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Fig. 2 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic section of the Plattekill Formation at Cairo quarry. Chondrichthyan specimens described herein originate from the 5-m level. The fish horizon at 7.35 m corresponds to the level of the fossilized forest mentioned by Cloutier et al. (2010).

Fig. 10 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 10. Scales of Elasmobranchii indet. fam., gen. et sp. B sensu Burrow et al. 2009 from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, tentatively assigned to omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. A. NYSM 17899. B. NYSM 17898. C. NYSM 17900. D. NYSM 17958. E. NYSM 17791. F. NYSM 17796. G. NYSM 17927. H. NYSM 17795. I. NYSM 17944. J. NYSM 17798. K. NYSM 17934, white arrows indicate the superposed internal layers in the crown. L. NYSM 17918 (L1), with magnification of framed section (L2); the close-up on the bundle of fibres (L3) corresponds to the section identified by the arrow in L2. In crown (A1–J1), lateral (A2–C2, E2–H2, J2, L), postero-lateral (D2), antero-lateral (I2), and anterior (K) views.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Base width (latero-medial) (log10 (x + 1)) Fig. 5. Relationship between width and length of the tooth base for Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. Regression lines are represented for the juvenile (n = 32 teeth) and adult (n = 43 teeth) morphotypes as well as for the complete sample.

Fig. 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 1. Location of the Cairo quarry (star) (3.22 km northwest of Cairo, Greene County, 42.32° N and 74.04° W, NAD 83) in eastern New York State, USA (inset map); figure modified from Hernick et al. (2008: fig. 1).

Fig. 4 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 4. Adult morphotype of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, USA. A. NYSM 17715, holotype, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), occlusal (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17714, in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. NYSM 17737, in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. NYSM 17710, in labial (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. NYSM 17701, in labial (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. NYSM 17718, in labial (F1) and lingual (F2) views. G. NYSM 17758, in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views. H. NYSM 17726, paratype, in labial (H1) and lingual (H2) views, with close-up of the vertically superposed lingual foramen (H3). I. NYSM 17719, in occlusal view (I1), with close-up of the crown (I2).

Fig. 11 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 11. Early Devonian (400 Ma) map in South Polar Mollweide projection with occurrence of remains currently assigned to the Antarctilamnidae and Portalodus. Locality numbers for the Antarctilamnidae refer to Table 1; when more than one locality are represented by the same symbol, the oldest one is depicted. Portalodus was reported in Antarctica (Young 1982; Long and Young 1995; localities 1.1–1.3 in Antarctilamnidae), South Africa (Anderson et al. 1999; locality 9 in Antarctilamnidae), and New York (this paper; locality 14 in Antarctilamnidae). Map modified from Blakey (2008: fig. 8B).

Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007), attributed to Wellerodus priscus, from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A. NYSM 17785 in dorsal view. B. NYSM 17782 in dorsal (under BES mode) (B1) and dorso-lateral (B2) views. C. NYSM 17787 in dorsal view. D. NYSM 17783 in dorsal view (under BES mode). E. NYSM 17786 in rostral (E1), caudal (E2), and basal (E3) views (under BES mode).

Fig. 7 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 7. Juvenile teeth of antarctilamnid shark Wellerodus priscus from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A–D, SEM micrographs. A. NYSM 17775 in lingual (A1), occlusal (A2), labial (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17774 in lingual (B1), occlusal (B2), labial (B3), and lateral (B4) views. C. NYSM 17776 in lingual (C1), occlusal (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. NYSM 17779 in lingual? (D1) and labial? (D2) views. E–G. NYSM 17776; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1000 ms; accelerating voltage: 70kV; current: 114 μA). E. Coronal planes angled through the crown and the base, near the labial (E1) and lingual (E2) margins. F. Horizontal planes through the base, underneath the articular button (F1) and through the depression underneath the base (F2). G. Planes along the labio-lingual axis through the complete right cusp (G1) and the broken median cusp (G2) (when looking from the lingual side).

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Fig. 2 in Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae): a cosmopolitan brachyuran species?

Fig. 2. Liocarcinus corrugatus, Locations of the linear distances measured: A, on the dorsal side of the carapace and the chelae; B, from the frontal side. CW = carapace width, CL = carapace length, ChLW = left chela width, ChRW = right chela width, ChLL = left chela length, ChRL = right chela length, Pe = right 4th pereiopd, CD = carapace depth.

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Fig. 1 in Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae): a cosmopolitan brachyuran species?

Fig. 1. Sampling sites of Liocarcinus corrugatus specimens. Asia: black dots, Europe: grey dots, Historical records (Stephenson & Campbell, 1960; El-Zayed, 2003): open circles. The numbers correspond to the first column in Table 1.

