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2,009 results for “Disruptions”
Fig. 1 in New Jurassic tettigarctid cicadas from China with a novel example of disruptive coloration
Fig. 1. Distribution of the localities and strata of Architettigini, Turutanoviini, and Sanmai gen. nov. 1, northeastern Brazil (Hamilton 1990); 2, England Whalley 1985); 3, Kazakhstan (Shcherbakov and Popov 2002; Shcherbakov 2009); 4, Tajikistan (Becker-Migdisova 1949); 5, Ust'-Baley, southern Siberia (Shcherbakov 1985); 6, Myangad, western Mongolia (Shcherbakov 1986); 7, northeastern China (Wang and Zhang 2009; this study).
Dataset for paper "The naphthylated LEGO-lipophosphonoxin antibiotics used as a fluorescent tool for observation of target membrane perturbations preceding its disruption"
<p><span><span><span>The individual text files contain all the numerical data shown in Figures 2-10 in the publication.</span></span></span></p>
Reproduction package for the article "Accretion disc cooling and narrow absorption lines in the tidal disruption event AT 2019dsg"
<p>This is the reproduction package for the MNRAS Article "Accretion disc cooling and narrow absorption lines in the tidal disruption event AT 2019dsg" by Cannizzaro et al (2021). It contains the reduced optical data, the scripts used for the emission lines fitting and the code used to perform the host galaxy subtraction.</p>
Reproduction package for the article "Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Candidate Tidal Disruption Event in F01004–2237"
<p>This is the reproduction package for the Article "Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Candidate Tidal Disruption Event in F01004-2237" by Cannizzaro et al (2021). It contains the reduced optical data and the scripts used for the emission lines fitting.</p>
Reproduction package for the paper "Host Galaxy Line Diagnostics for the Candidate Tidal Disruption EventsXMMSL1 J111527.3+180638 and PTF09axc"
<p>This is a reproduction package for the paper "Host Galaxy Line Diagnostics for the Candidate Tidal Disruption EventsXMMSL1 J111527.3+180638 and PTF09axc" containing the final data products as well as all scripts for data analysis and creating the figures present in the paper. </p>
Data and code for analysis in "Fighting over defence chemicals disrupts mating behaviour"
<p>Data and annotated code for analysis in "Fighting over defence chemicals disrupts mating behaviour". The point at which each data sheet is used in the analysis is specified in the code and code for each respective figure in paper is also given. A renv lockfile is also included for version control, but all package versions are also included in paper's methods section.</p>
Rapid resource depletion on coral reefs disrupts competitor recognition processes among butterflyfish species
<p>Avoiding costly fights can help conserve energy needed to survive rapid environmental change. Competitor recognition processes help resolve contests without escalating to attack, yet we have limited understanding of how they are affected by resource depletion and potential effects on species coexistence. Using a mass coral mortality event as a natural experiment and 3,770 field observations of butterflyfish encounters, we test how rapid resource depletion could disrupt recognition processes in butterflyfishes. Following resource loss, heterospecifics approached each other more closely before initiating aggression, fewer contests were resolved by signalling, and the energy invested in attacks was greater. In contrast, behaviour towards conspecifics did not change. As predicted by theory, conspecifics approached one another more closely and were more consistent in attack intensity yet, contrary to expectations, resolution of contests via signalling was more common among heterospecifics. Phylogenetic relatedness or body size did not predict these outcomes. Our results suggest that competitor recognition processes for heterospecifics became less accurate after mass coral mortality, which we hypothesise is due to altered resource overlaps following dietary shifts. Our work implies that competitor recognition is common among heterospecifics, and disruption of this system could lead to suboptimal decision-making, exacerbating sublethal impacts of food scarcity.</p>
Data from: Testing background matching and disruptive colouration in a sexually dichromatic grasshopper: a computer detection experiment.
