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305 results for “Ecotypes”
Phenology-dependent cold exposure and thermal performance of Ostrinia nubilalis ecotypes
<p>Background: Understanding adaptation involves establishing connections between selective agents and beneficial population responses. However, relatively little attention has been paid to seasonal adaptation, in part, because it requires complex and integrative knowledge about seasonally fluctuating environmental factors, the effects of variable phenology on exposure to those factors, and evidence for temporal specialization. In the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis , sympatric pheromone strains exploit the same host plant ( Zea mays ) but may genetically differ in phenology and be reproductively "isolated by time." Z strain populations in eastern North America have been shown to have a prolonged larval diapause and produce one annual mating flight (July), whereas E strain populations complete an earlier (June) and a later (August) mating flight by shortening diapause duration. Here, we find evidence consistent with seasonal "adaptation by time" between these ecotypes.</p> <p>Results: We use 12 years of field observation of adult seasonal abundance to estimate phenology of ecotype life cycles and to quantify life-stage specific climatic conditions. We find that the observed reduction of diapause duration in the E strain leads their non-diapausing, active life stages to experience a ~4˚C colder environment compared to the equivalent life stages in the Z strain. For a representative pair of populations under controlled laboratory conditions, we compare life-stage specific cold tolerance and find non-diapausing, active life stages in the E strain have as much as a 60% greater capacity to survive rapid cold shock. Enhanced cold hardiness appears unrelated to life-stage specific changes in the temperature at which tissues freeze.</p> <p>Conclusions: Our results suggest that isolation by time and adaptation by time may both contribute to population divergence, and they argue for expanded study in this species of allochronic populations in nature experiencing the full spectrum of seasonal environments. Cyclical selective pressures are inherent properties of seasonal habitats. Diverse fluctuating selective agents across each year (temperature, predation, competition, precipitation, etc.) may therefore be underappreciated drivers of biological diversity.</p>
Data from: Variation in ecophysiological traits might contribute to ecogeographic isolation and divergence between parapatric ecotypes of Mimulus aurantiacus
Many forms of reproductive isolation contribute to speciation, and early acting barriers may be especially important, because they have the first opportunity to limit gene flow. Ecogeographic isolation occurs when intrinsic traits of taxa contribute to disjunct geographic distributions, reducing the frequency of inter‐taxon mating. Characterizing this form of isolation requires knowledge of both the geographic arrangement of suitable habitats in nature and the identification of phenotypes involved in shaping geographic distributions. In Mimulus aurantiacus, red‐ and yellow‐flowered ecotypes are incompletely isolated by divergent selection exerted by different pollinators. However, these emerging taxa are largely isolated spatially, with a hybrid zone occurring along a narrow region of contact. In order to assess whether responses to abiotic conditions contribute to the parapatric distribution of ecotypes, we measured a series of ecophysiological traits from populations along a transect, including drought sensitivity, leaf area, and the concentrations of vegetative flavonoids. In contrast to the abrupt transitions in floral phenotypes, we found that ecophysiological traits exhibited a continuous geographic transition that largely mirrors variation in climatological variables. These traits may impede gene flow across a continuous environmental gradient, but they would be unlikely to result in ecotypic divergence alone. Nevertheless, we found a genetic correlation between vegetative and floral traits, providing a potential link between the two forms of isolation. Although neither barrier appears sufficient to cause divergence on its own, the combined impacts of local adaptation to abiotic conditions and regional adaptation to pollinators may interact to drive discontinuous variation in the face of gene flow in this system.
