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111 results for “Evolution of ageing”
Figure 53 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 53. Land areas in the Mid-Cambrian Period, Paleozoic Era, adapted from the website of Ron Blakey, Geology Dept., Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~ rcb7/RCB.html), symbols as in Fig. 52. The bold arrow represents emergence of the original ancestor from the Iapetus Ocean onto the Avalonia terrane that is still attached to Gondwana I around 524 ma, and the short, lighter arrows show initial dispersions through Avalonia and onto Gondwana I proper; at this time, other land masses and the rest of Gondwana I were devoid of diplopods. A, Avalonia terrane; Af, "proto-Africa" region of Gondwana I; B, Baltica; GI, Gondwana I; K, Kazakhstania; L, Laurentia; S, Siberia; SA, "proto-South America" region of Gondwana I.
Figure 30 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 30. Distribution of the Suborder Cambalidea. Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene fossil from Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992).
Figure 23-25. Distributions. 23 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 23-25. Distributions. 23) Distribution of the "minor" orders. Star/Circled Areas, Siphonocryptida (Colobognatha); Dots, Siphoniulida (Helminthomorpha incertae sedis). 24) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Subterclass Eugnatha showing the locations of significant fossils. The arrow points to the Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA, record of Chordeumatida (Tingupidae). Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 25) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Superorder Juliformia showing the locations of significant fossils. Parameters as in Fig. 1 except no records or samples are available from the dotted area in North America, the Great Basin Physiographic Province, western USA. Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). The question mark indicates the generalized record of Epinannolenidea from Northern Territory, Australia (Black 1997).
Figure 14-15. Distributions. 14 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 14-15. Distributions. 14) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Infraclass Helminthomorpha showing the locations of significant fossils, parameters as in Fig. 1. It differs from that of the Subclass Chilognatha (Fig. 5) in the imperceptibly shorter length along the southern coast of Western Australia, the only place where Pentazonia have been taken without helminthomorphs. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 15) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distribution of the Subterclass Colobognatha. The question marks in Australia represent generalized records from Northern Territory, South Australia, and "Upper Western Australia" by Black (1997). Some point localities probably represent the ubiquitous, introduced polyzoniidan (Siphonotidae), Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894).
Figure 10 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 10. Distributions of Oniscomorpha and Glomerida in North America/the Western Hemisphere. Star, site of the non-spinose fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA..
Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7) Distributions of the Superorder Limacomorpha and the order Glomeridesmida, at present excluding the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The arrow denotes the new record from Fiji (Appendix). 8) Distribution of the Superorder Oniscomorpha. Star, site of the non-spinose Carboniferous fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA. 9) Distribution of the Order Glomerida, parameters as in Fig. 1, 6.
Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5)Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Chilognatha showing the locations of significant fossils, parameters as in Fig. 1. It is essentially identical to that of the Infraclass Helminthomorpha (Fig. 14), the only difference being imperceptibly greater eastward expansion for Chilognatha on the southern coast of Western Australia. At present, this is the only place in the world where the Infraclass Pentazonia (Fig. 6) influences the overall distribution of a higher diplopod taxon. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 6) Distribution of the Infraclass Pentazonia, which presently excludes the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The question mark represents the unconfirmed Oniscomorpha (Sphaerotheriida) record from Papua New Guinea (Attems 1943), and the arrow denotes the new Limacomorpha/Glomeridesmida locality in Fiji (Appendix). Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA.
Figure 1 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 1. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Diplopoda showing locations of significant fossils. The solid line in southern South America shows the extent of diplopod samplings and known occurrences, but we project the organisms for uninvestigated areas south of the southernmost records, in Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile, and Santa Cruz Prov., Argentina, the unsubstantiated record of the polyxenid from the last (Mauriès 1998), Propolyxenus patagonicus (Silvestri, 1903), being indicated by the question mark. Except for records from Kodiak Island, Alaska (Chordeumatida) (left arrow), the Hawaiian Islands (Cambalidea), and the Federal Republic of the Marshall Islands (Polyxenida) (right arrow), oceanic islands and archipelagos harboring ostensibly indigenous forms are grouped with the continent with apparent faunal affinity; the Cape Verde Islands are combined with both Africa and Europe because of dual affinities, Spirostreptidea and Glomerida/ Julida, respectively. Only a few records and samples, especially of Chilognatha, are available from the dotted areas in Africa and North America; no extant records and samples are available from those in Eurasia and South America. The southeast Asian area encircled by triangles is the only place where all 16 orders occur indigenously. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil in Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil from Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992).
