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FIGURE 2 in Benefits and limits of x-ray micro-computed tomography for visualization of colonization and bioerosion of shelled organisms
FIGURE 2. Custom-made holders specially adapted for each scanned specimen. (A) Plastic cup. (B) Polystyrene holder. (C) Aluminum holder for small specimens. (D) Plastic tube filled with polystyrene.
FIGURE 1 in Benefits and limits of x-ray micro-computed tomography for visualization of colonization and bioerosion of shelled organisms
FIGURE 1. (A) Single x-ray projection. Schematic representation of positioning of the investigated object inside x-ray device. (B) Multiple x-ray projections as the object rotates. Positioning of investigated object inside micro-CT device. (C) Example of 3D dataset, i.e., a group of 2D slice images acquired by the MicroCT scanner. (D) Examples of Volume rendering; technique in visualization and computer graphics, used to display object from 3D data set in different aspects and orientations.
FIGURE 6 in Benefits and limits of x-ray micro-computed tomography for visualization of colonization and bioerosion of shelled organisms
FIGURE 6. Tube fragments of the serpulid polychaete Pyrgopolon (Pyrgopolon) deforme. Left images show exterior of objects; right images show interior of objects. (A) Specimen encrusted with bryozoan colonies and serpulid worms, boreholes assigned to Entobia Bronn, 1837, representing the most common ichnogenus in the examined serpulid tubes, no. MHNLM EMV 2016.3.14. (B) Intensely bored specimen preserving tunnels of ichnogenera Entobia and Trypanites Mägdefrau, 1932, no. MHNLM EMV 2016.3.44. (C) Serpulid tube with Entobia boreholes and encrusting juvenile oyster, no. MHNLM EMV 2016.3.40. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Rapid evolutionary divergence of a songbird population following recent colonization of an urban area
<p>Colonization of a novel environment by a small group of individuals can lead to rapid evolutionary change, yet evidence of the relative contributions of neutral and selective factors in promoting divergence during the early stages of colonization remain scarce. Here, we use genome-wide SNP data to test the role of neutral and selective forces in driving the divergence of a unique urban population of the Oregon junco (<em>Junco hyemalis oreganus</em>), which became established on the campus of the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) in the early 1980s. Previous studies based on microsatellite loci documented significant genetic differentiation of the urban population as well as divergence in sexual signaling and life-history traits relative to nearby montane populations. However, the geographic origin of the colonization and the factors involved in the onset of the differentiation process remained uncertain. Our genome-wide SNP dataset confirmed the marked genetic differentiation of the UCSD population, and phylogenomic analysis identified the coastal subspecies <em>pinosus</em> from central California as its sister group instead of the neighboring mountain population. Demographic inference based on site frequency spectra recovered a time of separation from <em>pinosus</em> as recent as 20 to 32 generations, and a strong bottleneck at the time of colonization, suggesting a relevant role of founder effects and drift in the genetic differentiation of the UCSD population. However, we also found significant associations between environmental parameters characterizing the urban habitat of UCSD and genome-wide variants linked to functional genes. Some of the identified gene functions, like heavy metal detoxification and high-pitched hearing, have been reported as potentially adaptive in birds inhabiting urban environments. These results suggest that the interplay between founder events and directional selection may result in rapid shifts in both neutral and adaptive loci across the genome, and reveal the UCSD population of juncos as an ongoing case of divergence following the colonization of an anthropic environment.</p>
Input data and Supplementary Results for "Turnover in life-strategies recapitulates marine microbial succession colonizing model particles"
<p><strong>README</strong></p> <p>This page contains processed input data used for downstream analysis and some Supplementary Results for the paper:</p> <p>Pascual-García, A., Schwartzman, J., Enke, T.N., Iffland-Stettner, A., Cordero, O.X., Bonhoeffer, S., Turnover in life-strategies recapitulates marine microbial succession colonizing model particles (2022).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Input data</strong></p> <p> </p> <ul> <li> <p>File <em>“count_table.ESV.biom”</em>: Table containing the abundance of each Exact Sequence Variant (ESV) in the different samples (biom format).</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“count-table_</em><em>metagenomes</em><em>_KEGGs.L3.spf”</em>. Table containing the abundances of genes found in the shotgun metagenomics experiments annotated in KEGG and then aggregated into classes according to the finest classification in KEGG's hierarchy (level 3). This is a tsv-formatted file that can be directly used in STAMP to perform statistical analysis (spf format).</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“count-table_</em><em>PICRUST2</em><em>_KEGGs.L3.spf</em>”. Table containing the abundances of genes predicted with PICRUSt v2. These genes were annotated in KEGG and aggregated into classes according to the finest hierarchy in KEGG (level 3). This is a tsv-formatted file that can be directly used in STAMP to perform statistical analysis (spf format).