Multiple chromosomal inversions contribute to adaptive divergence of a dune sunflower ecotype
<p>Both models and case studies suggest that chromosomal inversions can facilitate adaptation and speciation in the presence of gene flow by suppressing recombination between locally adapted alleles. Until recently, however, it has been laborious and time-consuming to identify and genotype inversions in natural populations. Here we apply RAD sequencing data and newly developed population genomic approaches to identify putative inversions that differentiate a sand dune ecotype of the prairie sunflower (<em>Helianthus petiolaris</em>) from populations found on the adjacent sand sheet. We detected seven large genomic regions that exhibit a different population structure than the rest of the genome and that vary in frequency between dune and non-dune populations. These regions also show high linkage disequilibrium and high heterozygosity between, but not within arrangements, consistent with the behavior of large inversions, an inference subsequently validated in part by comparative genetic mapping. Genome-environment association analyses show that key environmental variables, including vegetation cover and soil nitrogen, are significantly associated with inversions. The inversions co-locate with previously described "islands of differentiation," and appear to play an important role in adaptive divergence and incipient speciation within <em>H. petiolaris</em>.</p>
Cardamine pratensis early/late ecotype transects Dibbinsdale Nature Reserve 2012-2014
<p>Phenological escape, whereby species alter the timing of life-history events to avoid seasonal antagonists, is usually analyzed either as a potential evolutionary outcome given current selection coefficients or as a realized outcome in response to known enemies. We here gain mechanistic insights into the evolutionary trajectory of phenological escape in the brassicaceous herb <em>Cardamine pratensis</em>, by comparing the flowering schedules of two sympatric ecotypes in different stages of a disruptive response to egg-laying pressure imposed by the pierid butterfly <em>Anthocharis cardamines</em>, whose larvae are pre-dispersal seed predators (reducing realized fecundity by ~70%). When the focal point of highest intensity selection (peak egg-laying) occurs early in the flowering schedule, selection for late flowering dependent on reduced egg-laying combined with selection for early flowering dependent on reduced predator survival results in a symmetrical bimodal flowering curve; when the focal point occurs late, an asymmetrical flowering curve results with a large early flowering mode due to selection for reduced egg-laying augmented by selection for infested plants to outrun larval development and dehisce before seed-pod consumption. Unequal selection pressures on high and low fecundity ramets, due to asynchronous flowering and morphologically targeted (size-dependent) egg-laying, constrain phenological escape, with bimodal flowering evolving primarily in response to disruptive selection on high fecundity phenotypes. These results emphasize the importance of analyzing variation in selection coefficients among morphological phenotypes over the entire flowering schedule to predict how populations will evolve in response to altered phenologies resulting from climate change.</p>
The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera?
<p>Background</p> <p>To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process.</p>
Among-individual diet variation within a lake trout ecotype: Lack of stability of niche use
<p>In a polymorphic species, predictable differences in resource use are expected among ecotypes, and homogeneity in resource use is expected within an ecotype. Yet, using a broad resource spectrum has been identified as a strategy for fishes living in unproductive northern environments, where food is patchily distributed and ephemeral.<span> We investigated whether specialization of trophic resources by individuals occurred within the generalist piscivore ecotype of lake trout from Great Bear Lake, Canada, reflective of a form of diversity</span>. Four distinct dietary patterns of resource use within this lake trout ecotype were detected from fatty acid composition, with some variation linked to spatial patterns within Great Bear Lake. Feeding habits of different groups within the ecotype were not associated with detectable morphological or genetic differentiation, suggesting that behavioral plasticity caused the <span>trophic differences</span>. A low level of genetic differentiation was detected between exceptionally large-sized individuals and other piscivore individuals. We demonstrated <span>that individual trophic specialization can occur within an ecotype inhabiting </span>a geologically young system (8,000–10,000 yr BP), a lake that sustains high levels of phenotypic diversity of lake trout overall.<span> The characterization of niche use among individuals, as done in this study, is necessary to understand the role that individual variation can play at the beginning of differentiation processes.</span></p>
Data to: The importance of ecotype diversity on duckweed growth with and without salt stress
<p>To test if ecotype diversity could increase resistance to stressful environments, I used seven <em>Lemna minor</em> populations and measured their growth rates with and without moderate salt stress across an ecotype diversity gradient.</p> <p>The <em>L. minor</em> populations were grown over five months in 92 experimental mesocosms in a glasshouse, either in ecotype monocultures or in polyculture with either one or three conspecific ecotypes (23 unique compositions). After growing the duckweed in unperturbed conditions (phase 1), the cultures were subjected to moderate salt stress (50mM NaCl) for several weeks (phase 2). The experiment was conducted in the presence of the natural epimicrobial community associated with the different ecotypes. In phase 2, a subset of these algae added an unintentional second stressor to the experiment.</p>
Fig. 5 in Egg Batches Parasitism Of Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea Pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae), From Two Atlas Cedar Ecotypes In Algeria
Fig. 5. Hierarchical classification of the variables considered.
Fig. 2 in Egg Batches Parasitism Of Processionary Moth, Thaumetopoea Pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae), From Two Atlas Cedar Ecotypes In Algeria
Fig. 2. Relationship between batch length and the number of eggs in Chréa (A) and Ouled Yagoub (B).
