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FIGURE 6 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 6. Habitus drawings of marine heterotardigrades. A Florarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1989a). B Ligiarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982b). C Wingstrandarctus, redrawn from Kristensen (1984). D Actinarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1979a). E Tanarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1975b). F Zioella, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1987a).

FIGURE 3. Foot and claw morphology. A. Generalised leg. B in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 3. Foot and claw morphology. A. Generalised leg. B. Chimaeric foot showing various claw configurations. External claw at left of image has a single point (sometimes called a "simple claw"), the next internal claw has two points, and the final two claws have three points. C. Paratanarctus foot, redrawn from D'Addabbo Gallo et al. (1992). D. Mutaparadoxipus foot, redrawn from Gross et al. (2014). E. Batillipes foot, redrawn from Kristensen & Mackness (2000). F. Megastygarctides foot, redrawn from Hansen & Kristensen (2006). ap = accessory point, bm = basal membrane, cl = claw, co = coxa, cr = calcar, cs = claw sheath, db= disc brace, dc = disc, de = distal stalk enlargement, di = digit, ed = external digit, fe = femur, id = internal digit, pa = adhesive pad, pe = peduncle, pp = primary point, ppa = proximal adhesive pad, pta = pretarsus, sp = secondary point. ta = tarsus, ti = tibia, to = toe.

FIGURE 4 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 4. Habitus drawings of marine heterotardigrades. A Archechiniscus, redrawn from Pollock (1976). B Coronarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1987b). C Trogloarctus, redrawn from Villora-Morena (1996). D Clavarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1983). E Euclavarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1975a). F Exoclavarctus, redrawn from Renaud- Mornant (1983). G Moebjergarctus, redrawn from Bussau (1992). H Parmursa, redrawn from Hansen (2007). I Proclavarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1983).

FIGURE 1 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 1. Chimaeric dorsal habitus of marine heterotardigrade. Feet represented from leg I clockwise are Echiniscoides, Stygarctus, Renaudarctus, Neostygarctus, and Prostygarctus. bpI–III = dorsal body plates I–III, ca = caudal ala, cap = caudal plate, cae = caestus, plate, cA – cE = cirrus A to cirrus E, ic = internal cirrus, ipI–IV = intersegmental plates I–IV, la = lateral ala, mc = median cirrus, pc = primary clava, sc = secondary clava, se1–4 = sense organ of leg I–IV.

FIGURE 13 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 13. Drawings of feet of marine heterotardigrades. A Clavarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1983). B Parmursa, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1984). C Euclavarctus, Exoclavarctus, Moebjergarctus, Proclavarctus, redrawn from Renaud- Mornant (1983). D Halechiniscus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982a). E Quisarctus, redrawn from Fujimoto (2015b). F Chrysoarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1984).

FIGURE 9 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 9. Habitus drawings of marine heterotardigrades. A Paratanarctus, redrawn from D'Addabbo Gallo et al. (1992). B Anisonyches, redrawn from Grimaldi de Zio & D'Addabbo Gallo (1987). C Echiniscoides, Isoechiniscoides redrawn from Kristensen & Hallas (1980). D Neoarctus, redrawn from Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1992).

FIGURE 14 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 14. Drawings of feet of marine heterotardigrades. A Paradoxipus, redrawn from Kristensen & Higgins (1989). B Mutaparadoxipus leg I, redrawn from Gross et al. (2014). C Mutaparadoxipus leg IV, redrawn from Gross et al. (2014). D Opydorscus leg I, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1989b). E Opydorscus leg II (legs III and IV identical), redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1989b). F Orzeliscus, redrawn from Kristensen & Higgins (1989). G Batillipes, redrawn from Kristensen & Mackness (2000).

FIGURE 2 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 2. Chimaeric ventral habitus of a female marine heterotardigrade. Feet represented from left leg I clockwise are Ligiarctus, Halechiniscus, Archechiniscus, Actinarctus, Paratanarctus, Paradoxipus, Orzeliscus, and Batillipes. an = anus, bt = buccal tube, ca = caudal ala, cA = cirrus A, cE = cirrus E, ec = external cirrus, fa = frontal ala, go = gonopore, ic = internal cirrus, la = lateral ala, mc = median cirrus, pc = primary clava, pb = pharyngeal bulb, sc = secondary clava, sr = seminal receptacle, st = stylet, tc = tertiary clava, vpI–III = ventral body plates I–III.

FIGURE 12 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 12. Drawings of feet of marine heterotardigrades. A Styraconyx, redrawn from Kristensen & Higgins (1984a). B Tholoarctus female, redrawn from Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant (1983). C Angursa, redrawn from Bussau (1992). D Rhomboarctus, redrawn from Hansen et al. (2003a). E Pleocola, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1984). F Lepoarctus, redrawn from Kristensen & Renaud-Mornant (1983). G Raiarctus, redrawn from Jørgensen et al. (2014). H Tetrakentron, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982a). I Archechiniscus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982a).

