.