Data from: Genetic architecture of repeated phenotypic divergence in Littorina saxatilis ecotype evolution
<p>Chromosomal inversions have been shown to play a major role in local adaptation by suppressing recombination between alternative arrangements and maintaining beneficial allele combinations. However, so far, their importance relative to the remaining genome remains largely unknown. Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptation requires better estimates of how loci of different effect sizes contribute to phenotypic variation. Here, we used three Swedish islands where the marine snail Littorina saxatilis has repeatedly evolved into two distinct ecotypes along a habitat transition. We estimated the contribution of inversion polymorphisms to phenotypic divergence while controlling for polygenic effects in the remaining genome using a quantitative genetics framework. We confirmed the importance of inversions but showed that contributions of loci outside inversions are of similar magnitude, with variable proportions dependent on the trait and the population. Some inversions showed consistent effects across all sites, whereas others exhibited site-specific effects, indicating that the genomic basis for replicated phenotypic divergence is only partly shared. The contributions of sexual dimorphism as well as environmental factors to phenotypic variation were significant but minor compared to inversions and polygenic background. Overall, this integrated approach provides insight into the multiple mechanisms contributing to parallel phenotypic divergence. </p>
EST-SSR genotyping data from: Ecotype variation in the endemic tree Callicarpa subpubescens on small oceanic islands: Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental insights
<p><em>Callicarpa subpubescens</em>, endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, is suggested to have multiple ecotypes in the Hahajima Islands, specifically in the central part of the Ogasawara Islands. In this study, associations between genetic groups and spatial distribution, habitat, leaf morphology, size structure, and flowering time of each genetic group were investigated on Hahajima and the satellite Imoutojima Islands. Genetic groups were identified using EST-SSR markers, revealing four ecotypes named based on morphological features: Dwarf (D), Glabrescent (G), Tall (T), and Middle (M), with M being a result of the hybridization of G and T. Ecotype D, adapted to dry environments, is characterized by small tree size, dense thick leaves with abundant hairs, and is distributed in dry scrub. Ecotype G, adapted to understory of mesic forests, lacks leaf hairs. Ecotype T, adapted to the canopy of mesic forests, has hairy leaves and is tall in tree height. Ecotype M, adapted to the canopy of mesic scrub or edges of mesic forests, has hairy leaves but with a shorter tree height than ecotype T. Flowering peaks differed among all ecotype pairs except G and M, but the flowering times more or less overlapped among all ecotypes, suggesting that pre-mating isolation among ecotypes is not perfect. Post-mating isolation is considered absent, as there were no differences in the results, germination, and survival rates of one-year seedlings among inter- and intra-ecotype crossings. The existence of such ecotypes provides valuable insights into the ongoing speciation processes adapting to the oceanic island environments.</p>
Table 1 in Revised taxonomy of eastern North Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca): Bigg's and resident ecotypes deserve species status
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Measures of differentiation, divergence and diagnosability based on nuclear microsatellite and SNP data. All frequency-based metrics (FST, F’ST, G’ST) were significantly different from zero at p <0.05.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>divergence metric</th><th></th><th>reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>dA (CR)</th><td>0.007 46a</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>dA (mitogenome)</th><td>0.003 91b</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>FST (microsatellite)</th><td>0.21–0.23</td><td>[56,85]</td></tr><tr><th>F’ST (microsatellite)</th><td>0.47</td><td>[56]</td></tr><tr><th>G’ST (microsatellite)</th><td>0.28</td><td>[56]</td></tr><tr><th>FST (SNP)</th><td>0.28</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th>F(RADseq, neutral)c ST</th><td>0.27</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><th>F(RADseq, selected)c ST</th><td>0.67</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><th>FST (genomes)</th><td>0.32</td><td>[9] (electronic supplementary material, table S2)</td></tr><tr><th>diagnosability (CR)</th><td>100%</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>diagnosability (mitogenome)</th><td>100%</td><td>[114]</td></tr><tr><th>fixed differences (mitogenome)</th><td>57</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th>fixed differences (3281 nuclear SNPs)</th><td>2–7</td><td>[58]</td></tr><tr><th>fixed differences (6 435 100 nuclear SNPs)</th><td>6361d</td><td>[113]</td></tr></tbody></table><p>a 95% confidence interval:0.00727–0.00772. b 95% confidence interval: 0.00388–0.00393. c Alaska transients (Bigg’s) versus Alaska residents. d Based on analysis of raw SNP data from Kardos et al. [113].</p>
Ancestral sperm ecotypes reveal multiple invasions of a non-native fish in northern Europe
