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120 results for “Disease exposure”
Data from: Use of environmental sites by mule deer: a proxy for relative risk of chronic wasting disease exposure and transmission
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Cadmium exposure persistently modulates the gut-liver axis in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
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Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival
<p>Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive global pollutant that has been detected in every major habitat on the planet. Detrimental impacts of noise pollution on physiology, immunology and behaviour have been shown in terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. Equivalent research on aquatic organisms has until recently been stunted by the misnomer of a silent underwater world. In fish, however, noise pollution can lead to stress, hearing loss, behavioural changes and impacted immmunity. But, the functional effects of impacted immunity on disease resistance due to noise exposure have remained neglected. Parasites that cause transmissible disease are key drivers of ecosystem biodiversity and a significant factor limiting the sustainable expansion of the animal trade. Therefore, understanding how a pervasive stressor is impacting host-parasite interactions will have far reaching implications for global animal health. </p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Here, we investigated the impact of acute and chronic noise on vertebrate susceptibility to parasitic infections, using a model host-parasite system (guppy-<i>Gyrodactylus turnbulli</i>). Hosts experiencing acute noise suffered significantly increased parasite burden compared to those in no noise treatments. In contrast, fish experiencing chronic noise had the lowest parasite burden. However, these hosts died significantly earlier compared to those exposed to acute and no noise treatments, demonstrating a potential functional trade-off between improved parasite-resistance and shorter life span. By revealing the detrimental impacts of acute and chronic noise on host-parasite interactions, we add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating a link between noise pollution and reduced animal health. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Sex‐differences in disease avoidance behavior vary across modes of pathogen exposure
<p>Sex‐differences in disease susceptibility are widespread, and these disparities are often compounded in cases where sexual dimorphism increases exposure risk to parasites for one sex more than the other. Studies rarely link sex‐differences in disease susceptibility to sex‐differences in infection avoidance behavior. Yet, understanding the intersection of hosts' susceptibility to infection and infection avoidance behavior is essential to predicting infection risk variation. Here, we use the fruit fly <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and a generalist entomopathogenic fungus, <i>Metarhizium robertsii</i>, which can be transmitted directly, indirectly, and post‐mortem as a model host–pathogen system. We test whether the relationship between susceptibility to infection and pathogen avoidance behavior covaries with host sex. We first measured differences in resistance between male and female flies after three different types of exposure—direct, sexual, and environmental—to infectious fungal conidiospores. Then, we tested whether male and female flies differed in the likelihood of mating with infected partners and their avoidance of food patches with increased infection risk. Females were more susceptible to infection under all three exposure techniques. When confronted with an infectious partner, females mated sooner than males. However, when given a choice between an exposed partner and an unexposed partner, females take longer to begin copulating compared with males, though neither sex was more likely to choose the unexposed partner than expected by chance. Neither male nor females flies avoided food patches containing infectious conidiospores, though only females show an aversion to food sites containing an infectious fly corpse. These experiments suggest that sex‐differences in disease susceptibility may be counteracted via differential pathogen avoidance behavior, though the strength of avoidance behavior appears to vary across different contexts of infection risk.</p>
Data from: Previous exposure to myxomatosis reduces survival of European rabbits during outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease
1. Exploiting disease and parasite synergies could increase the efficacy of biological control of invasive species. In Australia, two viruses were introduced to control European rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus — myxoma virus in 1950, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in 1995. While these biological controls caused initial declines of > 95% in affected populations, today rabbits remain a problem in many areas, despite recurring outbreaks of both diseases. 2. We used eighteen years of capture-mark-recapture, dead recovery, and antibody assay data from a sentinel population in South Australia to test whether these two diseases interact to modify the survival of individual wild rabbits. We compared four joint, multi-state, dead-recovery models to test the hypotheses that rabbit haemorrhagic disease and myxoma viruses have synergistic (i.e., previous exposure to one virus affects survival during outbreaks of the other virus) or additive effects (i.e., previous exposure to one virus does not affect survival during outbreaks of the other virus). 3. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks reduced the survival of individuals with no immunity by more than half during the 58-day capture-trip intervals, i.e., from 0.86–0.90 to 0.37–0.48. Myxomatosis outbreaks had a smaller effect, reducing survival to 0.74– 0.82; however, myxomatosis outbreaks were more prolonged, spanning more than twice as many trips. 4. There was considerable information-theoretic support (wAICc = 0.69) for the model in which exposure to myxomatosis affected survival during rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks. Rabbits previously exposed to myxoma virus had lower survival during rabbit haemorrhagic disease outbreaks than rabbits never exposed to either virus. There was negligible support for the model in which previous exposure to rabbit haemorrhagic disease affected survival in myxomatosis outbreaks (wAICc < 0.01). 5. Synthesis and applications — Our results indicate that biological control agents can have a greater impact than single-pathogen challenge studies might suggest. Introducing additional biological control agents might therefore increase mortality of rabbits beyond the additive effects of individual biological controls. Furthermore, our results show that by understanding and exploiting disease synergies, managers could increase the efficacy of biological controls for other invasive animals.