FIG. 1 in Alleged cosmopolitanism in sponges: the example of a common Arctic Polymastia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida)

FIG. 1. — Lectotype of Polymastia arctica (Merejkowsky, 1878); A, whole sponge; B, fragment with budding papillae. Abbreviation: b, buds. Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Alleged cosmopolitanism in sponges: the example of a common Arctic Polymastia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida)

FIG. 4. — Distribution of Polymastia arctica (Merejkowsky, 1878), White Sea: 1, Kandalaksha Bay; 2, Onega Bay; 3, Dvina Bay; Barents Sea: 4, Murman Coast; 5, Chesha Bay.

FIG. 2 in Alleged cosmopolitanism in sponges: the example of a common Arctic Polymastia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida)

FIG. 2. — Polymastia arctica (Merejkowsky, 1878); A, longitudinal section of the body and inhalant papilla; B, transversal section of the inhalant papilla; C, transversal section of the exhalant papilla. Abbreviations: b, bud; c, collagenous layer; e, exhalant canal; i, inhalant canal; p, palisade layer; s, subcortical layer of diffuse choanosomal spicules; t, tangential layer; v, vestibule. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 3 in Alleged cosmopolitanism in sponges: the example of a common Arctic Polymastia (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida)

FIG. 3. — Polymastia arctica (Merejkowsky, 1878), spicules. Abbreviations: is, intermediate subtylostyles; ps, principal subtylostyles; t, small palisade tylostyles. Scale bar: 100 µm.

Fig. 20 in Cosmopolitan abyssal lineages? A systematic study of East Pacific deep-sea squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae)

Fig. 20. Line diagrams of Munidopsis cortesi sp. nov., ov. F 5.2 mm, holotype (MZUCR 3761-01), Costa Rica. (a) Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view. (b) Carapace and abdomen, lateral view. (c) Sternal plastron. (d) Telson. (e) Cephalic region, showing antennular and antennal peduncles, ventral view. (f) Left Mxp3, lateral view. (g) Right P1, dorsal view. (h) Right P2, lateral view. (i) Right P3, lateral view. (j) Right P4, lateral view. (k) Right P4 dactyli, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Cosmopolitan abyssal lineages? A systematic study of East Pacific deep-sea squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae)

Fig. 6. Line drawings of Munidopsis aspera Henderson, 1885, ov. F 10.9 mm (MNHN-Ga301), Magellan Strait. (a) Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view. (b) Carapace and abdomen, lateral view. (c) Sternal plastron. (d) Telson. (e) Cephalic region, showing antennular and antennal peduncles, ventral view. (f) Right Mxp3, lateral view. (g) Left P1, dorsal view. (h) Left P2, lateral view. (i) Left (unattached) P4, lateral view. (j) Left P2 dactyli. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Cosmopolitan abyssal lineages? A systematic study of East Pacific deep-sea squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae)

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic hypotheses based on the COI data alone resulting from the Bayesian analysis, with results from the species delimitation analyses (ASAP, ABGD, bPTP, GMYC); a grey box indicates that the specimens are not part of the species hypothesis of the black bar. Tip labels in bold indicate new taxa. Colours indicate geographic distribution as specified on the map. Gradients of depth and habitat are also indicated. Asterisks indicate supported nodes: ML bootstrap support>70%/Bayesian posterior probability>0.95.

Fig. 13 in Cosmopolitan abyssal lineages? A systematic study of East Pacific deep-sea squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae)

Fig. 13. Line diagrams of Munidopsis hendrickxi sp. nov., 1 M 9.1 mm, holotype (MCZ IZ-153106), California. (a) Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view. (b) Carapace and abdomen, lateral view. (c) Sternal plastron. (d) Telson. (e) Cephalic region, showing antennular and antennal peduncles, ventral view. (f) Left Mxp3, lateral view. (g) Right P1, dorsal view. (h) Right P2, lateral view. (i) Right P3, lateral view. (j) Right P4, lateral view. (k) Right P4 dactyli, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Cosmopolitan abyssal lineages? A systematic study of East Pacific deep-sea squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae)

Fig. 5. Janetogalathea californiensis (Benedict, 1902). (a) Mxp1, lateral view, California (MCZ IZ-139642). (b) General habitus, dorsal view, 1 M (SIC BIO C11027) San Diego, CA, USA.

Fig. 9 in Cosmopolitan abyssal lineages? A systematic study of East Pacific deep-sea squat lobsters (Decapoda: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae)

Fig. 9. Line diagrams of Munidopsis girguisi sp. nov., M 18 mm, holotype (MCZ IZ-73856), California. (a) Carapace and abdomen, dorsal view. (b) Carapace and abdomen, lateral view. (c) Sternal plastron. (d) Telson. (e) Cephalic region, showing antennular and antennal peduncles, ventral view. (f) Left Mxp3, lateral view. (g) Left P1, dorsal view. (h) Right P2, lateral view. (i) Right P3, lateral view. (j) Right P4, lateral view. (k) Right P3 dactyli, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.