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FIG. 6 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 6. Hyoid plate: A, Rhinella cristinae ICN 26233 (char. 25.0), B, R . manu MHNC 4404 (char. 25.1). Arrowheads indicate the occurrence of posterior lobes of the anterolateral processes in B. Panels redrawn from Vélez-R. and Ruiz-C., 2002 (A); Chaparro et al., 2007 (B).

FIG. 2 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 2. Skulls (dorsal view) showing the different level of contact between nasals and frontoparietals (both bones in gray): A, Nannophryne cophotis KU 218525 (char. 8.0; species not included in this study); B, Rhinella yanachaga MUSM 24509 (char. 8.1); C, R . crucifer KU 93112 (char. 8.2); D, R . marina KU 152914 (char. 8.3). Panels A, C, D redrawn from Pramuk (2006), B redrawn from Lehr et al. (2007).

FIG. 13 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 13. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 3 of 4. The R . margaritifera Clade (1): R . sternosignata and the R . veraguensis and R . festae Groups. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white.

FIG. 14 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 14. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 4 of 4. The R . margaritifera Clade (2): the R . margaritifera Group. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/ absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white.

FIG. 9 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 9. Comparison between the strict consensuses resulting from the analyses of the restricted nuclear dataset (rND) and restricted mitochondrial dataset (rMD), showing the alternative positions of Rhinella horribilis in both analyses. Circles on nodes indicate parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/absolute [below]). Nodes lacking circles have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies.

FIG. 1 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 1. Summarized relationships of Rhinella according to the main published phylogenetic hypotheses of the group. Only the topological sections corresponding to Rhinella, and putative most related outgroups (i.e., Anaxyrus and Incilius) are shown. The number of species sampled within each clade is reported in parentheses. (A) Pauly et al. (2004: fig. 2). (B) Frost et al. (2006: fig. 50). (C) Pramuk (2006: fig. 4). (D) Chaparro et al. (2007: fig. 9). (E) van Bocxlaer et al. (2010: fig. S1). (F) Pyron and Wiens (2011: fig. 2). (G) Pyron (2014: suppl. information "amph_shl.tre"). (H) Pereyra et al. (2016a: fig. 3 and appendix S12). (I) Jetz and Pyron (2018: suppl. information "amph_shl_new.tre").

FIG. 8 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 8. Head (lateral and dorsal views) showing the shape of the parotoid gland (in gray): A, Rhinella aff. cerradensis (char. 56.0); B, R . acutirostris (char. 56.1); C, R . arunco (char. 56.2); D, R . marina (char. 56.3).

FIG. 12 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 12. Phylogenetic relationships of Rhinella recovered in one of the most parsimonious trees from the total evidence analysis with TNT considering gaps as a fifth state (length 25,399 steps). The clades and species groups shown are those recognized in this study. Part 2 of 4. The R . marina Clade (2): the ghost introgressed mitochondrion and the R . crucifer and R . marina Groups. Black circles indicate nodes that collapse in the strict consensus. Values around nodes are parsimony jackknife frequencies (frequency differences value [above]/ absolute [below]). An asterisk (*) indicates 100% jackknife support. Clades lacking references have <25% frequency difference values or <50% jackknife absolute frequencies. Lower left inset shows the entire cladogram with present view marked in white. Abbreviations: MtG, mitochondrial genome; NuG, nuclear genome.

FIG. 7 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 7. Musculature of the dorsal surface of the hand and forearm: A, B. Rhinella paraguas CD 870. C, D. R . dorbignyi MACN 39350. A. First muscular layer: m. extensor digitorum; the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown. Elements figured: 1, m. extensor digitorum and the m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from humerus): common tendon of origin; 2, m. extensor digitorum; 3, m. extensor digitorum: slip to the dorsal surface of the m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV (both muscles attaches to the metacarpophalangeal joint of digit IV via a common tendon); 4, m. extensor digitorum: slip to metacarpal V; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from humerus; 6, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from humerus): tendon of insertion. B. Second muscular layer: m. abductor pollicis longus and mm. extensores breves superficiales; the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown (the head from humerus was removed). Elements figured: 1, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from radioulna): fleshy origin; 2, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from radioula; 3, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (heads from humerus and radioulna): common tendon of insertion on distal carpal 3-4-5; 4, m. abductor pollicis longus; 5, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from radiale; 6, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from ulnare; 7, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti III; 8, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV: slips from ulnare and distal carpal 3-4-5; 9, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti V. C. First muscular layer: m. extensor digitorum; the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown. Elements figured: 1, m. extensor digitorum and m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from humerus): common tendon of origin; 2, m. extensor digitorum; 3, m. extensor digitorum: slip to the dorsal surface of the m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV (both muscles attaches to the metacarpophalangeal joint of digit IV via a common tendon); 4, m. extensor digitorum: slip to metacarpal V; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from humerus; 6, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: tendon of insertion. D. Second muscular layer: m. abductor pollicis longus and mm. extensores breves superficiales; the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris is also shown (the head from humerus was removed). Elements figured: 1, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (head from radioulna): tendon of origin; 2, m. extensor carpi ulnaris: head from radioulna; 3, m. extensor carpi ulnaris (heads from humerus and radioulna): common tendon of insertion on distal carpal 3-4-5; 4, m. abductor pollicis longus; 5, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from ulnare inserting on metacarpal II (in common with the m. abductor pollicis longus); 6, m. extensor indicis brevis superficialis: slip from ulnare inserting on metacarpophalangeal joint; 7, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti III: slips from ulnare and distal carpal 3-4-5; 8, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti IV: slip from distal carpal 3-4-5; 9, m. extensor brevis superficialis digiti V. Characters figured: char. 46.1, presence of the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris; char. 47.0, fleshy origin of the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris; char. 47.1, origin via a flat tendon of the head from radioulna of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 4. Skulls (lateral view of the anterior region) showing the orientation of alary process of the premaxilla in relation to the anterior margin of the premaxilla (premaxilla in gray): A, Nannophryne cophotis KU 218525 (char. 13.0; species not included in this study; B, R . crucifer KU 93112 (char. 13.1); C, R . sp. margaritifera Group (char. 13.2). All the figures redrawn and slightly modified from Pramuk (2006). The voucher number provided for the specimen of the R . sp. margaritifera Group was erroneously stated in Pramuk's (2006) figures according to the information provided in appendix 1 of that publication and in VertNet database (http://portal.vertnet.org/).