Data from: Host social behavior decreases exposure to vector-borne disease: a field experiment in a "hotspot" of West Nile virus transmission
Animals can decrease their individual risk of predation by forming groups. The encounter-dilution hypothesis extends the potential benefits of gregariousness to biting insects and vector-borne disease by predicting that the per capita number of insect bites should decrease within larger host groups. Although vector-borne diseases are common and can exert strong selective pressures on hosts, there have been few tests of the encounter-dilution effect in natural systems. We conducted an experimental test of the encounter-dilution hypothesis using the American robin (Turdus migratorius), a common host species for the West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne pathogen. By using sentinel hosts (house sparrows, Passer domesticus) caged in naturally occurring communal roosts in the suburbs of Chicago, we assessed sentinel host risk of WNV exposure inside and outside of roosts. We also estimated per capita host exposure to infected vectors inside roosts and outside of roosts. Sentinel birds caged inside roosts seroconverted to WNV more slowly than those outside of roosts, suggesting that social groups decrease per capita exposure to infected mosquitoes. These results therefore support the encounter-dilution hypothesis in a vector-borne disease system. Our results suggest that disease-related selective pressures on sociality may depend on the mode of disease transmission.
Data from: Critical disease windows shaped by stress exposure alter allocation trade-offs between development and immunity
1. Ubiquitous environmental stressors are often thought to alter animal susceptibility to pathogens and contribute to disease emergence. However, duration of exposure to a stressor is likely critical, because while chronic stress is often immunosuppressive, acute stress can temporarily enhance immune function. Furthermore, host susceptibility to stress and disease often varies with ontogeny; increasing during critical developmental windows. How the duration and timing of exposure to stressors interact to shape critical windows and influence disease processes is not well tested. 2. We used ranaviruses and larval amphibians as a model system to investigate how physiological stress and pathogenic infection shape development and disease dynamics in vertebrates. Based on a resource allocation model, we designed experiments to test how exposure to stressors may induce resource trade-offs that shape critical windows and disease processes because the neuroendocrine stress axis coordinates developmental remodeling, immune function, and energy allocation in larval amphibians. 3. We used wood frog larvae (Lithobates sylvaticus) to investigate how chronic and acute exposure to corticosterone, the dominant amphibian glucocorticoid hormone, mediates development and immune function via splenocyte immunohistochemistry analysis in association with ranavirus infection. 4. Corticosterone treatments affected immune function, as both chronic and acute exposure suppressed splenocyte proliferation, although viral replication rate increased only in the chronic corticosterone treatment. 5. Time to metamorphosis and survival depended on both corticosterone treatment and infection status. In the control and chronic corticosterone treatments, ranavirus infection decreased survival and delayed metamorphosis, although chronic corticosterone exposure accelerated time to metamorphosis in uninfected larvae. Acute corticosterone exposure accelerated metamorphosis increased survival in infected larvae. 6. Interactions between stress exposure (via glucocorticoid actions) and infection impose resource trade-offs that shape optimal allocation between development and somatic function. As a result, critical disease windows are likely shaped by stress exposure because any conditions that induce changes in differentiation rates will alter the duration and susceptibility of organisms to stressors or disease.
A Study of Rabeprazole and Pantoprazole on Stomach Acid and Esophageal Acid Exposure in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and a History of Nighttime Heartburn
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00237367. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Assessing Minimal Residual Disease by Next- Generation Sequencing to Minimize Exposure in People With CLL or SLL Who Have Been Treated With Venetoclax
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04419519. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Critical disease windows shaped by stress exposure alter allocation trade-offs between development and immunity
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Data from: Host social behavior decreases exposure to vector-borne disease: a field experiment in a “hotspot” of West Nile virus transmission
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Sex‐differences in disease avoidance behavior vary across modes of pathogen exposure
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Data from: Previous exposure to myxomatosis reduces survival of European rabbits during outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease
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Data from: Benzene exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease risk
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Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival
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The human circulating miRNome reflects multiple diseases associated with short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution
GEO Series GSE106221. Homo sapiens. 48 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Ancestral Plastics Exposure Induces Transgenerational Disease Specific Sperm Epigenome-Wide Association Biomarkers Methylation Epimutation Biomarkers for Specific Transgenerational Disease
GEO Series GSE163412. Rattus norvegicus. 52 samples. Type: Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Epigenome-Wide Association Study for Transgenerational Disease Epimutation Sperm Biomarkers following Ancestral Exposure to Jet Fuel Hydrocarbons
GEO Series GSE155922. Rattus norvegicus. 41 samples. Type: Methylation profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Cytokine exposure of human macrophages induces disease-associated microglia transcriptional signatures
GEO Series GSE273912. Homo sapiens. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Short-term exposure to intermittent hypoxia leads to changes in gene expression seen in chronic pulmonary disease [bulk RNA]
GEO Series GSE145434. Mus musculus. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.