For externally fertilising organisms in the aquatic environment, the abiotic fertilisation medium can be a strong selecting force. Among bony fishes, sperm are adapted to function in a narrow salinity range. A notable exception is the family Gobiidae, where several species reproduce across a wide salinity range. The family also contains several wide-spread invasive species. To better understand how these fishes tolerate such varying conditions, we measured sperm performance in relation to salinity from a freshwater and a brackish population within their ancestral Ponto-Caspian region of the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus. These two ancestral populations were then compared to nine additional invaded sites across northern Europe, both in terms of their sperm traits and by using genomic SNP markers. Our results show clear patterns of ancestral adaptations to freshwater and brackish salinities in their sperm performance. Population genomic analyses show that the ancestral ecotypes have generally established themselves in environments that fit their sperm adaptations. Sites close to ports with intense shipping show that both outbreeding and admixture can affect the sperm performance of a population in a given salinity. Rapid adaptation to local conditions is also supported at some sites. Historical and contemporary evolution in the traits of the round goby sperm cells is tightly linked to the population and seascape genomics as well as biogeographic processes in these invasive fishes. Since the risk of a population establishing in an area is related to the genotype by environment match, port connectivity and the ancestry of the round goby population can likely be useful for predicting the species spread.
Phenotypic plasticity versus ecotypic differentiation under recurrent summer drought in two drought-tolerant pine species
<p>1. Despite worldwide reports of high tree mortality, growing evidence indicates that many tree species are well adapted to survive repeated dry spells. The drought resilience of trees is related to their phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation. Whether these two mechanisms act at the same organisational level of a tree and involve similar plant traits is still unknown.</p> <p>2. We assessed phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation across four populations of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra seedlings grown for three years under a recurrent summer drought treatment or well-watered control conditions in a common garden. We measured the response to the summer drought treatment of a total of 26 traits including shoot and needle morphology, needle anatomy, and foliar macronutrients, and related the traits to the growing season water deficit (GSWD) at the location of the seed origin.</p> <p>3. Foliar phenotypic plasticity in response to recurrent summer drought was surprisingly low, with the needle length and the fraction of mesophyll and phloem tissue adjusting to some extent. In comparison, shoot morphological traits were much more plastic in both species with predominant responses to the summer drought stress including shorter and less numerous apical and lateral shoots. These three traits were also correlated with GSWD at the seed origin, indicating local adaptation. In contrast, between-population variation of foliar morphological and anatomical traits, and macronutrients were mostly unrelated to the GSWD at the seed origin.</p> <p>4. Consequently, phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation occurred at the same level of organisation and in the same plant traits, i.e. shoot morphology. This combination of plasticity and ecotypic differentiation allowed P. sylvestris and P. nigra seedlings to rapidly acclimate to recurrent and long-lasting dry-spells.</p> <p>5. Synthesis: P. sylvestris and P. nigra seedlings showed considerable ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity of shoot morphological traits, and not foliar traits. Acclimation to recurrent severe summer drought was achieved by reducing shoot growth.</p>
Cold acclimation threshold induction temperatures of switchgrass ecotypes grown under a long and short photoperiod
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Plants can cold-acclimate to enhance their freezing tolerance by sensing declining temperature and photoperiod cues. However, the factors influencing genotypic variation in the induction of cold acclimation are poorly understood among perennial grasses. We hypothesized that the more northern upland switchgrass (</span><em><span>Panicum virgatum</span></em><span> L.) ecotype develops a higher degree of freezing tolerance by initiating cold acclimation at higher temperatures as compared with the coastal and southern lowland ecotypes. First, we determined the optimal method for assessing freezing tolerance and the length of exposure to 8/4°C required to induce the maximum level of freezing tolerance in the most northern upland and most southern lowland genotypes. We characterized the maximum freezing tolerance of eight upland, three coastal and five lowland genotypes grown for 21 d at 8/4°C and a 10 or 16 h photoperiod. Next, we identified the temperature required to induce cold acclimation by exposing the 16 genotypes for 7 d at 20 to 6°C constant temperatures under a 10 or 16 h photoperiod. Cold acclimation initiated at temperatures 5 and 7°C higher in upland than coastal and lowland genotypes. Among upland genotypes the shorter photoperiod induced cold acclimation at a 1°C higher temperature. Genotypes originating from a more northern latitude initiate cold acclimation at higher temperatures and develop higher maximum freezing tolerances. An earlier response to declining temperatures may provide the upland ecotype with additional time to prepare for winter and provide an advantage when plants are subjected to the rapid changes in fall temperature associated with injurious frosts.</span></p>
