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FIG. 5 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 5. — Cyathea decrescens Mett. ex Kuhn var. decrescens: A, pinnae abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated; B, habit; C, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa; D, pinnule fragment abaxially with sori, note the dense indument of patent, hyaline, multicellular hairs on the costula, veins and indusia; E, scale from the base of the petiole (left: lateral view, not to scale; right: dorsal view); F, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the first several pinna pairs), lateral view, note gradual transition of the decrescent pinnae into aphlebia; G, a multicellular, hyaline hair, part of this taxon's typical indument; H, leaf scars and trunk surface. A, C, F, Janssen et al. 2541 (P); B, uncollected, photograph at P; D, E, G, Cours 4505 (P); H, Janssen et al. 2578 (P). Scale bars: A, C, H, 1 cm; B, 1 m; D, E, 0.1 cm; F, 5 cm; G, 0.1 mm.

FIG. 16 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 16. — Cyathea costularis Bonap.: A, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, sori omitted from one pinnule; B, strongly indurated scale from the abaxial face of the base of the petiole; C, habit; D, scale from the lateral face of the upper half of the petiole; E, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the first pinna pair), dorsal view, lateral view in upper half, one pinna pruned; F, leaf scar and trunk surface; G, basal part of the leaf of a juvenile plant, ventral view, note the strongly reflexed decrescent pinnules and soft scales. A, B, D, E, Rakotondrainibe 3301 (P); C, uncollected, photograph at P; F, Janssen et al. 2489 (P); G, Janssen et al. 2486 (P). Scale bars: A, F, G, 1 cm; B, D, 0.5 cm; C, 1 m; E, 5 cm.

FIG. 13 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 13. — Cyathea appendiculata Baker: A, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa; B, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, small and weakly auriculate form, veins not indicated, sori only partly indicated; C, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, crenate form, veins not indicated, sori only partly indicated; D, trunk surface with close standing leaf scars and rudiments of dead petioles; E, habit; F, trunk surface, common aspect with close standing appressed petiole bases in pseudo-whorls; G, pinnae abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated; H, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the second pinna pair), lateral view, scales caducous; I, scale from the base of the petiole. A, G-I, Janssen et al. 2766 (P); B, Janssen et al. 2765 (P); C, F, Janssen et al. 2764 (P); D, Janssen et al. 2755 (P); E, uncollected, photograph at P. Scale bars: A-D, F, H, 1 cm; E, 1 m; G, 5 cm; I, 0.5 cm.

FIG. 8 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 8. — Cyathea ivohibensis (C.Chr.) Janssen & Rakotondr.: A, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, large form with crenate margins; B, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, small form with subentire margins; C, habit; D, pinnae abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated, large form with crenate margins; E, leaf scars and trunk surface; F, pinnae abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated, small form with subentire margins; G, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the first eight pinna pairs), lateral view; H, scale from the base of the petiole. A, D, Janssen et al. 2795 (P); B, C, E-H, Janssen et al. 2790 (P). Scale bars: A, B, H, 0.5 cm; C, 1 m; D-F, 1 cm; G, 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 7. — Cyathea dilatata Rakotondr. & Janssen: A, pinna abaxially with a fragment of the rachis; B, leaf scar and trunk surface; C, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa; D, scale from the dorso-lateral face of the petiole, about 5 cm above its base, lateral view; E, scale from the dorso-lateral face of the petiole, about 3 cm above its base, dorsal view; F, deltoid scale fragment from the dorsal face of the base of the petiole, dorsal view; G, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the first several pinna pairs), lateral view, folded upper part in dorsal view, note the damaged (fragmentary) and potentially caducous scales. A-G, Rakotondrainibe 3165 (P). Scale bars A, G, 5 cm; B, C, 1 cm; D-F, 0.1 cm.