FIGURE 5 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 5. Habitus drawings of marine heterotardigrades. A Renaudarctus, redrawn from Hansen et al. (2012). B Megastygarctides, redrawn from McKirdy et al. (1976). C Faroestygarctus, redrawn from Hansen et al. (2012). D Stygarctus, redrawn from McKirdy et al. (1976). E Mesostygarctus, redrawn from Hansen et al. (2012). F Pseudostygarctus, redrawn from McKirdy et al. (1976). G Prostygarctus, original drawing. H Parastygarctus, redrawn from McKirdy et al. (1976). I Neostygarctus, Fujimoto & Miyazaki (2013).

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FIGURES 1–5. 1a in Elucidating Article 45.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: A dichotomous key for the determination of subspecific or infrasubspecific rank

FIGURES 1–5. 1a, Alphus senilis ab. uniformis, excerpt from original description (yellow highlight added for emphasis); 1b, A. senilis ab. uniformis, specimen dorsal habitus; 1c, A. senilis ab. uniformis, specimen labels; 2, Chariesthes subunicolor var. pictulus, original description (yellow highlight added for emphasis); 3, Oberea nigriceps n. obscuripennis nov., original description (yellow highlight added for emphasis); 4a, Trachyderes variegatus var. flavocinctus, excerpt from original description (yellow highlight added for emphasis); 4b, T. variegatus var. flavocinctus, specimen labels; 5a, Psenocerus supernotatus var. funebris, excerpt from original description (yellow highlight added for emphasis); 5b, Chalcophora virginiensis ssp. antennalis, excerpt from original description (yellow highlight added for emphasis).

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 7. Diagnostic key to species of Paramesacanthion based on the morphology of adult males. ......Figure captions continued on the next page