Data from: Movement diversity and partial sympatry of coastal and Northeast Arctic cod ecotypes at high latitudes
<p>Movement diversity within species represent an important, but often neglected, component of biodiversity that affects ecological and genetic interactions, as well as the productivity of exploited systems. By combining individual tracking data from acoustic telemetry with novel genetic analyses, we describe the movement diversity of two Atlantic cod <em>Gadus morhua</em> ecotypes in two high-latitude fjord systems: the highly migratory Northeast Arctic cod (NEA cod) that supports the largest cod fishery in the world, and the more sedentary Norwegian coastal cod, which is currently in a depleted state. As predicted, coastal cod displayed a higher level of fjord residency than NEA cod. Of the cod tagged during the spawning season, NEA cod left the fjords permanently to a greater extent and earlier compared to coastal cod, which to a greater extent remained resident and left the fjords temporarily. Despite this overall pattern, horizontal movements atypical for the ecotypes were common with some NEA cod remaining within the fjords year-round and some coastal cod displaying a low fjord fidelity. Fjord residency and exit timing also differed with spawning status and body size, with spawning cod and large individuals tagged during the feeding season more prone to leave the fjords and earlier than non-spawning and smaller individuals. While our results confirm a lower coastal dependency for NEA cod, they highlight a movement diversity within each ecotype and sympatric residency between ecotypes, previously undetected by population-level monitoring. This new knowledge is relevant for the management, which should base their fisheries advice for these interacting ecotypes on their habitat use and seasonal movements.</p>
Patterns and repeatability of multi-ecotype assemblages of sympatric Salmonids
<p>Aim: High repeatability among assemblages of closely related but ecologically distinct ecotypes implies predictability in evolution and assembly of communities. The conditions under which ecotype assemblages form predictably, and the reasons, have been little investigated. Here we test whether repeatability declines as the number of ecotypes builds.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Location: Postglacial lakes with a circumboreal distribution.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Time period: Data were extracted from studies published between 1982 and 2019.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Major taxa studied: Ecotype assemblages from two Salmonid genera – <em>Salvelinus</em> and <em>Coregonus</em>. Fish in postglacial lakes commonly occur as pairs of ecotypes, typically with a pelagic and a littoral/benthic form, but in <em>Salvelinus</em> and <em>Coregonus</em> assemblages commonly contain multiple sympatric ecotypes.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Methods: We used a meta-analysis of <em>Salvelinus</em> and <em>Coregonus</em> to empirically assess how repeatability varies across assemblages<span> of two to seven ecotypes. We examined repeatability of use of broad niche categories as well as in underlying phenotypic traits.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Results: Within <em>Coregonus</em>, repeatability across multi-ecotype assemblages did not break down with the addition of a third or fourth ecotype. However, in <em>Salvelinus</em>, repeatability was largely absent and independent of the number of ecotypes.<span> <span>Repeatability of trait frequency distributions was absent in both genera, yet associations between trait means and niche categories were evident especially in </span></span><em>Coregonus</em>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Main conclusions: <span>These results show that repeatability can vary greatly between lineages; that repeatability needn't break down as the number of ecotypes builds; and that high repeatability of broad niche categories may result despite marked differences in the underlying frequency distribution of trait means. These findings affirm the presence of repeatable ecotype assembly and early stages of divergence in postglacial fishes at a global scale, but also highlight variability among taxa and underlying phenotypic traits.</span></p>
Multiple chromosomal inversions contribute to adaptive divergence of a dune sunflower ecotype
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Data from: <em>Veronica paczoskiana</em> is no more than a pine forest ecotype of <em>V. spicata</em> that evolved independently in forest-steppes of Ukraine and the Altai region
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Data from: Variation in ecophysiological traits might contribute to ecogeographic isolation and divergence between parapatric ecotypes of Mimulus aurantiacus
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