FIG. 12. — A-H in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 12. — A-H, Cyathea acutula (R.M.Tryon) Janssen & Rakotondr. var. acutula; A, leaf scars and trunk surface; B, pinna abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated; C, habit (left: common form; right: form of the Manongarivo massif with dense pinnules near the petiole bases clustered above the trunk apex); D, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the first pinna pair), lateral view; E, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, crenate form; F, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa, common form; G, sori with a fragment of the costula carrying acaroid scales; H, scale from the petiole base; I-K, C. acutula var. deltoidea Janssen & Rakotondr.; I, leaf scars and trunk surface; J, basal part of the petiole with contiguous deltoid scales; K, scales from the petiole (left: from the base of the petiole; right: from about 20 cm above the base of the petiole); L, C. acutula var. rufescens Janssen & Rakotondr., scales from the base of the petiole of two different specimens. A, B, D, F-H, Janssen et al. 2849 (P); C, uncollected, photographs at P; E, Rakotondrainibe 4124 (P); I, Janssen et al. 2496 (P); J, K, Rabarimanarivo 74 (P); L (left), Rakotondrainibe et al. 5039bis (P); L (right), Rasolohery 108 (P). Scale bars: A, E, F, I, 1 cm; B, D, J, 5 cm; C, 1 m; G, H, K, L, 0.1 cm.

FIG. 6. — A, B in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 6. — A, B, Cyathea decrescens Mett. ex Kuhn var. cristata Janssen & Rakotondr.; A, pinna abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated; B, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costula; C-E, C. decrescens var. manongarivensis Janssen & Rakotondr.; C, scale from the base of the petiole (left: lateral view, not to scale; right: dorsal view); D, fragment of the rachis abaxially, note the hyaline hairs being generally more than 10 cells long and having an indurated basal cell; E, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costula; F-J, C. decrescens var. quadrata (Baker) Janssen & Rakotondr.; F, pinna abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated; G, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costula, form of the Andasibe region, cf. "zakamenensis"-morphotype; H, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costula, "quadrata"-morphotype; I, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costula, "zakamenensis"-morphotype;J, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costula, "pilosula"-morphotype. A, B, Rakotondrainibe 3030 (P); C-E, Rakotondrainibe 1711 (P); F, G, Janssen et al. 2578 (P); H, Rasolohery 232 (P); I, van der Werff 12854 (P); J, Capuron 24 (P). Scale bars: A, F, 5 cm; B, E, G-J, 1 cm; C, D, 0.1 cm.

FIG. 15. — A-E in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 15. — A-E, Cyathea conferta Janssen & Rakotondr.; A, pinnules adaxially with a fragment of the costa, note that the auricles overlap the costa; B, sori, note that these are small and very close standing; C, scale from the base of the petiole; D, petiole, note that the filiform scales are restricted to its base; E, pinna abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori and veins only partly indicated, note the close standing pinnules; F-J, C. hebes Janssen & Rakotondr.; F, sori, note that these are big and spaced from each other; G, pinnules abaxially with a fragment of the costa; H, basal part of the leaf (from the petiole base up to the first pinna pair), lateral view; I, scale from the base of the petiole; J, pinna abaxially with a fragment of the rachis, sori only partly indicated. A-E, van der Werff et al. 12850 (P); F-J, Janssen et al. 2480 (P). Scale bars: A, C, G, 1 cm; B, F, 0.1 cm; D, E, H, J, 5 cm; I, 0.5 cm. D, E, Drawings by B. Raufeisen.

FIG. 3 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 3. — Distribution of tree fern diversity in Madagascar. The number of collected taxa per grid cell of 0.25° × 0.25° is indicated on the varietal level and takes into account all currently recognized taxa of Cyathea sect. Alsophila (this treatment) and Cyathea sect. Gymnosphaera (Janssen & Rakotondrainibe 2007). This grid is superposed on a map indicating the remaining primary vegetation of Madagascar in dark green (DuPuy & Moat 1999) and outlining the bioclimatic regions of Madagascar according to Figure 2. All dark green areas in the humid and subhumid zones present high probabilities for the occurrence of Cyathea. Most specimens and hence most taxa have,however, been collected from the major mountain massifs and other well-known forests in the humid and subhumid zones (names indicated).

FIG. 2 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 2. — The bioclimatic regions of Madagascar. This map is a simplified version of the bioclimatic map of Madagascar by Cornet (1974) and redrawn from Schatz (2000). Suitable ecological conditions for the growth of tree ferns are found in the humid, subhumid and montane zones. This map has also been used as a base map for the distribution maps presented in Figures 44 to 46.

