Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
360
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.7.1
Dataset results
360 results for “Defence”
Short-term resistance that persists: Rapidly induced silicon anti-herbivore defence affects carbon-based plant defences
<p><b>1. </b>Silicon (Si) is known to alleviate diverse biotic and abiotic stresses including insect herbivory.<b> </b>Si accumulation in plants, notably the Poaceae, can be induced through stimulation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway (associated with chewing herbivores). Nevertheless, the temporal dynamics of Si accumulation as a defence response and its consequential effects on carbon-based defences (e.g. phenolics), particularly in the short-term, remain unclear.</p> <p><b>2. </b>The model grass <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> was grown in a hydroponic solution where half the plants were supplemented with 2 mM potassium silicate and half had no Si supplied. Plants were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as a form of standardised simulated herbivory. We measured Si accumulation, the phytohormones JA and salicylic acid (SA), and carbon-based defences over 24 hours to determine the temporal dynamics of Si accumulation and the interplay between Si, simulated herbivory and plant defence machinery.</p> <p><b>3. </b>MeJA-induced Si accumulation occurred as early as 6 hours after treatment via increased JA concentrations. Si supplementation decreased SA concentrations, which could have implications on additional downstream defences. We show a trade-off between Si and phenolics in untreated plants, but this relationship was weakened upon MeJA treatment. Further, this trade-off did not apply to phenolic precursor compounds such as phenylalanine.</p> <p><span><b>4. </b>We provide evidence for rapidly induced Si accumulation associated with herbivory, and that increased Si accumulation impacts on phytohormones and carbon-based defences over a 24-hour period. Additionally, herbivory modifies the relationship between Si- and carbon-based defences. Thus, in addition to its well-documented role as a long-term defence against herbivores, we demonstrate that, over short-term temporal scales, Si accumulation responds to herbivore signals and impacts on plant defence machinery. </span></p>
Data from: Tetranychus evansi spider mite populations suppress tomato defences to varying degrees
<p>Plant defence suppression is an offensive strategy of herbivores, in which they manipulate plant physiological processes to increase their performance. Paradoxically, defence suppression does not always benefit the defence-suppressing herbivores, because lowered plant defences can also enhance the performance of competing herbivores and can expose herbivores to increased predation. Suppression of plant defence may therefore entail considerable ecological costs depending on the presence of competitors and natural enemies in a community. Hence, we hypothesize that the optimal magnitude of suppression differs among locations. To investigate this, we studied defence suppression across populations of Tetranychus evansi spider mites, a herbivore from South America that is an invasive pest of solanaceous plants including cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, in other parts of the world. We measured the level of expression of defence marker genes in tomato plants after infestation with mites from eleven different T. evansi populations. These populations were chosen across a range of native (South American) and non-native (other continents) environments and from different host plant species. We found significant variation at three out of four defence marker genes, demonstrating that T. evansi populations suppress jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent plant signalling pathways to varying degrees. While we found no indication that this variation in defence suppression was explained by differences in host plant species, invasive populations tended to suppress plant defence to a smaller extent than native populations. This may reflect either the genetic lineage of T. evansi - as all invasive populations we studied belong to one linage and both native populations to another - or the absence of specialized natural enemies in invasive T. evansi populations.</p>
Variation of chemical compounds in wild Heliconiini reveals ecological and historical contributions to the evolution of chemical defences in mimetic butterflies
<p>Evolutionary convergence of colour pattern in mimetic species is tightly linked with the evolution of chemical defences. Yet, the evolutionary forces involved in natural variations of chemical defences in aposematic species are still understudied. Herein, we focus on the evolution chemical defences in the butterfly tribe Heliconiini. These neo-tropical butterflies contain large concentrations of cyanogenic glucosides, cyanide-releasing compounds acting as predator deterrent. These compounds are either <i>de novo </i>synthesized or sequestered from their <i>Passiflora</i> host-plant, so that their concentrations may depend on host-plant specialization and host-plant availability. We sampled 375 wild Heliconiini butterflies across Central and South America, covering 43% species of this clade, and quantify individual variations in the different cyanogenic glucosides using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We detected new compounds and important variations in chemical defences both within and among species. Based on the most recent and well-studied phylogeny of Heliconiini, we show that ecological factors such as mimetic interactions and host-plant specialization have a significant association with chemical profiles, but these effects are largely explained by phylogenetic relationships. Our results therefore suggest that shared ancestries largely contribute to chemical defence variation, pointing out at the interaction between historical and ecological factors in the evolution of Müllerian mimicry.</p>
