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126 results for “Ecological selection”
Data for: The visual ecology of selective predation: Are unhealthy hosts less stealthy hosts?
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Data from: What does the fox select? Spatial ecology of Rocky Mountain red fox during peaks and troughs of human recreation
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Ecology and evolution of competitive trait variation in natural phytoplankton communities under selection
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Data from: Machine learning identifies ecological selectivity patterns across the end-Permian mass extinction
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Data for: Ecological contexts shape sexual selection on male color morphs in wood tiger moths
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Data from: Selection on a genetic polymorphism counteracts ecological speciation in a stick insect
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Shell colour diversification induced by ecological release: a shift in natural selection after a migration event
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Maladaptive migration behaviour in hybrids links to predator-mediated ecological selection
<p>1. Different migratory species have evolved distinct migratory characteristics that improve fitness in their particular ecological niches. However, when such species hybridize, migratory traits from parental species can combine maladaptively and cause hybrids to fall between parental fitness peaks, with potential consequences for hybrid viability and species integrity. 2. Here, we take advantage of a natural cross-breeding incident to study migratory behaviour in naturally occurring hybrids as well as in their parental species and explore links between migratory traits and predation risk. 3. To achieve this, we used electronic tags and passive telemetry to record detailed individual migration patterns (timing and number of migratory trips) in two common freshwater fish species, roach (Rutilus rutilus), common bream (Abramis brama) as well as their hybrids. Next, we scanned for tags regurgitated by a key avian predator (great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo) at nearby roosting sites, allowing us to directly link migratory behaviour to predation risk in the wild. 4. We found that hybrid individuals showed a higher number of short, multi-trip movements between lake and stream habitats as compared to both parental species. The mean date of first lake departure differed between bream and roach by more than 10 days, while hybrids departed in two distinct peaks that overlapped with the parental species' averages. Moreover, the probability of cormorant predation increased with multi-trip movement frequency across species and was higher for hybrids. 5. Our data provide novel insights into hybrid viability, with links to predator-mediated ecological selection. Increased exposure to predators via maladaptive migratory behaviour reduces hybrid survival and can thereby reinforce species integrity.</p>
FIGURE 27. Selected morphometric features for 34 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species
FIGURE 27. Selected morphometric features for 34 specimens of Peltorhamphus kryptostomus n. sp. 33.2–145.1 mm SL. A-D. Body depth (BD), Head length (HL), Head width (HW), and Ocular-side pectoral fin (OSP) expressed as percent of SL versus SL (in mm), respectively. E–J. Dorsal head width (DHW), Snout length (SNL), Eye diameter (ED), Interorbital width (IO), Upper jaw length (UJL), and Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM) expressed as percent of HL versus HL (in mm), respectively.
FIGURE 23. Selected morphometric features for 91 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species
FIGURE 23. Selected morphometric features for 91 specimens of Peltorhamphus latus 43.0–133.4 mm SL. A–D. Body depth (BD), Head length (HL), Head width (HW), and Ocular-side pectoral fin (OSP) expressed as percent of SL versus SL (in mm), respectively. E–J. Dorsal head width (DHW), Snout length (SNL), Eye diameter (ED), Interorbital width (IO), Upper jaw length (UJL), and Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM) expressed as percent of HL versus HL (in mm), respectively.
FIGURE 19. Selected morphometric features for 77 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species
FIGURE 19. Selected morphometric features for 77 specimens of Peltorhamphus tenuis 56.0–158 mm SL. A–D. Body depth (BD), Head length (HL), Head width (HW), and Ocular-side pectoral fin (OSP) expressed as percent of SL versus SL (in mm), respectively. E–J. Dorsal head width (DHW), Snout length (SNL), Eye diameter (ED), Interorbital width (IO), Upper jaw length (UJL), and Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM) expressed as percent of HL versus HL (in mm), respectively.
FIGURE 9. Selected morphometric features for 86 in Systematic revision of the flatfish genus Peltorhamphus Günther, 1862 (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Rhombosoleidae), including description of a new species from Southeastern New Zealand, with biological and ecological summaries for the species
FIGURE 9. Selected morphometric features for 86 specimens of two colour morphs of Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae with size range from 42.9 to 395 mm SL. A–D. Body depth (BD), Head length (HL), Head width (HW), and Ocular-side pectoral fin (OSP) expressed as percent of SL versus SL (in mm), respectively. E–J. Dorsal head width (DHW), Snout length (SNL), Eye diameter (ED), Interorbital width (IO), Upper jaw length (UJL), and Eye to upper mouth distance (EUM) expressed as percent of HL versus HL (in mm), respectively.