FIG. 3 in Evolution In The Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

FIG. 3. Skulls (lateral view of the anterior region) showing the relation between the anterior margin of the nasal (black arrow) and the dorsal margin of the alary process of the premaxilla (gray arrow): A, Rhinella yanachaga MSM 24509 (char. 12.0), B, R . amabilis KU 124587 (char. 12.1), C, Schismaderma carens USNM 153380 (char. 12.2). Panels A and B redrawn from Lehr et al. (2007) and Pramuk (2006), respectively. Black arrows indicate the anterior margin of the nasal, gray arrows indicate the dorsal margin of the alary process.

Figure 6 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 6. Zygomasseteric construction in extinct and extant Gliridae with the origin and insertion of the lateral (thin arrows) and medial (thick arrows) portions of the masseteric muscle. A, QP 625, Gliravus majori (Quercy, France, Oligocene), protrogomorphy; B, ITD 140 Bransatoglis micio [Itardies, Quercy, Oligocene (MP23)], derived protrogomorphy (or primitive myomorphy); C, Glis glis, myomorphy; D, Graphiurus hueti, hystricomorphy. The dotted lines are reconstructions. Abbreviations: iof, infraorbital foramen; zp, zygomatic plate. Scale bar, 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 4. Plot of the discriminant analysis of the Fourier coefficients versus morphological type. Solid symbols indicate families with hystricomorphous skull: squares, Anomaluridae; rhombi, Ctenodactylidae; circles, Pedetidae; triangles, Dipodidae; stars, Graphiurinae. Open symbols indicate myomorph families: stars, Gliridae (Glirinae/Leithiinae); rhombi, Nesomyidae; circles, Muridae; triangles, Cricetidae.

Figure 2 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic hypotheses for Graphiurus (A) based on cranial and dental characters of fossils and living species (Vianey-Liaud & Jaeger, 1996), (B) based on cranial and dental characters of living species (Wahlert et al., 1993), (C) based on dental morphological characters of fossils and extant species (Daams & De Brujn, 1995), (D) based on incisor enamel microstructure (Koenigswald, 1995), (E) based on partial mitochondrial gene sequences (Bentz & Montgelard, 1999), and (F) based on partial mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences (Montgelard et al., 2003).

Figure 1 in Evolution of the zygomasseteric construction in Rodentia, as revealed by a geometric morphometric analysis of the mandible of Graphiurus (Rodentia, Gliridae)

Figure 1. The four basic types of rodent skulls. A, protrogomorphy; B, sciuromorphy; C, hystricomorphy; D, myomorphy. Thin and thick arrows show the origin and the insertion of the lateral and medial portions of the masseter respectively.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Additional Data: Mapping the Evolution of Computational Thinking in Education: A Bibliometrics Analysis of Scopus Database from 1987 to 2023

The following is a selection of figures and tables from a bibliometric study that will be released later. The title of this study is Mapping the Evolution of Computational Thinking in Education: A Bibliometrics Analysis of Scopus Database from 1987 to 2023. In the online listing of the appendix, we will find three figures (Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 12) and three tables (Table 3, Table 4, and Table 4), also several references related to this research. It was important to us that the core of the study that is now being carried out not be diminished in any way, which is why we chose the photos and tables we did. This study was conceived and supported by the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), which the Ministry of Finance administers in the Republic of Indonesia, to evaluate current trends and research problems in computational thinking for education. The Scopus database was used, and its range of coverage was from 1987 to 2023.

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Data from: A brain-wide analysis maps structural evolution to distinct anatomical modules

Brain anatomy is highly variable and it is widely accepted that anatomical variation impacts brain function and ultimately behavior. The structural complexity of the brain, including differences in volume and shape, presents an enormous barrier to define how variability underlies differences in function. In this study, we sought to investigate the evolution of brain anatomy in relation to brain region volume and shape across the brain of a single species with variable genetic and anatomical morphs. We generated a high-resolution brain atlas for the blind Mexican cavefish and coupled the atlas with automated computational tools to directly assess variability in brain region shape and volume across all populations. We measured the volume and shape of every neuroanatomical region of the brain and assessed correlations between anatomical regions in surface fish, cavefish, and surface to cave F2 hybrids, whose phenotypes span the range of surface to cave. We find that dorsal regions of the brain are contracted in cavefish, while ventral regions have expanded. This trend is true for both volume and shape, suggesting that these two parameters share developmental mechanisms necessary for remodeling the entire brain. Given the high conservation of brain anatomy and function among vertebrate species, we expect these data to reveal generalized principles of brain evolution and show that Astyanax provides a system for functionally determining basic principles of brain evolution by utilizing the independent genetic diversity of different morphs, to test how genes influence early patterning events to drive brain-wide anatomical evolution.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Phylogenetic position and evolution of Mackenziella psocoides: analysis files

This repository contains the necessary files (dataset, parameters and scripts) to repeat the phylogenetic analyses and ancestral body size estimation performed in the paper "Breakaway from a globular body shape: molecular phylogeny reveals the evolutionary history of the enigmatic springtail Mackenziella psocoides". Result files are also provided.