Plant carbohydrate-active enzymes in bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis): identification, classification and function in lignocellulose biosynthesis in herbivore defence
<p><i><span>Neosinocalamus affinis</span></i>, a type of cluster bamboo,<i> </i>is a good candidate feedstock for biomass energy. In the study, we found a total of 686 genes were identified as belonging to CAZyme families in the <i><span>N. affinis</span></i> transcriptome, including 222 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 288 glycosyltransferases (GTs), 64 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 70 auxiliary activities (AAs), 37 carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) and five polysaccharide lyases (PLs). Expression profiles revealed that several CAZyme genes were up-regulated after insect infestation, particularly the GT, GH, AA and CE family members. Lignocellulose assays showed that the contents of three components, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, increased after insect infestation. Our findings showed that CAZyme genes were abundant in the <i><span>N. affinis</span></i> transcriptome and were involved in the response to herbivory. These findings could be applied to protect bamboo against herbivores, such as the bamboo snout beetle <i><span>Cyrtotrachelus buqueti</span></i>, and develop low-cost chemical feedstock from bamboo.</p>
Structural defence is coupled with the leaf economic spectrum across saplings of spiny species
<p>Given that the rate of resource capture constrains plant growth and defence, understanding the linkage between the leaf economic spectrum (LES) and defence and how it contributes to growth is central to predicting species performance. In spite of the prevalence of spiny plants in many plant communities, little is known about how the LES relates to defence and growth rate across these species. We grew 42 spiny species, from diverse environments, under common garden conditions for 15 weeks and measured LES (leaf N, SLA and assimilation rate), defence and growth traits. We assessed general relationships between LES and growth rate and tested whether structural defences (spines, leaf fibre and lignin content) and quantitative chemical defences (condensed tannins) are linked to the LES and growth and if different spine types (i.e. leaf spines, stipular spines, prickles and thorns), with distinct anatomical origins, partition out across the LES. We observed two independent trait axes that together explained ~68% of trait variation across species. The first axis showed that structural defences (spines, leaf fibre and lignin content) trade off with leaf productivity along the LES. Axis 2 revealed that condensed tannins is orthogonal and less integrated with the LES-structural defence axis. Bivariate trait analyses disclosed positive covariations between LES traits and sapling growth rate. All structural defence traits were negatively related to sapling growth. Across spine types, species with leaf spines were associated with the conservative end of the LES, characterized by high structural defences and lower leaf productivity relative to other spine types. Our study shows that the LES and structural defences are coupled in spiny species such that constitutive growth – defence strategies range from fast-growing species with low allocation to defences to slow-growing species that invest heavily in structural defences (dominated by leaf spiny species).</p>
Data from: Context-dependent defences in turtle ants: resource defensibility and threat level induce dynamic shifts in soldier deployment
1. Induced defences involve the dynamic deployment of limited and specialized defensive resources across multiple locations, to maximize organismal defensive function and fitness. They have been studied intensively in plants and solitary animals, but the induced defences of complex animal societies are poorly understood by comparison, despite the coordinated defensive actions of these taxa. 2. Here, we ask whether the level of environmental danger induces shifts in the deployment of limited and morphologically specialized soldiers across multiple nests in colonies of the turtle ant Cephalotes rohweri. Specifically, we test whether less defensible nests induce greater soldier deployment, and whether elevated enemy threat induced further increases in deployment, or reduced deployment consistent with a risk-limiting strategy. 3. We used colony-collection data to provide natural ecological context to our experiments, a field experiment to address how nest-entrance defensibility and soldier number impact defensive performance, and laboratory experiments to test whether differences in nest defensibility and threat level induce dynamic shifts in soldier deployment to new nests. 4. Less defensible nests were lost rapidly in our field experiment, irrespective of soldier number, but soldier deployment significantly increased survivorship of more defensible nests. Concordantly, less defensible nests induced the deployment of more soldiers per nest under low threat in laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, high-threat conditions revealed a risk-limiting soldier deployment strategy: with more danger, the number of soldiers per nest was significantly reduced in less defensible nests, as was the overall number of new soldier-defended nests. Total deployment to new nests was also consistently lower under high threat, dropping from 40% to 30% across colonies. 5. Induced soldier-based defences in turtle ants are therefore context-dependent, and dynamically scaled back at multiple levels when the environment is more dangerous. This dynamic, risk-limiting strategy is in strong contrast to stable patterns of soldier production in ants, and to typical task-allocation dynamics in members of the worker caste. Moreover, these findings establish that the evolution of specialized defensive agents can be coupled with sophisticated and inducible deployment strategies in complex social taxa, as we see for organisms at other levels of biological complexity.