</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“count-table_Isolates_KEGGs.L3.spf</em>”. Table containing the abundances of genes found in the isolates genomes that were annotated in KEGG and aggregated into classes according to the finest classification in KEGG's hierarchy (level 3). This is a tsv-formatted file that can be directly used in STAMP to perform statistical analysis (spf format).</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“samples_metadata.tsv”</em>. Metadata table describing the samples.</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“isolates_metadata.tsv”.</em> Metadata table describing the isolates, it includes shallow phylogenetic levels and a categorical identifier describing the environmental preference estimated for the ESV having a 100% sequence identity with a ZINB-GLM.</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“sequences.ESV.</em><em>fasta</em><em>”.</em> File containing the Exact Sequence Variants fasta.</p> </li> </ul> <p><strong>Supplementary Materials</strong></p> <p> </p> <ul> <li> <p>File <em>“qiime2_visualizations.zip”</em>. A file containing visualizations compatible with the qiime2 viewer (simply drag and drop the file in <a href="https://view.qiime2.org/">https://view.qiime2.org/</a>) for each sample or combination of samples, labelled as `$substrate.$medium.$replicate`, where `$medium = {Beads, Seawater}` and `$replicate = {A,B,C}`. If the label is not present for one field, it means that all samples are aggregated for that field e.g.:</p> <ul> <li> <p>“<em>count_table.ESV.Chitosan.Beads.A.bar-plots.</em><em>qzv”</em> Contains the replicate experiment A for communities on the synthetic beads in chitosan.</p> </li> <li> <p>“<em>count_table.ESV.Chitosan.bar-plots.</em><em>qzv”</em> Contains all samples in chitosan (both seawater communities and the three replicates of communities on the beads).</p> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“README.odt”</em>. This readme in libreoffice format.</p> </li> <li> <p>File <em>“</em><em>Genome_deposition_information.xlsx”. </em> NCBI identifiers for the isolates’ genomes.</p> </li> <li> <p>File "barcodes_to_samples_MGRAST.xlsx". Contains the barcodes of each sample and its metadata as it was deposited in MG-RAST. In a second tab, there is a subset of samples with a low number of reads that MG-RAST analyzed together, generating a single entry (termed "mixed").</p> </li> <li> <p>Access to raw an processed metagenomes and analysis are provided through MG-RAST following [this link](<a href="https://www.mg-rast.org/mgmain.html?mgpage=project&project=mgp85635">https://www.mg-rast.org/mgmain.html?mgpage=project&project=mgp85635</a>).</p> <ul> <li> <p>As of May 30th, 2022, there are two issues with the dataset in MG-RAST which are out of our scope to solve. We will report any update here. The first problem is related to the entry TCCTGAGC-GTAAGGAG-s_2_, which does not load in MG-RAST. These are very low samples and were discarded in most analyses. In addition, you will find in the metadata 17 metagenomes that do not belong to our project.</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Supplementary material 1 from: Bongard C, Butler K, Fulthorpe R (2013) Investigation of fungal root colonizers of the invasive plant Vincetoxicum rossicum and co-occurring local native plants in a field and woodland area in Southern Ontario. Nature Conservation 4: 55-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.4.3578
Supplementary material 1 from: Bongard C, Butler K, Fulthorpe R (2013) Investigation of fungal root colonizers of the invasive plant Vincetoxicum rossicum and co-occurring local native plants in a field and woodland area in Southern Ontario. Nature Conservation 4: 55-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.4.3578
Do flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution? A test with fast-cycling Brassica
<p>Pollinators are thought to be the main drivers of floral evolution. Flowers are also colonized by abundant communities of microbes that can affect the interaction between plants and their pollinators. Very little is known, however, about how flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution. Here we performed a six-generation experimental evolution study using fast-cycling <em>Brassica rapa</em>, in which we factorially manipulated the presence of pollinators and flower microbes to determine how pollinators and microbes interact in driving floral evolution. We measured the evolution of six morphological traits, as well as plant mating system and flower attractiveness. Only one of the six traits (flower number) evolved in response to pollinators, while microbes did not drive the evolution of any trait, nor did they interact with pollinators in driving evolution of morphological traits. Moreover, we did not find evidence that pollinators or microbes affected the evolution of flower attractiveness to pollinators. However, we found an interactive effect of pollinators and microbes on the evolution of autonomous selfing, a trait that is expected to evolve in response to pollinator limitation. Overall, we found only weak evidence that microbes mediate floral evolution. However, our ability to detect an interactive effect of pollinators and microbes might have been limited by weak pollinator-mediated selection in our experimental setting. Our results contrast with previous (similar) experimental evolution studies, highlighting the susceptibility of such experiments to drift and to experimental artefacts.</p>
Regional and local factors interact to shape colonization and extinction dynamics of invasive Hydrilla verticillata in a patchy landscape