Data from: Impacts of selective logging on inbreeding and gene flow in two Amazonian timber species with contrasting ecological and reproductive characteristics
Selective logging in Brazil allows for the removal of up to 90% of trees above 50 cm diameter of a given timber species, independent of a species' life history characteristics or how quickly it will recover. The genetic and demographic effects of selective logging on two Amazonian timber species (Dipteryx odorata Leguminosae, Jacaranda copaia Bignoniaceae) with contrasting ecological and reproductive characteristics were assessed in the same forest. Genetic diversity and gene flow were characterized by genotyping adults and seed sampled before and after logging, using hypervariable microsatellite markers. Overall, there were no short term genetic impacts on the J. copaia population, with commercial application of current Brazilian forest management regulations. In contrast, for D. odorata selective logging showed a range of genetic impacts, with a 10% loss of alleles, and reductions in siring by pollen from trees within the 546 ha study area (23% to 11%) and in the number of pollen donors per progeny array (2.8 to 1.6), illustrating the importance of the surrounding landscape. Asynchrony in flowering between D. odorata trees led to trees with no breeding partners, which could limit the species reproduction and regeneration under current regulations. The results are summarised with other published studies from the same site and the implications for forest management discussed. The different types and levels of impacts associated with each species support the idea that ecological and genetic information by species, ecological guild or reproductive group are essential in helping to derive sustainable logging guidelines for tropical forests.
Data from: Ecological selection as the cause and sexual differentiation as the consequence of species divergence?
Key conceptual issues about speciation go unanswered without consideration of non-mutually exclusive factors. With tests based on speciation theory, we exploit the island distribution and habitat differences exhibited by the Caribbean cricket Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis, and with an analysis of divergent ecological selection, sexually selected differentiation, and geographic isolation, address how these different factors interact. After testing for divergent selection by comparing neutral genetic and morphological divergence in one ecological (mandible shape) and one sexual (male genitalia shape) trait, we examine whether ecological or sexual selection is the primary mechanism driving population divergence. We find that while all three factors—isolation, ecological, and sexual selection—contribute to divergence, and that their interaction determines the stage of completeness achieved during the speciation process, as measured by patterns of genetic differentiation. Moreover, despite the striking diversity in genitalic shapes across the genus Amphiacusta which suggests that sexual selection drives speciation, the significant differences in genitalia shape between forest habitats revealed here implies that ecological divergence may be the primary axis of divergence. Our work highlights critical unstudied aspects in speciation – differentiating the cause from the consequence of divergence—and suggests avenues for further disentangling the roles of natural and sexual selection in driving divergence in Amphiacusta.
Ecological rigidity and the hardness of selection in the wild
Hutchinson's ecological theater and evolutionary play is a classical view of evolutionary ecology—ecology provides a template in which evolution occurs. An opposing view is that ecological and evolutionary changes are like two actors on a stage, intertwined by density- and frequency-dependence. These opposing views correspond to hard and soft selection respectively. While often presented as diametrically opposed, both types of selection can occur simultaneously, yet we largely lack knowledge of the relative importance of hard versus soft selection in the wild. I use a dataset of 3000 individual gall makers from 15 wild local populations over 5 years to investigate the hardness of selection. I show that enemy attack consistently favors some gall sizes over others (hard selection) but that these biases can be fine-tuned by density- and frequency-dependence (soft selection). As a result, selection is hard and soft in roughly equal measures, but the importance of each type varies as species interactions shift. I conclude that eco-evolutionary dynamics should occur when a mix of hard and soft selection acts on a population. This work contributes to the rapprochement of disparate views of evolutionary ecology—ecology is neither a rigid theater nor a flexible actor, but instead embodies components of both.
Data from: Ecological selection of siderophore-producing microbial taxa in response to heavy metal contamination
Some microbial public goods can provide both individual and community-wide benefits, and are open to exploitation by non-producing species. One such example is the production of metal-detoxifying siderophores. Here, we investigate whether conflicting selection pressures on siderophore production by heavy metals – a detoxifying effect of siderophores, and exploitation of this detoxifying effect – results in a net increase or decrease. We show that the proportion of siderophore-producing taxa increases along a natural heavy metal gradient. A causal link between metal contamination and siderophore production was subsequently demonstrated in a microcosm experiment in compost, in which we observed changes in community composition towards taxa that produce relatively more siderophores following copper contamination. We confirmed the selective benefit of siderophores by showing that taxa producing large amount of siderophores suffered less growth inhibition in toxic copper. Our results suggest that ecological selection will favour siderophore-mediated decontamination, with important consequences for potential remediation strategies.