Self-defence stick – desto
Desto is a special kind of Romani walking stick used for defence. Most often, a thick bat made of hard wood or a stick carved from branches with natural gnarling served as a desto. The stick on display is a rare example of a desto with carved decoration. It was carved out of a bough with a thickened end, which was decorated with the head of a moustached man. The crane was scorched over a bonfire to make it look aged. It was made by Zdzisław Federowicz, a Gypsy from the Polska Roma group, living in Olsztyn since 1950s. Fedorowicz is an amateur sculptor, and his work involved decorating items of everyday use. Zdzisław Federowicz 1979, Olsztyn, Poland District Museum in Tarnów Inventory number: MT-E/1759 https://muzea.malopolska.pl/en/objects-list/1295 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (1940). Architect L.V. Rudnev, together with V.O. Mutz. Model is created by using RealityCapture and Houdini. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Diet influences resource allocation in chemical defence in an aposematic moth
<p>For animals that synthesise their chemical compounds de novo, resources, particularly proteins, can influence investment in chemical defences and nitrogen-based wing colouration such as melanin. Competing for the same resources often leads to trade-offs in resource allocation. We manipulated protein availability in the larval diet of the wood tiger moth, <em>Arctia plantaginis</em>, to test how early life resource availability influences relevant life history traits, melanin production, and chemical defences. We expected higher dietary protein to result in more effective chemical defences in adult moths and a higher amount of melanin in the wings. According to the resource allocation hypothesis, we also expected individuals with less melanin to have more resources to allocate to chemical defences. We found that protein-deprived moths had a slower larval development, and their chemical defences were less unpalatable for bird predators, but the expression of melanin in their wings did not differ from that of moths raised on a high-protein diet. The amount of melanin in the wings, however, unexpectedly correlated positively with chemical defences. Our findings demonstrate that the resources available in early life have an important role in the efficacy of chemical defences, but melanin-based warning colours are less sensitive to resource variability than other fitness-related traits.</p>
Elevated atmospheric CO2 changes defence allocation in wheat but herbivore resistance persists
<p>Predicting how plants allocate to different anti-herbivore defences in response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations is important for understanding future patterns of crop susceptibility to herbivory. Theories of defence allocation, especially in the context of environmental change, largely overlook the role of silicon (Si), despite it being the major anti-herbivore defence in the Poaceae. We demonstrated that elevated levels of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> (e[CO<sub>2</sub>]) promoted plant growth by 33% and caused wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) to switch from Si (–19%) to phenolic (+44%) defences. Despite the lower levels of Si under e[CO<sub>2</sub>], resistance to the global pest <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> persisted; relative growth rates (RGR) were reduced by at least 33% on Si supplied plants, irrespective of CO<sub>2</sub> levels. RGR was negatively correlated with leaf Si concentrations. Mandible wear was c. 30% higher when feeding on Si supplemented plants compared to those feeding on plants with no Si supply. We conclude that higher carbon availability under e[CO<sub>2</sub>] reduces silicification and causes wheat to increase concentrations of phenolics. However, Si supply, at all levels, suppressed the growth of <i>H. armigera</i> under both CO<sub>2</sub> regimes, suggesting that shifts in defence allocation under future climate change may not compromise herbivore resistance in wheat.</p>
Data for "Meta-analysis of induced anti-herbivore defence traits in plants from 647 manipulative experiments with natural and simulated herbivory"
<p>Data used in analysis in "Meta-analysis of induced anti-herbivore defence traits in plants from 647 manipulative experiments with natural and simulated herbivory" in Journal of Ecology. </p> <p>Code used for analysis are included as Supplementary Material of the main article. </p> <p> </p>