<p>Understanding the response of species to global change requires disentangling the drivers of their distributions across landscapes. Colonization and extinction processes, shaped by the interplay of landscape-level and local patch-level factors, are key determinants of these distributions. However, disentangling the influence of these factors, when larger-scale processes manifest at local scales, remains a challenge. We addressed this challenge by investigating the colonization and extinction dynamics of the aquatic plant, <em>Hydrilla verticillata</em>, in a complex riverine rock pool system. This system, with hundreds of rock pools experiencing varying flooding frequencies, provided a natural laboratory to examine how a single landscape-level disturbance can differentially impact colonization and extinction depending on local patch characteristics to shape species distributions. Using five years of data across over 500 sites and more than 5,000 surveys, we employed dynamic occupancy models to model colonization, extinction, and changes in <em>Hydrilla</em> patch occupancy while accounting for imperfect detection. Our results revealed that larger, infrequently flooded pools closer to the river were more likely to be colonized. In contrast, local extinction of Hydrilla was more likely in smaller pools closer to the river that flooded frequently. These findings underscore the importance of considering context-dependence in species distribution models. The same landscape-level disturbance (flooding) had opposing effects on colonization and extinction, with the direction and magnitude of these effects varying with local patch characteristics. Our study highlights the need for integrating local and landscape-level factors, and considering how larger-scale processes play out at the patch level, to understand the complex dynamics that shape species distributions.</p>
Figure 3 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 3. Dynamics of the soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore density within Desmodium triflorum coverage levels and seasons.
Figure 6 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 6. Conceptual framework demonstrating possible mechanisms of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the spreading process of Desmodium triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate different spreading stages of the invasive plant D. triflorum. Corresponding mycorrhizal structures were shown as the four microscopic views. Light-green and medium-yellow circles indicate AM fungal spores predominantly produced by the root mycorrhizal structures of Z. tenuifolia and D. triflorum, respectively. Medium-green and dark-yellow lines indicate the life cycle of spores in Z. tenuifolia plants and in D. triflorum plants, respectively. The AM fungi might influence the spread of D. triflorum by the following steps: (1) the early stage of the lawn's development with only Z. tenuifolia growing but without D. triflorum present. This occurs at the very beginning of the lawn establishment, and the AM fungal spores that previously existed in the lawn soil first infected the fine roots of Z. tenuifolia and completed the life cycle on their own. (2) The early spreading stage of D. triflorum (level 1). The roots of the two plants come into contact with each other, inducing the external hyphae that originally grow closely on the Z. tenuifolia roots to infect the roots of D. triflorum. The difference between the mycorrhizal infections of the two host plants contributes to higher root mycorrhizal colonizations of D. triflorum compared with Z.tenuifolia. However, at this stage,D. triflorum is not as competitive as Z. tenuifolia in the lawn, although it has advantages in terms of mycorrhizal infections. Therefore, the soil AM fungal spores are still predominantly produced by the mycorrhizal structures of the AMF-infected Z. tenuifolia roots. (3) The intermediate spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 2 and 3). Desmodium triflorum continues to spread in the lawn. The contact of the two plants becomes more frequent and further induces a much closer relationship between the AM infections of the two plants. The increased D. triflorum plants in the lawn and the advantage of D. triflorum in root mycorrhizal infections facilitate the contribution of the mycorrhizal structures of the D. triflorum roots to sporulation. Thus, in this stage, the soil AM fungal spores were produced by the mycorrhizal structures of both plants, thereby inducing insignificant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of either Z. tenuifolia or D. triflorum. (4) The late spreading stage of D. triflorum (levels 4 and 5). Desmodium triflorum is dominant in the lawn.The large numbers of D. triflorum plants and the AM infection advantage of D. triflorum facilitate AMF sporulation in the soil, thereby inducing significant correlations between the spore densities and the root colonizations of D. triflorum. At the different spreading stages of D. triflorum, the soil AM fungal communities also change as a result of the changed contributions of the AMF-infected host plants to the sporulation.
Figure 5 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 5. The relative abundance and community composition at the family (A) and species levels (B) of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils of different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels.
Figure 2 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 2. Dynamics of the total, hyphal, and vesicular colonizations of Zoysia tenuifolia and Desmodium triflorum among different D. triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season," "Coverage," and "Species" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels and between the two plants, respectively.