Figure 3 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 3. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Penicillata and Order Polyxenida. The arrow denotes the record from the Federal Republic of the Marshall Islands; the upright question mark (?) denotes the unsubstantiated record of Propolyxenus patagonicus (Silvestri, 1903) from Santa Cruz Prov., Argentina (Mauriès 1998); and the inverted question mark (¿) indicates uncertain occurrence on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Other parameters as in Fig. 1. Too few records exist from Canada to project a northern boundary in North America, and the isolated record from central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) is too distant to be combined with an area where records cluster. No records are available from the dotted areas in India and North America, and the only one from that in Africa is Chilexenus schultzei (Attems, 1909) from Botswana (Hamer 1998).
An age-dependent ovulatory strategy explains the evolution of dizygotic twinning in humans
<p>Dizygotic twinning, the simultaneous birth of siblings when multiple ova are released, is an evolutionary paradox. Twin bearing mothers often have elevated fitness<sup>1-5</sup>; but despite twinning being heritable<sup>6</sup>, twin births only occur at low frequencies in human populations<sup>7</sup>. We resolve this paradox by showing that twinning and non-twinning are not competing strategies, instead dizygotic twinning is the outcome of an adaptive conditional ovulatory strategy of switching from single to double ovulation with increasing age. This conditional strategy when coupled with the well-known decline in fertility as women age, maximizes reproductive success and explains the increase and subsequent decrease in twinning rate with maternal age that is observed across human populations<sup>8-10</sup>.<span> We show that the most successful ovulatory strategy would be to always double ovulate as an insurance against early fetal loss, but to never bear twins. This finding supports the hypothesis that twinning is a byproduct of selection for double ovulation rather than twinning.</span></p>
The Age and Evolution of Lunar Micro Cold Traps at the Scale of Surface Exploration Figures 1 and 2
<p>Figures from the paper The Age and Evolution of Lunar Micro Cold Traps at the Scale of Surface Exploration.</p>
The evolution of lifespan and ageing in response to dietary macronutrients in male and female decorated crickets
<p>Dietary macronutrients regulate lifespan and ageing, yet little is known about their evolutionary effects. Here, we examine the evolutionary response of these traits in decorated crickets (<em>Gryllodes sigillatus</em>) maintained on diets varying in caloric content and protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. After 37 generations, each population was split: half remained on the evolution diet and half switched to a standardized diet. Crickets lived longer and aged slower when evolving on high-calorie (both sexes) and carbohydrate-biased (females only) diets and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (females only) diets. However, on the standardized diet, crickets lived longer when evolving on high-calorie diets (both sexes), aged slower on high-calorie (females only) and carbohydrate-biased (both sexes) diets, and had lower baseline mortality on high-calorie (males only) and protein-biased (both sexes) diets. Lifespan was longer and baseline mortality lower when provided the evolution versus the standardized diet but ageing rate was comparable. Moreover, lifespan was longer, ageing slower (females only) and baseline mortality lower (males only) compared to our evolved baseline suggesting varying degrees of dietary adaptation. Collectively, we show dietary components influence the evolution of lifespan and ageing in different ways and highlight the value of combining experimental evolution with nutritional geometry.</p>
Data supporting the study "The evolution of surface structure during atmospheric ageing of nano-scale coatings of an organic surfactant aerosol proxy" by Milsom et al.