From crypsis to masquerade: ontogeny changes the colour defences of a crab spider hiding as bird droppings
<p><span>Selection imposed by visually-hunting predators has driven the evolution of colour-based antipredator defence strategies such as crypsis, masquerade, mimicry and aposematism. Individuals of many animals are generally considered to rely on a single type of defence strategy, but individuals of some species use multiple colour-based defences. Many animals switch between colour-based defences against visually-hunting predators during ontogeny. However, why this occurs remains poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>The crab spider<i> Phrynarachne ceylonica</i> is an often-cited example of a bird dropping masquerade. It has recently been demonstrated that <i>P. ceylonica</i> crab spiders gain protection from their predators by being misidentified as bird droppings by their predators. <i>P. ceylonica</i> females show an ontogenetic shift in colour defences: early instars possess a dark and cryptic form, while at later instars and as adults, the spiders resemble bird droppings. We hypothesised that this shift may be driven by differential changes in predation risk of two defence strategies with increasing body size due to ontogeny. </span></p> <p><span>We tested this hypothesis by presenting naïve domestic chicks with 3D printed artificial spiders of two different sizes (small, large) and two colours (dark, bird dropping-like), and determined if larger bird dropping-like spiders are more readily found and attacked than cryptic forms by chicks. We found that small cryptic spiders were more difficult to detect than small bird dropping masquerading spiders, but large cryptic spiders were attacked much more quickly and more frequently than large bird dropping masquerading spiders. </span></p> <p><span>Increasing predation pressure on larger, cryptic spiders during ontogeny suggests that switching to bird dropping masquerade may be a more effective defence as spiders increase in size. We thus conclude that the ontogenetic shift from crypsis to masquerade is adaptive. </span></p>
Warm acclimation alters antioxidant defences but not metabolic capacities in the Antarctic fish, Notothenia coriiceps
<p>The Southern Ocean surrounding the Western Antarctic Peninsula region is rapidly warming. Survival of members of the dominant suborder of Antarctic fishes, the Notothenioidei, will likely require thermal plasticity and adaptive capacity in key traits delimiting thermal tolerance. Herein, we have assessed the thermal plasticity of several cellular and biochemical pathways, many of which are known to be associated with thermal tolerance in notothenioids, including mitochondrial function, activities of aerobic and anaerobic enzymes, antioxidant defences,protein ubiquitination and degradation in cardiac, oxidative skeletal muscles and gill of <em>Notothenia coriiceps</em> warm acclimated to 4◦C for 22 days or 5◦C for 42 days. Levels of triacylglycerol (TAG) were measured in liver and oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles, and glycogen in liver and glycolytic muscle to assess changes in energy stores. Metabolic pathways displayed minimal thermal plasticity, yet antioxidant defences were lower in heart and oxidative skeletal muscles of warm-acclimated animals compared with animals held at ambient temperature. Despite higher metabolic rates at elevated temperature, energy storage depots of TAG and glycogen increase in liver and remain unchanged in muscle with warm acclimation. Overall, our studies reveal that <em>N. coriiceps</em> displays thermal plasticity in some key traits thatmay contribute to their survival as the Southern Ocean continues to warm.</p>
Invasive plant species that experience lower herbivory pressure may evolve lower diversities of chemical defence compounds in the exotic range
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p><strong>PREMISE</strong></p> <p>Invasive plant species often escape from specialist herbivore species and are likely to experience herbivory mostly from generalist herbivore species in the exotic range. Consequently, the Shifting Defence Hypothesis (SDH) predicts that invasive plants will express higher concentrations of qualitative defence compounds to deter dominant generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Here, I additionally propose a Reduced Chemical Diversity Hypothesis (RCDH), which predicts that reduced herbivory pressure will select for invasive plant genotypes that produce lower diversities of defence compounds in the exotic range.