Figure 4 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 4. Correlations among the root mycorrhizal colonizations, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spore densities ("AMF spore density"), and soil properties in different coverage levels of Desmodium triflorum. ZTC, ZHC, and ZVC in light-green circles indicate the total colonization (TC), hyphal colonization (HC), and vesicular colonization (VC) of Zoysia tenuifolia, respectively. DTC, DHC, and DVC in light-red circles indicate the TC, HC, and VC of D. triflorum, respectively. Green lines and green-colored numbers indicate significant correlations between the colonization indicators of Z. tenuifolia and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Red lines and red-colored numbers indicate significant correlations between the colonization indicators of Z. tenuifolia and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Dark-green double arrows and dark-green numbers indicate the correlations between the colonizations of Z. tenuifolia and those of D. triflorum and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Light-blue double arrows and light-blue numbers indicate the correlations between the spore densities and soil properties/root colonizations and corresponding correlation coefficients,respectively. Darkyellow double arrows and dark-yellow numbers indicate the correlations between the soil properties and root colonizations and corresponding correlation coefficients, respectively. Correlation is significant at: *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001. The minus sign indicates a negative correlation. Insignificant correlations are not shown.
Figure 1 in Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to root colonization, spore density, and soil properties among different spreading stages of the exotic plant threeflower beggarweed (Desmodium triflorum) in a ZoysiO tenuifoliO lawn
Figure 1. Dynamics of the soil physiochemical properties (average ± SE, n = 5) within different Desmodium triflorum coverage levels and seasons. "Season" and "Coverage" indicate ANOVA results of each indicator among seasons and D. triflorum coverage levels, respectively. Level 1, level 2, level 3, level 4, and level 5 indicate the coverage levels of D. triflorum in the Zoysia tenuifolia lawn, respectively, in this and all following figures.
Figure 3 in Egg production and life history of Alona guttata Sars, 1862 (Cladocera, Chydoridae): implications for colonization of temporary ponds
Figure 3. Growth curve of Alona guttata in experimental conditions of controlled light conditions. (Fed with R. subcapitata, controlled temperature of 22 ± 2 °C and photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark.)
Figure 2. Alona guttata Sars, 1862 in Egg production and life history of Alona guttata Sars, 1862 (Cladocera, Chydoridae): implications for colonization of temporary ponds
Figure 2. Alona guttata Sars, 1862: (A) parthenogenetic female; (B) head pore; (C) post-abdomen details.
Figure 1 in Egg production and life history of Alona guttata Sars, 1862 (Cladocera, Chydoridae): implications for colonization of temporary ponds
Figure 1. Reproduction aspects and life cycle parameters of Alona guttata for 18 individuals grown under laboratory conditions. (Fed with R. subcapitata, controlled temperature of 22 ± 2 °C and photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark.)
Fig. 3 in Response of two chemotypes of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) saplings to colonization by specialist herbivores
Fig. 3. Total mean (± SE) leaf biomass shed via abscission by Melaleuca quinquenervia saplings subjected to unrestricted or restricted herbivory by Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae. **: P = 0.01.
Fig. 1 in Response of two chemotypes of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) saplings to colonization by specialist herbivores
Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) dry weight biomass of leaves shed via abscission by saplings of 2 Melaleuca quinquenervia chemotypes subjected to 2 levels of herbivory by Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae.
Effect of biological colonization on ceramic roofing tiles by lichens and a combined laser and biocide procedure for its removal
<p>Biodeterioration damage is an important issue in conservation and restoration of built heritage, especially when ceramic materials are used. Biological colonization of ceramic roofing tiles by lichens is a common phenomenon. However, there are no reports to date of lichens removal from unglazed roofing tiles for conservation purposes. This paper for the first time reveals the results of a combined procedure undertaken to assess the removal of lichens on different kinds of unglazed ceramic roofing tiles by treatments based on both dual sequential laser irradiation and treatment using Acticide<sup>® </sup>CF biocide. Three species of lichens were identified: <em>Verrucaria nigrescens</em>, <em>Calogaya decipiens</em> and <em>Pyrenodesmia teicholyta</em>. The chemical and mineralogical composition of roofing tiles were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, optical polarized petrographic microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Laser irradiation was accomplished by applying sequences of nanosecond laser pulses at two wavelengths (1064 and 266 nm). After dual sequential laser irradiation a biocide was applied. To assess the combined effect of both treatments several techniques were used, including stereo and fluorescence (FM) microscopies, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies, and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Chemical composition of the analyzed roofing tiles was shown as a relevant factor regarding the degree of interaction between the biological colonization and the substrate, and hence, the bioweathering effect. The combined procedure has proved to be very effective in damaging and mostly collapsing the lichen thalli without altering the substrate.</p>
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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