<p>Reduced neutron reflectometry (NR) data associated with the study "The evolution of surface structure during atmospheric ageing of nano-scale coatings of an organic surfactant aerosol proxy" by Milsom et al.. One folder contains the raw data for fitted parameters obtained from NR curves and supporting figure 3 in the study. The other contains a set of sub-folders which have reduced NR data along with python scripts which were used to create and fit the interfacial model to the data. Fitting bounds for each parameter are found in these scripts. </p>
Data archive for "Rock abundance on the lunar mare on surfaces of different age: Implications for regolith evolution and thickness"
<p>This is associated data for the study "<strong>Rock abundance on the lunar mare on surfaces of different age: Implications for regolith evolution and thickness </strong>" in GRL.</p> <p>The zipfile FT2014-Dense50kmN-n800mto5km.tif.zip is a raster of neighborhood crater frequencies from Fassett and Thomson 2014 (JGR) that are used for the age information in this paper. </p> <p>The csv file is the extracted rock abundance for every frequency pixel in this dataset. </p> <p>A github software release associated with the paper is also available on <a href="https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/417542233">as a Zenodo software repository</a>, as well as on <a href="https://github.com/cfassett/MareRockAbundances">Github</a>.</p>
Relative importance of meridional and zonal sea surface temperature gradients for the onset of the ice ages and Pliocene-Pleistocene climate evolution
<p>Climatologies from the 3 different model simulations performed for the paper published in Paleoceanography (2010, v25, issue 2, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001809">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009PA001809</a>). This table shows how the names of the simulations provided here relate to the names in the paper:</p> <table align="center"> <caption>Simulation names for cross-referencing</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Name of Files</th> <th scope="col">Name in Article</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>EPSST_T_85.*.nc</td> <td>Early Pliocene Simulation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>New_MZSST_T_85.*.nc</td> <td>Modern Zonal Simulation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ctl_85_Kerry.*.nc</td> <td>Modern Control Simulation</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Additionally the NCL script originally used to create all the figures is included. It is called paleoc_onsetNHG_rev.ncl. The abstract of the paper is below:</p> <p>"During the early Pliocene (roughly 4 Myr ago), the ocean warm water pool extended over most of the tropics. Subsequently, the warm pool gradually contracted toward the equator, while midlatitudes and subpolar regions cooled, establishing a meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient comparable to the modern about 2 Myr ago (as estimated on the eastern side of the Pacific). The zonal SST gradient along the equator, virtually nonexistent in the early Pliocene, reached modern values between 1 and 2 Myr ago. Here, we use an atmospheric general circulation model to investigate the relative roles of the changes in the meridional and zonal temperature gradients for the onset of glacial cycles and for Pliocene-Pleistocene climate evolution in general. We show that the increase in the meridional SST gradient reduces air temperature and increases snowfall over most of North America, both factors favorable to ice sheet inception. The impacts of changes in the zonal gradient, while also important over North America, are somewhat weaker than those caused by meridional temperature variations. The establishment of the modern meridional and zonal SST distributions leads to roughly 3.2°C and 0.6°C decreases in global mean temperature, respectively. Changes in the two gradients also have large regional consequences, including aridification of Africa (both gradients) and strengthening of the Indian monsoon (zonal gradient). Ultimately, this study suggests that the growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets is a result of the global cooling of Earth's climate since 4 Myr rather than its initial cause. Thus, reproducing the correct changes in the SST distribution is critical for a model to simulate the transition from the warm early Pliocene to a colder Pleistocene climate."</p> <p> </p>
Diverse aging rates in ectothermic tetrapods provide insights for the evolution of aging and longevity
<p>Comparative studies of mortality in the wild are necessary to understand the evolution of aging, yet ectothermic tetrapods are under-represented in this comparative landscape despite their suitability for testing evolutionary hypotheses. We present a study of aging rates and longevity across wild tetrapod ectotherms, utilizing data from 107 populations (77 species) of non-avian reptiles and amphibians. We test hypotheses of how thermoregulatory mode, temperature, protective phenotypes, and pace of life history contribute to demographic aging. Controlling for phylogeny and body size, ectotherms display a higher diversity of aging rates than endotherms and include phylogenetically widespread evidence of negligible aging. Protective phenotypes and life-history strategies further explain macroevolutionary patterns of aging. By adding ectothermic tetrapods, our comparative analyses enhance our understanding of the evolution of aging.</p>
Figure 43 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 43. Distribution of Chordeumatida in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
Figure 21 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 21. Distribution of Polyzoniida in Europe and the Middle East.
Figure 18 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 18. Distribution of Platydesmida in North America/the Western Hemisphere.
Figure 17 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 17. Distribution of the Order Platydesmida.
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