</p> <p><strong><span>METHODS</span></strong></p> <p>I tested whether: (1) Invasive <em>Brassica nigra</em> populations express a lower diversity and an overall higher concentration of glucosinolate compounds than native-range <em>B. nigra</em>; (2) <em>Brassica nigra</em> individuals that express high diversities and concentrations of glucosinolates are more attractive to specialist and deterrent to generalist herbivores; (3) Tissues of invasive <em>B. nigra </em>are less palatable to two generalist herbivores <em>Theba pisana</em> and <em>Helix aspersa</em> than tissues of native-range<em> B. nigra</em>.</p> <p><strong><span>RESULTS</span></strong></p> <p>Invasive <em>B. nigra </em>populations expressed a significantly lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds and a marginally higher concentration of total glucosinolate compounds. Leaf tissues of the invasive <em>B. nigra</em> were significantly less palatable to <em>T. pisana</em> and marginally less so to <em>H. aspersa</em>. <em>Brassica nigra</em> individuals that expressed high concentrations of total glucosinolate compounds were visited by a low diversity of generalist herbivore species in the field.</p> <p><strong><span>CONCLUSIONS</span></strong></p> <p>The biogeographical differences in glucosinolate profiles of invasive and native-range populations of <em>B. nigra</em> may be the result of differential herbivore selection pressures in the respective ranges.</p>
Group augmentation on trial: helpers in small groups enhance antipredator defence of eggs
<p>Mechanisms selecting for the evolution of cooperative breeding are hotly debated. While kin selection theory has been the central paradigm to explain the seemingly altruistic behaviour of non-reproducing helpers, it is increasingly recognized that direct fitness benefits may be highly relevant. The group augmentation hypothesis proposes that alloparental care may evolve to enhance group size when larger groups yield increased survival and/or reproductive success. However, there is a lack of empirical tests. Here we use the cooperatively breeding cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher, in which group size predicts survival and group stability, to test this hypothesis experimentally by prompting two cooperative tasks: defence against an egg predator and digging out sand from the breeding shelter. We controlled for alternative mechanisms such as kin selection, load-lightening and coercion. As predicted by the group augmentation hypothesis, helpers increased defence against an egg predator in small compared to large groups. This difference was only evident in large helpers due to size-specific task specialization. Furthermore, helpers showed more digging effort in the breeding chamber compared to alternative personal shelters, indicating that digging was an altruistic service to the dominant breeders.</p>
Ecological determinants of variation in phenotypic selection on quantitative immune defence traits
Immune defence is an important determinant of organismal fitness. While theoretical models based on trade-offs in resource allocation predict quantitative immune traits to be subject to stabilizing selection due to associated energetic costs and self-harm, empirical studies report mainly positive directional selection. This discrepancy may arise from multiple ecological factors that vary in nature and could influence selection. We examined if selection on immune activity varies depending on immune challenge/infection risk, between immune traits, and among populations in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We assessed selection on the phenoloxidase-like and antibacterial activity of snail haemolymph while manipulating the level of immune challenge imposed by environmental microbes. We did this using snails from multiple populations and also quantified within-population family-level variation (i.e., evolutionary potential) in the snails' immune activity. We found that the strength of immune challenge and the examined immune trait determined selection on the snails' immune function. Thus, variation in infection risk can be an important factor in maintaining genetic variation in defence traits. Additionally, immune traits showed low among-population differentiation but high within-population genetic variation. This pattern could arise if natural snail populations are exposed to higher temporal than spatial variation in infection risk.
Ineffective integration of multiple antipredator defences in a rotifer: a low-cost insurance?