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 4. Diagnostic key to species of Mesacanthion based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Asymmetric spicules; 2: Symmetric spicules; 3: Smooth cuticle; 4: Finely striated cuticle; 5: Distance of precloacal supplement from cloaca> 60 µm and left spicule unipartite; 6: Distance of precloacal supplement from cloaca <60 µm and right spicule bipartite; 7: Outer labial setae cbd and right spicule transversely striated; 9: Right spicule left spicule; 11: Tail> 4 abd; 12: Tail <4 abd; 13: Right spicule of 180 µm; 14: Right spicule> 500 µm; 15: Spicules <2 abd; 16: Spicules> 2 abd; 17: Precloacal supplement absent; 18: Precloacal supplement present; 19: Stout post-cloacal setae present; 20: Stout post-cloacal setae absent; 21: Tail long (c= 14– 19), long spicules (150–200 µm); 22: Tail stout (c= 43–51), short spicules (41 µm); 23: Gubernaculum absent; 24: Gubernaculum present; 25: Body length> 3 mm; 26: Body length <2 mm; 27: Several cervical setae at cephalic capsule with spicules arrow shape with sharp distal end; 28: No cervical setae at cephalic capsule with simple spicules slightly curved with blunt distal end; 29: Mandible decorated by longitudinal marks; 30: Mandible without decoration; 31: Somatic setae absent; 32: Somatic setae present; 33: Dorsal tooth missing; 34: Dorsal tooth present; 35: Enlarged cervical setae (flaps) present below lateral outer labial seta at posterior end of cephalic capsule; 36: Enlarged cervical setae (flaps) absent; 37: Inner labial setae stout. Index c' 4.0–5.7; 38: Inner labial setae thin index c' 3; 39: Subventral precloacal setae absent; 40: Subventral precloacal setae present; 41: Gubernaculum simple with dorsal appendage; 42: Gubernaculum triangular; 43: Gubernaculum with two parts; 44: Gubernaculum with just one part; 45: Precloacal supplement close to cloaca and L-shaped spicules; 46: Precloacal supplement far to cloaca, arcuate spicules; 47: Spicules bipartite; 48: Spicules unipartite; 49: Subcephalic setae absent, precloacal supplement 2.2 abd away from cloaca; 50: Four subcephalic setae very thin near end of cephalic capsule, precloacal supplement 3 abd away from cloaca; 51: Proximal end of spicules with massive process; 52: Proximal end of spicules without massive process; 53: Distal end of spicules with backwardly pointing spines; 54: Distal end of spicules without backwardly pointing spines; 55: Spicules distally dilated; 56: Spicules without dilation; 57: Precloacal supplement located close (~1 spicules length) to proximal end of the spicules; 58: Precloacal supplement located further (>1.1 spicules length) away from the cloaca; 59: Precloacal supplement <2 abd distant to cloaca; 60: Precloacal supplement> 2 abd distant to cloaca; 61: Gubernaculum without dorsal apophysis; 62: Gubernaculum with dorsal apophysis; 63: de Man´s b index> 5; 64: de Man´s b index <5; 65: Small size (<3 mm), spicules <200 µm; 66: Large body (> 3mm), spicules> 200 µm; 67: Large spicules (570–610 µm), presence of two subventral stout setae between cloaca and proximal tip of spicules; 68: Small spicules (<510 µm), absent or sparsed setae at cloacal level; 69: Conico-cylindrical tail—5–6 abd length with large and narrow cylindrical portion; 70: Conico-cylindrical tail—4 abd length with short cylindrical portion.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 10. Diagnostic key to species of Trileptium based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Cuticle annulated, gubernaculum absent; 2: Cuticle smooth or annulated, gubernaculum present; 3: Buccal cavity with a single forwardly-directed dorsal onchium; 4: Buccal cavity with dorsal and two sub-ventral onchia; 5: Precloacal supplement absent, gubernaculum without apophysis; 6: Precloacal supplement present, gubernaculum with a dorso-caudal apophysis; 7: Precloacal supplement absent; 8: Precloacal supplement present; 9: Dorsal onchium does not reach the mandibular transverse bar, ventrosublateral onchia extend beyond bar; 10: Dorsal and ventrosublateral onchia at same level, extend beyond mandibular bar; 11: Precloacal supplement close to cloaca (6–11 µm); 12: Precloacal supplement not close to cloaca (29 µm); 13: Spicules strongly curved distally, gubernaculum with ventral peg, loops over both spicules; 14: Spicules shallow arcs, gubernaculum does not loop over spicules; 15: Gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis; 16: Gubernaculum without apophysis; 17: Tail long and thin, 5 abd; 18: Tail ≤ 4 abd; 19: Spicules length> 8 abd; 20: Spicules length <4 abd; 21: Tip of gubernaculum ends in small plates each, with two lateral projections; 22: Spicules cylindrical tapering to point, gubernaculum reduced to knob obscuring spicules tip.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 9. Diagnostic key to species of Thoracostomopsis based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Gubernaculum absent; 2: Gubernaculum present; 3: Spicules long, slightly curved at the distal portion, about 2,5 abd; 4: Spicules short, almost straight, <1 abd; 5: Spicules long, slightly curved and needle-like about 2 abd, gubernaculum length about 0.6–0.8 abd; 6: Spicules short, almost straight about 1 abd, gubernaculum length about 0.3 abd.