<p>Cryptic colouration is an adaptative mechanism against predators. Colour patterns can become cryptic through background matching and disruptive colouration, which breaks up the outlines of an animal because the pattern does not coincide with the shape and outline of the animal’s body. Background matching could be advantageous in chromatically homogeneous microhabitats, whereas disruptive colouration can be favoured in visually heterogeneous microhabitats. Grasshoppers of the genus <em>Sphenarium</em> (Orthoptera: Pyrogomorphidae) inhabit very heterogeneous environments and exhibit both strategies. Adults show substantial continuous variation in colouration and longitudinal and transverse bands on the thorax and abdomen. However, males often exhibit considerably more variation in the number of longitudinal and transverse bands than females, which tend to have more uniform colouring (flatter patterns). In this study, we analysed the cryptic properties of the colour patterns of males and females of <em>Sphenarium </em><em>zapotecum</em><em> </em>Sanabria-Urbán, H. Song & Cueva del Castillo and tested the effectiveness of background matching and disruptive colouration using humans as ‘predators’ in a computer detection experiment. We found that the females and males are dichromatic and seem to follow different cryptic strategies in their colouration: males are more disruptive to the background than females, whereas females have a higher level of background matching. In addition, in visually heterogeneous areas, predators spent most time searching for striped male morphs with lower background matching and higher disruptive properties, as well as for female morphs with high background matching, potentially increasing prey survival. As background matching is associated with females and disruptive colouration with males, our results could help explain the evolution of sexual dichromatism in this and other species of grasshoppers of the genus <em>Sphenarium.</em></p> <p> </p>
Intraparietal stimulation disrupts negative distractor effects in human multi-alternative decision-making
<p>There has been debate about whether addition of an irrelevant distractor option to an otherwise binary decision influences which of the two choices is taken. We show that disparate views on this question are reconciled if distractors exert two opposing but not mutually exclusive effects. Each effect predominates in a different part of decision space: 1) a positive distractor effect predicts high-value distractors improve decision-making; 2) a negative distractor effect, of the type associated with divisive normalisation models, entails decreased accuracy with increased distractor values. Here, we demonstrate both distractor effects coexist in human decision making but in different parts of a decision space defined by the choice values. We show disruption of the medial intraparietal area (MIP) by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) increases positive distractor effects at the expense of negative distractor effects. Furthermore, individuals with larger MIP volumes are also less susceptible to the disruption induced by TMS. These findings also demonstrate a causal link between MIP and the impact of distractors on decision-making via divisive normalisation.</p>
Data from: Disruptive selection and the evolution of discrete color morphs in Timema stick insects
<p>A major unresolved issue in biology is why phenotypic and genetic variation is sometimes continuous, yet other times packaged into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, and species. In theory, ecological discontinuities can impose strong disruptive selection that promotes the evolution of discrete forms, but direct tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Here we show that <span><em>Timema</em> </span>stick insects exhibit genetically-determined color morphs that range from weakly to strongly discontinuous. Color data from nature and a manipulative field experiment demonstrate that greater morph differentiation is associated with shifts from host plants exhibiting more continuous color variation to those exhibiting greater coloration distance between green leaves and brown stems, the latter of which generates strong disruptive selection. Our results show how ecological factors can promote discrete variation, and we further present results on how this can have variable effects on the genetic differentiation that promotes speciation.</p>
Estimating durations of disruptions to freight transport due to climate-related hazards
<p>A table of hazard intensity thresholds and notes on how to estimate the duration of disruption to freight transport (road and rail) due to climate-related hazards (extreme heat, flooding and tropical cyclone winds).</p>
Data for: Herbivores disrupt the flow of food resources to termites in dryland ecosystems
<p><span>Irruption of herbivore populations due to the extirpation of predators has led to dramatic changes in ecosystem functioning worldwide. Herbivores compete with other species for their primary source of nutrition, plant biomass. Such competition is typically considered to occur between species in closely related clades and functional groups but could also occur with detritivores that consume senescent plant biomass. Here, we test predictions that herbivores' indirect impacts on dead vegetation increase with primary productivity and extend to termites which feed on senescent vegetation. We compared dead vegetation cover and termite activity in herbivore exclosures and associated grazed plots at 3 locations situated along a rainfall gradient in arid Australia where kangaroo populations have irrupted. Dead vegetation cover and termite activity increased with rainfall in ungrazed plots but showed a negligible response to rainfall in grazed plots. Our results suggest that grazing can disrupt the flow of energy to detritivores and decouple the relationship between termite activity and primary productivity. Such disruption could have far-reaching impacts on arid ecosystems because many organisms sit within "brown food webs" that are sustained by energy derived from decomposition of senescent plant-tissues. </span></p>