FIG. 1 in A revision of the indusiate scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae, Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Alsophila) in Madagascar, the Comoros and the Seychelles

FIG. 1. — Spores of Cyathea sect. Alsophila in Madagascar and on the Comoros: A-C, spores of taxa belonging to the bipinnate clade (Janssen et al. 2008) have a perispore formed by dense slender rodlets; D-F, spores of taxa belonging to the tripinnate clade (Janssen et al. 2008) have a perispore with prominent crests; A, C. approximata Bonap.; B, C. kirkii Hook.; C, C. serratifolia Baker; D, C. boivinii Mett. ex Kuhn var. boivinii; E, C. melleri (Baker) Domin; F, C. similis C.Chr., a young spore with a distantly verrucose perispore (Janssen & Rakotondrainibe 2006; Gastony & Tryon 1976). A, Janssen et al. 2449 (P); B, Rakotondrainibe et al. 6751 (P); C, Rakotondrainibe et al. 6230 (P); D, Janssen et al. 2481 (P); E, Janssen et al. 2536 (P); F, Janssen et al. 2576 (P). Scale bars: 10 μm.

FIG. 6. — A, C-F in An update of the revision of Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Gymnosphaera (Cyatheaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoros including a discussion of putative hybridization events

FIG. 6. — A, C-F, Cyathea boiviniiformis Rakotondr. & Janssen var. lobata (Rakotondr.) Rakotondr. & Janssen × Cyathea poolii (C.Chr.) Domin; A, sterile pinnule; C, empty and malformed sporangia with a scaly paraphysis; D, fertile pinnule segment; E, detail of the scales at the base of the petiole; F, base of the petiole; B, Cyathea boiviniiformis var. lobata, normally developed sporangia and spores. A, C-F, Rakotondrainibe & Randriambololona 4281bis; B, Janssen et al. 2394. Vouchers at P. Scale bars: A, E, 1 cm; B, 0.4 mm; C, 0.2 mm; D, 0.5 cm; F, 2 cm.

FIG. 5 in An update of the revision of Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Gymnosphaera (Cyatheaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoros including a discussion of putative hybridization events

FIG. 5. — Cyathea rouhaniana Rakotondr. & Janssen: A, silhouette of a leaf; B, base of the petiole; C, scale from the base of the petiole; D, fertile pinnule with a fragment of the costa; E, sterile pinnule with a fragment of the costa; F, adaxial face of a costa fragment; G, abaxial face of a costa fragment; H, sporangia and paraphyses. A, Rakotondrainibe et al. 6958 (leaf A); B-H, Rakotondrainibe et al. 6958 (leaf B). Scale bars: A, 10 cm; B, 20 mm; C, 2 mm; D, E, 10 mm; F, G, 1.5 mm; H, 0.2 mm

FIG. 4 in An update of the revision of Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Gymnosphaera (Cyatheaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoros including a discussion of putative hybridization events

FIG. 4. — Cyathea impolita Rakotondr. & Janssen: A, petiole; B, imbricate arrangement of scales at the base of the petiole; C, D, morphology of scales at the base of the petiole; E, two fertile pinnules with a fragment of the costa; F, bullate scales on the abaxial face of the middle vein of a pinnule segment; G, pinnule of a sterile pinna at the base of the lamina with a fragment of the costa; H, abaxial face of a costa fragment; I, adaxial face of a costa fragment; J, sporangia and paraphyses. A-F, Janssen et al. 2602; G, Janssen et al. 2592; H-J, Janssen et al. 2602. Scale bars: A, E, 20 mm; C, D, G, I, 2 mm; F, 0.5 mm; H, 1 mm; J, 0.3 mm.

FIG. 1 in An update of the revision of Cyathea subgen. Alsophila sect. Gymnosphaera (Cyatheaceae) in Madagascar and the Comoros including a discussion of putative hybridization events

FIG. 1. — Photographic documentation of field characters: habit (A-E), and shoot apex (A'-E') are shown for each species; A, A', Cyathea andohahelensis (Tardieu) Rakotondr.; B, B', C. boiviniiformis Rakotondr.& Janssen s.l.; C, C', C. poolii (C.Chr.) Domin; D, D', C. impolita Rakotondr. & Janssen; E, E', C. rouhaniana Rakotondr. & Janssen; F, C. alticola (Tardieu) Rakotondr., habit; G, trunk surfaces in sect. Gymnosphaera are more or less uniform and typically covered by persistent petiole bases like in C. boiviniiformis (left) and C. impolita with the petiole bases partly removed (right). A, A', Rakotondrainibe et al. 4185; B, Janssen et al. 2844; B', Rakotondrainibe et al. 2061; C, Janssen et al. 2846; C', uncollected; D, D', Janssen et al. 2592; E, E', uncollected; F, Rakotondrainibe et al. 3686; G, left, uncollected; right, Janssen et al. 2596. Vouchers at P. Scale bars: A-F, 1 m; A'-E', G, 10 cm. Photos D, D', E, G (right) by G. Rouhan, MNHN.

