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397 results for “Echinoidea”
A total-evidence dated phylogeny of Echinoidea combining phylogenomic and paleontological data
<p>Phylogenomic and paleontological data constitute complementary resources for unravelling the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of lineages, yet few studies have attempted to fully integrate them. Several unique properties of echinoids (sea urchins) make them especially useful for such synthetizing approaches, including a remarkable fossil record that can be incorporated into explicit phylogenetic hypotheses. We revisit the phylogeny of crown group Echinoidea using a total-evidence dating approach that combines the largest phylogenomic dataset for the clade, a large-scale morphological matrix with a dense fossil sampling, and a novel compendium of tip and node age constraints. To this end, we develop a novel method for subsampling phylogenomic datasets that selects loci with high phylogenetic signal, low systematic biases and enhanced clock-like behavior. Our results demonstrate that combining different data sources increases topological accuracy and helps resolve conflicts between molecular and morphological data. Notably, we present a new hypothesis for the origin of sand dollars, and restructure the relationships between stem and crown echinoids in a way that implies a long stretch of unidscovered evolutionary history of the crown in the late Paleozoic. Our efforts help bridge the gap between phylogenomics and phylogenetic paleontology, providing a model example of the benefits of combining the two.</p>
FIGURE 2. MNHN EcEh 1282 in A new species of Coelopleurus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Arbaciidae) from New Caledonia
FIGURE 2. MNHN EcEh 1282, paratype: A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, lateral view of an ambulacrum; D, lateral view of an interambulacrum; E, oral view showing auricle.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Coelopleurus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Arbaciidae) from New Caledonia
FIGURE 5. Comparison of mean (± SD) peristome widths (as % of test's horizontal diameter) between species of Coelopleurus.
FIGURE 3. A in A new species of Coelopleurus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Arbaciidae) from New Caledonia
FIGURE 3. A, (holotype) apical system; B, ambulacrum (paratype); C, interambulacrum (paratype), D & E, ambital primary spines; F, adapical primary spine; G & H, ambital primary spine's collar (G, dorsal view; H, ventral view); I–J, oral spines (I, dorsal, J, ventral); K, secondary spine; L, ophicephalous pedicellaria; M, tridentate pedicellaria; N, triphyllous pedicellaria.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Coelopleurus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Arbaciidae) from New Caledonia
FIGURE 4. Scanning electron micrographs: A, transverse section midway through a primary ambital spine; B, transverse section midway through a primary adapical spine; C, transverse section midway through a primary oral spine; D, transverse section midway through a secondary spine; E, ophicephalous pedicellaria; F, tridentate pedicellaria; G, triphyllous pedicellaria; H & I, individual valves from ophicephalous pedicellariae; J, individual valve from a tridentate pedicellaria; K, individual valve from a triphyllous pedicellaria.
FIGURE 3. A in A new species of Lissocidaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Cidaridae) from the Philippines: convergent evolution among smooth-spined cidaroids
FIGURE 3. A, aboral view of NHM 98.5.3.583, holotype of Calocidaris micans; B, aboral view of NHM 1948.9.16.8, holotype of Lissocidaris fusca; C, aboral view of Compsocidaris pyrsacantha (S.E. Coppard private collection).
FIGURE 4. Spines from A in A new species of Lissocidaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Cidaridae) from the Philippines: convergent evolution among smooth-spined cidaroids
FIGURE 4. Spines from A, holotype of L. xanthe, B, holotype of L. fusca, C, holotype of Calocidaris micans and D, Compsocidaris pyrsacantha (S.E. Coppard private collection): i–iii, aboral interambulacral primary spines (i, surface midway; ii, surface at tip; iii, neck and collar); iv, miliary spines; v, secondary aboral spines; vi, primary ambulacral spines; vii, whole ambital interambulacral primary spines; viii & ix, scrobicular spines (viii, dorsal view; ix, side view); x, adapical interambulacral spines; xi, peristomal spines; xii, oral interambulacral primary spines.
FIGURE 2. NHM 2007.5 in A new species of Lissocidaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Cidaridae) from the Philippines: convergent evolution among smooth-spined cidaroids
FIGURE 2. NHM 2007.5, paratype: A, aboral view, B, oral view; C, lateral view of an interambulacrum; D, lateral view of an ambulacrum; E; oral view showing apopheses; F, lateral view of Aristotle's lantern; G, oral view of Aristotle's lantern; H, ambulacral plating; I, interambulacral plating.
FIGURE 5. Transverse sections through the aboral interambulacral primary spines from A in A new species of Lissocidaris (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Cidaridae) from the Philippines: convergent evolution among smooth-spined cidaroids
FIGURE 5. Transverse sections through the aboral interambulacral primary spines from A, holotype of L. xanthe, B, holotype of L. fusca, C, holotype of Calocidaris micans and D, Compsocidaris pyrsacantha (S.E. Coppard, private collection): i, transverse section through collar; ii, transverse section two thirds of the way along the spine's length.