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 2. Diagnostic key to species of Enoplolaimus, based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Precloacal supplement absent; 2: Precloacal supplement present; 3: Gubernaculum absent; 4: Gubernaculum present; 5: Body length> 3 mm; 6: Body length <3 mm; 7: Gubernaculum with apophysis; 8: Gubernaculum without apophysis; 9: Conicocylindrical tail; 10: Conical tail; 11: Body length <2 mm; 12: Body length equal or> 2 mm; 13: Twelve subcephalic setae; 14: Fourteen subcephalic setae; 15: Smooth cuticle; 16: Finely striated cuticle; 17: Presence of dots in the cuticle; 18: Absence of dots in the cuticle; 19: Asymmetric spicules; 20: Symmetric spicules; 21: Straight spicules; 22: Non-straight spicules; 23: Body length> 3 mm; 24: Body length <3 mm; 25: Gubernaculum present; 26: Gubernaculum absent; 27: Reduced gubernaculum; 28: V- shaped gubernaculum; 29: Tail length <3 abd; 30: Tail length> 3 abd; 31: Gubernaculum absent; 32: Gubernaculum present; 33: Gubernaculum with apophysis; 34: Gubernaculum without apophysis; 35: Body length> 4 mm; 36: Body length <4 mm; 37: Spicules split at the tip as the stigma of a flowering plant; 38: Spicules not split at the tip; 39: Gubernaculum with apophysis directed dorsally; 40: Gubernaculum with apophysis directed caudally; 41: Spicules> 65 µm; 42: Spicules <65 µm; 43: Spicules length about 2.5 gubernaculum length, index α 60–70; 44: Spicules length about 1.2–1.5 gubernaculum length, index α 30–50; 45: Tail length> 5 abd; 46: Tail length ≤ 5 abd; 47: Long bristles (100 μm) spread over the body; 48: Body bristles <40 μm; 49: Precloacal supplement situated at a distance superior to 5 abd; 50: Precloacal supplement near to the cloaca (1 to 3 abd); 51: Conico-cylindrical tail (9 abd) with very long cylindrical portion; 52: Conico-cylindrical tail (5–6 abd) with short cylindrical portion; 53: Body length of 1.2 mm, arcuate spicules of 36–38 μm and preclocal supplement situated at 1.6 abd; 54: Body length approximately 1.5 mm, arcuate spicules of 35–41 μm and precloacal supplement at 2.7 abd; 55: Body length> 3 mm; 56: Body length ≤ 3 mm; 57: Spicules> 60 μm; 58: Spicules <60 μm; 59: Gubernaculum straight and very long (almost spicules size); 60: Gubernaculum slim and short; 61: Smooth cuticle; 62: Slight striated cuticle; 63: Conico-cylindrical tail; 64: Conical tail; 65: Spicules> 2 abd; 66: Spicules <2 abd; 67: Precloacal supplement situated at 150 μm distant from cloaca; 68: Precloacal supplement situated at less than 100 μm distant from cloaca; 69: Gubernaculum distally hook-shaped; 70: Simple gubernaculum; 71: Spicules almost L-shaped and 74 μm; 72: Spicules semicircular and 46 μm.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 6. Diagnostic key to species of Oxyonchus based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Cuticle with transverse striations; 2: Cuticle without striations; 3: Spicules not arcuate, gubernaculum without apophysis, tail shorter than spicules (2x tail length); 4: Spicules arcuate, gubernaculum with apophysis, tail longer than spicules; 5: External labial setae ≤ 0.8 head diameter in length; 6: External labial setae ≥ 1 head diameter in length; 7: Precloacal supplement absent; 8: Precloacal supplement present; 9: Tail <5 abd long; 10: Tail> 5 abd long; 11: Long cervical setae posterior to cephalic capsule, spicules length about 1.5 abd; 12: Absence of cervical setae, spicules length about 1 abd; 13: Buccal cavity with 14–15 denticles; 14: Buccal cavity with <6 denticles; 15: Precloacal supplement at 1 abd to cloaca; 16: Precloacal supplement at 3 abd to cloaca; 17: External labial setae> 1.5 times head width; 18: External labial setae <1.5 times head width; 19: Spicules slender, uniformly curved; 20: Spicules stout, 'comma-shaped'; 21: Mandibles low, arched, with more than 20 denticles in several rows on lower half; 22: Mandibles high, nearly rectangular, with up to 20 uniformly distributed denticles; 23: Tail length 4–4.5 abd; 24: Tail length 5–6 abd; 25: Mandibles with 15–20 denticles, precloacal supplement 2–2.5 abd from cloaca; 26: Mandibles with 4 denticles, precloacal supplement 3.8–4.2 abd from cloaca; 27: Gubernaculum with apophysis directed caudally; 28: Gubernaculum with apophysis directed dorsally; 29: 10 denticles randomly displaced in the mandibular plate, precloacal supplement at 2 abd from cloaca; 30: 16 denticles in two rows, precloacal supplement at 3.7 abd from cloaca.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 5. Diagnostic key to species of Mesacanthoides based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Gubernaculum absent; 2: Gubernaculum present; 3: Gubernaculum reduced, precloacal supplement absent; 4: Gubernaculum and precloacal supplement present; 5: Precloacal supplement very large and spoon-like; 6: Precloacal supplement small and tubular; 7: Spicules> 3 abd length, tail filiform with flagellum; 8: Spicules length <3 abd, tail plump or alongated, never filiform; 9: Lips unstriated and small mandibles (18 µm); 10: Lips striated and large mandible (30 µm); 11: Body length> 10 mm; 12: Body length <7 mm; 13: Head with uncommun pattern of large cephalic and subcephalic setae forming 4 circles, gubernaculum more or less plate-shaped; 14: Head with common pattern of cephalic setae followed by 1–2 circle(s) of subcephalic setae, gubernaculum S-shaped; 15: Implantation of cephalic setae near middle of cephalic capsule, spicules tip pointed, tail conical tail; 16: Implantation of cephalic setae at posterior edge of cephalic capsule, spicules tip elaborately armed, conico-cylindrical tail.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic review of Thoracostomopsidae (Nematoda, Enoplida): state of the art, list of valid species and dichotomous keys

FIGURE 8. Diagnostic key to species of Parasaveljevia based on the morphology of adult males. 1: Lateral cephalic setae (?) of the same length of the other four and cephalic setae inserted at the anterior end of the head capsule; 2: Lateral cephalic setae (?) longer than the other four and cephalic setae inserted in the posterior third of head; 3: Apical organ or cirri on each lateral side of the head, at level of labial setae, tail 4.5–5.0 anal diameters long; 4: Apical organ or cirri on each lateral side of the head, between labial setae and cephalic setae, tail <4.5 anal diameters long.