Data and scripts for the study "Resilience of international trade to typhoon-related supply disruptions"
<p>This are the i) input data, ii) final output data, iii) python scripts to reproduce the figures of the study "Resilience of international trade to typhoon-related supply disruptions".</p> <p>i) Input data</p> <p>The input file "routes.nc" provides the geographic transportation network as described in the study.</p> <p>The input data "impacts_*.nc" are necessary to drive simulation runs using the agent-based economic network model Acclimate with the geographic transport network module. The implementation of Acclimate with the geographic transportation module is available as open source on https://github.com/acclimate/acclimate/tree/transport-module with identifier 10.5281/zenodo.7788859.</p> <p>To the derive the input data, the open source file "IBTrACS.WP.v04r00.nc" from IBTrACS as well the Acclimate impact-generator (https://github.com/acclimate/impactgen) is needed. An explanation on the algorithm is given in the study "Resilience of international trade to typhoon-related supply disruptions".</p> <p>ii) Final output</p> <p>The model Acclimate computes, based on the input data, the raw output data. The raw output have in total a volume of over 3.3 Terabyte. We can provide this raw data upon request. However, due to storage space limitations, we will provide in this repository only the regionally and sectorally aggregated output data that were used for the graphs in the paper. These data are described "blocs_*.nc" or "shorts_*.nc"</p> <p> </p> <p>iii) python scripts</p> <p>Using the given python scripts ("*.py" files), the figures of the study "Resilience of international trade to typhoon-related supply disruptions" can be reproduced. The needed input files for the scripts are given under "input data" or "final output". All necessary self-build functions are given in "lib.py" or "regionfinder.py".</p> <p> </p> <p>If any question arise, please contact Dr. Kilian Kuhla under kilian.kuhla@pik-potsdam.de .</p>
Data for: Simulated climate change causes asymmetric responses in insect life history timing potentially disrupting a classic ecological speciation system
<p>Climate change may alter phenology within populations with cascading consequences for community interactions and ongoing evolutionary processes. Here, we measured the response to climate change in two sympatric, recently diverged (~170 years) populations of <em>Rhagoletis</em> <em>pomonella</em> flies specialized on different host fruits (hawthorn and apple) and their parasitoid wasp communities. We tested whether warmer temperatures affect dormancy regulation and its consequences for synchrony across trophic levels and temporal isolation between divergent populations. Under warmer temperatures, both fly populations developed earlier. However, warming significantly increased the proportion of maladaptive pre-winter development in apple, but not hawthorn, flies. Parasitoid phenology was less affected, potentially generating ecological asynchrony. Observed shifts in fly phenology under warming may decrease temporal isolation, potentially limiting ongoing divergence. Our findings of complex sensitivity of life-history timing to changing temperatures predict that coming decades may see multifaceted ecological and evolutionary changes in temporal specialist communities.</p>
Recurring bleaching events disrupt the spatial properties of coral reef benthic communities across scales
<p>Marine heatwaves are causing recurring coral bleaching events on tropical reefs that are driving ecosystem change. Yet little is known about how bleaching and subsequent coral mortality impacts the spatial properties of tropical seascapes, such as patterns of organism spatial clustering and heterogeneity across scales. Changes in these spatial properties can offer insight into ecosystem recovery potential following disturbance. Here we repeatedly quantified coral reef benthic spatial properties around the circumference of an uninhabited tropical island in the central Pacific over a 9-year period that included a minor and severe marine heatwave. Benthic communities showed increased biotic homogenisation following both minor and mass bleaching, becoming more taxonomically similar with less diverse intra-island community composition. Hard coral cover, which was highly spatially clustered around the island prior to bleaching, became less spatially clustered following minor bleaching and was indiscernible from a random distribution across all scales (100–2000 m) following mass bleaching. Interestingly, the reduced degree of hard coral cover spatial clustering was already evident by the onset of mass bleaching and before any dramatic wholesale loss in island-mean coral cover occurred. Reductions in hard coral spatial clustering may therefore offer an early indication of the ecosystem becoming degraded prior to mass coral mortality. In contrast, the spatial clustering of competitive fleshy macroalgae remained unchanged through both bleaching events, while crustose coralline algae and fleshy turf algae became more spatially clustered at larger scales (200–700 m) following mass bleaching. Overall, benthic community spatial patterning became less predictable following bleaching and was no longer reflective of gradients in long-term environmental drivers that typically structure these remote reefs. Our findings provide novel insights into how climate-driven marine heatwaves can impact the spatial properties of coral reef communities over multiple scales.</p>
Disruption of an ant-plant mutualism shapes interactions between lions and their primary prey