FIGURE 3 in The giant purple pedinid—a new species of Caenopedina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Pedinidae) from New Zealand and Australia
FIGURE 3. Caenopedina porphyrogigas sp. nov., holotype, NIWA 25889. Details of spine structure. A, base of primary interambulacral spine. B, section through a primary interambulacral spine. C, section through a secondary spine.
FIGURE 5 in The giant purple pedinid—a new species of Caenopedina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Pedinidae) from New Zealand and Australia
FIGURE 5. Known geographical distribution of Caenopedina porphyrogigas (stars) and C. pulchella (dots). Filled stars represent confirmed records, unfilled stars represent unconfirmed records (specimens not retained). Locality data come from five sources: catch records from fisheries research trawl surveys (NIWA/MFish); catch records from government observers aboard commercial trawlers (MFish); records of the NIWA Invertebrate Collection; NMNZ records; NMV, Melbourne, records.
FIGURE 4 in The giant purple pedinid—a new species of Caenopedina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Pedinidae) from New Zealand and Australia
FIGURE 4. Caenopedina porphyrogigas sp. nov., holotype, NIWA 25889. SEM images of pedicellariae: A, whole tridentate pedicellaria (large form); B, single valve of tridentate pedicellaria (large form); C, whole tridentate pedicellaria (small form); D, whole ophicephalous pedicellaria; E, single valve of ophicephalous pedicellaria; F, single valve of tridentate pedicellaria (small form); G, whole triphyllous pedicellaria; H, single valve of triphyllous pedicellaria.
FIGURE 2 in The giant purple pedinid—a new species of Caenopedina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Pedinidae) from New Zealand and Australia
FIGURE 2. Caenopedina porphyrogigas sp. nov., holotype, NIWA 25889. Details of test plating and tube feet spicules. A, apical disc showing tuberculation of genital and ocular plates, and plating of periproct. B, section of ambulacra from near the ambitus. C, section of interambulacra from near the ambitus. D, typical spicule from the base of a tube foot.
FIGURE 1 in The giant purple pedinid—a new species of Caenopedina (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Pedinidae) from New Zealand and Australia
FIGURE 1. Caenopedina porphyrogigas sp. nov. A, C, E: holotype (73 mm TD), NIWA 25889. A, aboral; C, lateral; E, oral views. B, D, F: dried test (80 mm TD), NIWA 41588. B, aboral; D, lateral; F, oral views.
FIGURE 2. Syndesmis patagonica, new species. A in Syndesmis patagonica n. sp. (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 2. Syndesmis patagonica, new species. A. Entire worm, dorso-ventral view. B. Sagittal reconstruction.
FIGURE 3 in Syndesmis patagonica n. sp. (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 3. Geographical distribution of species of Syndesmis. 1. Syndesmis echinorum. 2. S. franciscana. 3. S. antillarum. 4. S. dendrastrorum. 5. S. atriovillosa. 6. S. punicea. 7. S. pallida. 8. S. glandulosa. 9. S. evelinae. 10. S. compacta. 11. S. mammilata. 12. S. philippinensis. 13. S. alcalai. 14. S. aethopharynx. 15. S. albida. 16. S. rubida. 17. S. collongistyla. 18. S. obhoriensis. 19. S. inconspicua. 20. S. neglecta. 21. S. longicanalis. 22. S. cannoni. 23. S. echiniacuti. 24. S. patagonica n. sp.
FIGURE 1 in Syndesmis patagonica n. sp. (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) from the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Patagonia, Argentina
FIGURE 1. Digital photographs of Syndesmis patagonica, new species. A. Entire worm, holotype; B. Detail of the penis stylet, holotype; C. Detail of the penis stylet in sagittal section, paratype. D. Detail of the anterior part of the seminal receptacle, holotype; E. Detail of the seminal receptacle in cross section, paratype.
FIGURE 1 in Late Cretaceous phymosomatids and the true identity of Cidarites granulosus Goldfuss, 1829 (Echinoidea, Phymosomatoida)
FIGURE 1. Camera-lucida drawings of plating style in Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), based on GZG.STR.018536 from the lower Maastrichtian of Wittenfelde Quarry, Rügen, northeast Germany (see also Fig. 3A–C); A, interambulacral zone; B, ambulacral zone. Scale bar equals 2 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Late Cretaceous phymosomatids and the true identity of Cidarites granulosus Goldfuss, 1829 (Echinoidea, Phymosomatoida)
FIGURE 2. Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829), lectotype (RFWUIP 1335), of early to early late Maastrichtian age, locality unknown; A, oral view; B, ambital view; C, oral detail; D, detail of ambitus. A, B, natural size x 1,6; scale bar in C, D equals 2 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Late Cretaceous phymosomatids and the true identity of Cidarites granulosus Goldfuss, 1829 (Echinoidea, Phymosomatoida)
FIGURE 7. Geographic distribution of Phymosoma granulosum (Goldfuss, 1829) and Phymosoma ravni sp. nov. as currently understood.
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