Data from: Transgenerational selection driven by divergent ecological impacts of hybridizing lineages
Dynamic interactions between ecological conditions and the phenotypic composition of populations likely play an important role in evolution, but the direction and strength of these feedbacks remain difficult to characterize. We investigated these dynamics across two generations of threespine sticklebacks from two evolutionary lineages undergoing secondary contact and hybridization. Independently manipulating the density and lineage of adults in experimental mesocosms led to contrasting ecosystem conditions with strong effects on total survival in a subsequent generation of juveniles. Ecosystem modifications by adults also varied the strength of selection on competing hybrid and non-hybrid juveniles. This variation in selection indicated (1) a negative eco-evolutionary feedback driven by lineage-specific resource depletion and dependence and (2) a large performance advantage of hybrid juveniles in depleted environments. This work illustrates the importance of interactions between phenotype, population density and the environment in shaping selection and evolutionary trajectories, especially in the context of range expansion with secondary contact and hybridization.
Data from: Genomic landscape of early ecological speciation initiated by selection on nuptial colour
Ecological speciation is the evolution of reproductive isolation as a consequence of direct divergent natural selection or ecologically mediated divergent sexual selection. While the genomic signature of the former has been extensively studied in recent years, only few examples exist for genomic differentiation where environment-dependent sexual selection has played an important role. Here, we describe a very young (~90 years old) population of threespine sticklebacks exhibiting phenotypic and genomic differentiation between two habitats within the same pond. We show that differentiation among habitats is limited to male throat colour and nest type, traits known to be subject to sexual selection. Divergence in these traits mirrors divergence in much older benthic and limnetic stickleback species pairs from North American west coast lakes, which also occur in sympatry but are strongly reproductively isolated from each other. We demonstrate that in our population, differences in throat colour and breeding have been stable over a decade, but in contrast to North American benthic and limnetic stickleback species, these mating trait differences are not accompanied by divergence in morphology related to feeding, predator defence or swimming performance. Using genomewide SNP data, we find multiple genomic islands with moderate differentiation spread across several chromosomes, whereas the rest of the genome is undifferentiated. The islands contain potential candidate genes involved in visual perception of colour. Our results suggest that phenotypic and multichromosome genomic divergence of these morphs was driven by environment-dependent sexual selection, demonstrating incipient speciation after only a few decades of divergence in sympatry.
Data from: Long term impacts of selective logging on two Amazonian tree species with contrasting ecological and reproductive characteristics: inferences from Eco-gene model simulations
The impact of logging and subsequent recovery after logging is predicted to vary depending on specific life history traits of the logged species. The Eco-gene simulation model was used to evaluate the long-term impacts of selective logging over 300 years on two contrasting Brazilian Amazon tree species, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda copaia. D. odorata (Leguminosae), a slow growing climax tree, occurs at very low densities, whereas J. copaia (Bignoniaceae) is a fast growing pioneer tree that occurs at high densities. Microsatellite multilocus genotypes of the pre-logging populations were used as data inputs for the Eco-gene model and post-logging genetic data was used to verify the output from the simulations. Overall, under current Brazilian forest management regulations, there were neither short nor long-term impacts on J. copaia. By contrast, D. odorata cannot be sustainably logged under current regulations, a sustainable scenario was achieved by increasing the minimum cutting diameter at breast height from 50 to 100 cm over 30-year logging cycles. Genetic parameters were only slightly affected by selective logging, with reductions in the numbers of alleles and single genotypes. In the short term, the loss of alleles seen in J. copaia simulations was the same as in real data, whereas fewer alleles were lost in D. odorata simulations than in the field. The different impacts and periods of recovery for each species support the idea that ecological and genetic information are essential at species, ecological guild or reproductive group levels to help derive sustainable management scenarios for tropical forests.
Data from: Selection and genomic differentiation during ecological speciation: isolating the contributions of host association via a comparative genome scan of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles
This study uses a comparative genome scan to evaluate the contributions of host plant related divergent selection to genetic differentiation and ecological speciation in maple- and willow-associated populations of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles. For each of 15 pairwise population comparisons, we identified "outlier loci" whose strong differentiation putatively reflects divergent selection. Of 447 AFLP loci, 15% were outliers across multiple population comparisons, and low linkage disequilibrium indicated that these outliers derived from multiple regions of the genome. Outliers were further classified as "host-specific" if repeatedly observed in "different-host" population comparisons but never in "same-host" comparisons. Outliers exhibiting the opposite pattern were analogously classified as "host-independent." Host-specific outliers represented 5% of all loci and were more frequent than host-independent outliers, thus revealing a large role for host-adaptation in population genomic differentiation. Evidence that host-related selection can promote divergence despite gene flow was provided by population trees. These were structured by host-association when datasets included host-specific outliers, but not when based on neutral loci, which united sympatric populations. Lastly, three host-specific outliers were highly differentiated in all nine different-host comparisons. Because host-adaptation promotes reproductive isolation in these beetles, these loci provide promising candidate gene regions for future molecular studies of ecological speciation.
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