<p><span>To maximize survival, prey often integrates multiple anti-predator defenses. How the defenses interact to reduce predation risk is, however, poorly known. We used the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to investigate how morphological (spines) and behavioral (floating) defenses are integrated against a common predatory rotifer, Asplanchna brightwellii, and if their combined use improves survival. To this end, we assessed the cost of the behavioral defense and the efficiency of both defenses, individually and combined, as well as their mutual dependency. The results show that </span><span>the behavioral defense is costly in reducing foraging activity, and that the two defenses are used simultaneously, with the presence of the morphological defense enhancing the use of the behavioral defense, as does</span><span> the pre-exposure to predator cues</span><span>. However, while t</span><span>he morphological defense reduces predation risk, the behavioral defense does not, thus, adding the costly behavioral defense to the morphological defense does not improve survival. It is likely that the cost of the behavioral defense is low given its reversibility – compared to the cost of misidentifying the predator species – and that this has promoted the adoption of both defenses, as general low-cost insurance rather than as a tailored strategy toward specific predators. Thus, the optimal strategy in the rotifer appears to be to express both morphological and behavioral defenses when confronted with the cues of a potential predator.</span></p>
Raw data of Octopus maya embryos along the development: wet weight, oxygen consumption, antioxidant defence mechanisms and oxidative damage.
<p>Raw data on oxygen consumption and antioxidant defense mechanisms of Octopus maya embryos were maintained in laboratory conditions at 24°C. Those data were obtained during the embryo development. The antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidant damage were also obtained from the ovary and the un-spawned eggs, allowing to us known how is the oxidant damage translated from the females to embryos in this octopus species. </p>
Data from: A trait-based root acquisition-defence-decomposition framework in angiosperm tree species
<p>Plants make trade-offs between root resource acquisition and defence ability, for adapting to the complex belowground environment. This includes forming partnerships with different types of root associating microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi. These trade-offs, by mediating root chemistry, exert legacy effects on nutrient release during decomposition, which may, in turn, affect the ability of new roots to re-acquire resources, thereby generating a feedback loop. However, the linkages at the basis of this potential feedback loop remain largely unquantified. Here, we propose a trait-based root 'acquisition-defence-decomposition' conceptual framework and test the strength of relevant linkages across 90 angiosperm tree species. We show that, at the plant species level, the root-fungal symbiosis gradient within the root economics space, root chemical defence (condensed tannins), and root decomposition rate are closely linked, providing support to this framework. Beyond the dichotomy between arbuscular mycorrhizal-dominated versus ectomycorrhizal-dominated systems, we suggest a continuous shift in feedback loops, from "high arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis-low defence-fast decomposition-inorganic nutrition" by evolutionarily ancient taxa to "high ectomycorrhizal symbiosis-high defence-slow decomposition-organic nutrition" by more modern taxa. This 'acquisition-defence-decomposition' framework provides solid foundation for testable hypotheses on the multidimensional linkages between species' belowground strategies and ecosystem nutrient cycling in evolutionary context.</p>
Data from: Reduced palatability, fast flight, and tails: Decoding the defence arsenal of Eudaminae skipper butterflies in a Neotropical locality
<p>Prey often rely on multiple defences against predators, such as flight speed, attack deflection from vital body parts, or unpleasant taste, but our understanding on how often and why they are co-exhibited remains limited. Eudaminae skipper butterflies use fast flight and mechanical defences (hindwing tails), but whether they use other defences like unpalatability (consumption deterrence), and how these defences interact, has not been assessed.</p> <p>We tested the palatability of 12 abundant Eudaminae species in Peru, using training and feeding experiments with domestic chicks. Further, we approximated the difficulty of capture explained by flight speed and quantified by wing loading. We performed phylogenetic regressions to find any association between multiple defences, body size, and habitat preference.</p> <p>We found a broad range of palatability in Eudaminae, within and among species. Contrary to current understanding, palatability was negatively correlated with wing loading, suggesting that faster butterflies tend to have lower palatability.</p> <p>The relative length of hind wing tails did not explain the level of butterfly palatability, showing that attack deflection and consumption deterrence are not mutually exclusive. Habitat preference (open or forested environments) did not explain the level of palatability either, although butterflies with high wing loading tended to occupy semi-closed or closed habitats.</p> <p>Finally, the level of unpalatability in Eudaminae is size dependent. Larger butterflies are less palatable, perhaps because of higher detectability/preference by predators. Altogether, our findings shed light on the contexts favouring the prevalence of single vs. multiple defensive strategies in prey.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.