FIG. 8 in A revision of the fern family Cyatheaceae in the Mascarene Islands

FIG. 8. — SEM images of spores: A, Cyathea borbonica Desv.; B, C. grangaudiana Th.Janssen & Rakotondr.; C, C. borbonica var. latifolia (Hook.) Bonap.; D, C. excelsa Sw.; E, C. glauca; F, C. grangaudiana, sporangium (above) and sporangiaster with long apical hair (below), natural position in the sorus. A, Gaudichaud s.n., P; B, Bouton s.n., P; C, Janssen et al. 2747, P; D, Boivin s.n., P; E, Rakotondrainibe et al. 6913, P; F, Anon. 33 in hb. Doerfler, P. Scale bars: A-E, 10 µm; F, 100 µm.

FIG. 7 in A revision of the fern family Cyatheaceae in the Mascarene Islands

FIG. 7. — Photographic documentation of field characters: habit (A-E), shoot apex (A'-E'), and trunk surface at breast height (A"- E") are shown for each species; A-A", Cyathea glauca Bory; B-B", C. excelsa Sw.; C-C", C. borbonica Desv. var. borbonica; D- D", C. grangaudiana Th.Janssen & Rakotondr.; E-E", C. borbonica var. latifolia (Hook.) Bonap. A, uncollected; A', Janssen et al. 2728; A", Janssen et al. 2686; B, B', Janssen et al. 2700; B", uncollected; C, uncollected; C', Janssen et al. 2670; C", Janssen et al. 2726; D, uncollected; D', Janssen et al. 2738; D", Janssen et al. 2740; E, E', Janssen et al. 2746; E", Janssen et al. 2743. Vouchers at P. Scale bars: A-E, 1 m; A'-E', A"-E", 10 cm.

FIG. 5 in A revision of the fern family Cyatheaceae in the Mascarene Islands

FIG. 5. — Cyathea glauca Bory: A, strongly crenate form, pinnule segments abaxially with part of costula; B, two pinnules abaxially with part of costa (sori partly omitted); C, pinnule segments abaxially with part of costula; D, habit (left: plant from open habitat on a mountain ridge; right:plant from understorey rainforest habitat); E, a single highly branched tortuous hair from the tomentum covering all major axes (arrow: point of attachment); F, scale from abaxial face of costula; G, leaf scar; H, basal part of the leaf (petiole base up to first pinna), lateral view, one half of the petiole pruned away by longitudinal section,a pair of reduced pinnae is present at 13 cm from the petiole base; I, scale from petiole base. A, Anon. s.n. in hb. Vilmorin, P; B, C, G-I, Janssen et al. 2686, P; D, left, uncollected, photograph at P; D, right, Janssen et al. 2727, P; E, F, Janssen et al. 2683, P. Scale bars: A, B, G, I, 1 cm; C, 0.5 cm; D, 1 m; E, 100 µm; F, 500 µm; H, 5 cm.

FIG. 3 in A revision of the fern family Cyatheaceae in the Mascarene Islands

FIG. 3. — Cyathea borbonica Desv. var. sevathiana Th.Janssen & Rakotondr., var. nov.: A, pinnules abaxially with part of costa (sori partly omitted); B, habit; C, scale from petiole base; D, E, plants near the Pétrin Field Station, Black River gorges National Park, Mauritius. A-C, E, Janssen et al. 2748; D, uncollected. Scale bars: A, C, 1 cm; B, 1 m.

FIG. 2 in A revision of the fern family Cyatheaceae in the Mascarene Islands

FIG. 2. — Cyathea borbonica Desv. var. latifolia (Hook.) Bonap.: A-A'', pinnules abaxially with part of costa (sori partly omitted), all drawings to same scale; A, common form with subcrenate margin and obtuse apices; A', form with wide pinnules and acute apices; A'', form with strongly crenate margins; B, habit; C, two pinnae abaxially with part of rachis (sori partly omitted); D, basal part of the leaf (petiole base up to seventh pinna pair), lateral view, one half of the petiole pruned away by longitudinal section; E, scales from petiole base (left: broad scale from lateral face; right: narrow scale from adaxial face); F, leaf scars. A, B, C, Janssen et al. 2746, P; A', F, Janssen et al. 2743, P; A", D, E, Janssen et al. 2747, P. Scale bars: A-A", E, F, 1 cm; B, 1 m; C, D, 5 cm.