<p><strong>Data and file overview:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Kamaru_Path_Analysis_Data.csv</li> <li>Kamaru_Path_Analysis.R</li> <li>Kamaru_Zebra_RSF_Data.csv</li> <li>Kamaru_Zebra_RSF.R</li> </ol> <p><strong>Layers used to build Zebra RSF:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Kamaru_DWater: distance to water</li> <li>Kamaru_DGlade: distance to glade</li> <li>Kamaru_DSettlement: distance to human settlement</li> <li>Kamaru_OPC_Veg: vegetation layer (classes: <em>V. drepanolobium</em>, <em>E. divinorum, </em>others)</li> </ol> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Path_Analysis_Data.csv</strong></p> <ol> <li>Number of variables: 11</li> <li>Description: This data file includes 105 zebra kill sites and paired random locations from June 2019 to August 2020. It also includes: (A) monthly utilization distributions of lion prides associated with each kill site and paired point; and (B) zebra densities estimated from resource selection functions, associated with each kill site, and paired random location. Please see our supplementary materials for more details on data and methods.</li> <li>Variable list:</li> </ol> <p>(A) rsf.block: Resource Selection Function blocks (block 1: Jan-Apr 2019, block 2: May-Sep 2019, block 3: Oct 2019 – Jan 2020, block 4: Feb-May 2020, block 5: Jun-Sep 2020)</p> <p>(B) Kill_ID: kill identifier.</p> <p>(C) Lion_ID: individual lion pride identifier.</p> <p>(D) Date (Day, Month, Year) when a specific kill occurred.</p> <p>(E) Zebra_kill (1 = kill site, 0 = paired random location).</p> <p>(F). Species: Zebra.</p> <p>(G) Visibility: openness measurement using a rangefinder in (m).</p> <p>(H) Lion_activity: Utilization distributions (UD) of lions.</p> <p>(I) Invasion (1 = invaded by big-headed ants, 0 = uninvaded by big-headed ants).</p> <p>(J) zeb.rsf: resource selection function value.</p> <p>(K) zeb.density: zebra density estimated from resource selection functions.</p> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Zebra_RSF_Data.csv</strong></p> <ol> <li>Number of variables: 10</li> <li>Description: This data file includes 182 zebra sightings, paired with 10 random points created for each sighting/used point. Also, the data includes actual GPS locations of each sighting and the total number of zebras in each sighting. Please see our supplementary materials for more details on data and methods.</li> <li>Variable list:</li> </ol> <p>(A) Species: Zebra.</p> <p>(B) Date (Day, Month, Year) for that sighting.</p> <p>(C) Survey: count identifier (Survey 2 to 21).</p> <p>(D) GPS location (X and Y), longitude and latitude of that sighting location.</p> <p>(E) Transect: Transect number.</p> <p>(F) Used: (1= zebra sighting, 0 = paired point).</p> <p>(G) zebra.ct: total number of zebras in each sighting.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>R CODE</strong></p> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Path_Analysis.R</strong></p> <ol> <li>Description: Apply this code to Kamaru_Path_Analysis_Data.csv to build nested path models.</li> </ol> <p><strong>SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: Kamaru_Zebra_RSF.R</strong></p> <ol> <li>Description: Apply this code to Kamaru_Zebra_RSF_Data.csv to build resource selection functions for zebra. Use the following layers: Kamaru_DWater, Kamaru_DGlade, Kamaru_DSettlement and Kamaru_OPC_Veg to build the Zebra RSF.</li> </ol>
Dataset for manuscript "Prefrontal stimulation as a tool to disrupt hippocampal and striatal reactivations underlying fast motor memory consolidation"
<p>Dataset containing the source data corresponding to figures and tables in the manuscript "Prefrontal stimulation as a tool to disrupt hippocampal and striatal reactivations underlying fast motor memory consolidation", as well as raw behavioral and MEP data and the corresponding analysis scripts.</p>
Data from: Culling-induced perturbation of social networks of wild geese reinforces rather than disrupts associations among survivors
<p>Wildlife populations may be the subject of management interventions for disease control that can have unintended, counterproductive effects. Social structure exerts a strong influence over infectious disease transmission in addition to other characteristics of populations such as size and density that are the primary target for disease control. Social network approaches have been widely used to understand disease transmission in wildlife but rarely in the context of perturbations, such as culling, despite the likely impacts of such disturbance on social structure and disease dynamics. Here we present a 'removal' study of a free-living population of resident Canada geese <em>Branta canadensis</em>, a highly social species that is frequently managed by culling and can carry pathogens relevant to human and domestic animal health. We quantified social network structure and spatial behaviour before and after controlled culling of individuals during the summer moult. Culling did not substantially increase individual social connectivity. Individuals that moulted at cull sites or were formerly strongly associated with removed birds were more likely to strengthen and maintain any surviving existing associations while also forming new associations. However, the establishment of new associations was largely compensatory (with only small increases in the number and strength of connections) and occurred locally. Synthesis & applications: geese that survived the cull responded by strengthening existing social relationships and forming new, compensatory relationships with birds local to them in the network. In the short-term such compensatory adjustments to patterns of association in response to culling could facilitate pathogen transmission. But in the longer term, controlled culling of geese is unlikely to strongly influence pathogen spread and may even slow transmission into new social clusters by reducing wider mixing. When managing wildlife for disease control, in addition to changes in social network structure the prevalence of infection at the time of the cull and the mode of transmission (e.g., direct versus environmental) will also be critical determinants of disease transmission risk in perturbed populations of geese and other wild animals.</p>
Personalized Mobile Intervention to Reduce Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Adults of Child-Bearing Age
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05780047. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 55.
Data and code from: Soil decomposer can regulate the legacy effect of photodegradation on forest marcescent litter decomposition, but emerging microplastics disrupt this
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