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Figure 26 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 26. Rugosphaeraster ruegensis gen. et sp. nov. A, associated ossicles on surface of a flint nodule, holotype (SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV4). B–N, isolated paratype abactinal/actinal ossicles, in lateral view (F, J, L) and external view (all others) (B–M, SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV5-15; N, NHMUK EE 17698). O–Q, adambulacral ossicles in lateral (O), distal (P) and abactinal (Q) views (SNSB-BGSP 2020 XLV16-18). A–M, O–Q are from the lower Maastrichtian Chalk of Rugen, Germany. N is from the Campanian of Ivo Klack, Skåne, southern Sweden. Abbreviations: ada1, single distal amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial ambadamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B–H, J–L = 0.5 mm; I = 0.2 mm.
Figure 12 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 12. Outlines of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show positions of various fragmentary specimens referred to in the text.
Figure 14. A–C in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 14. A–C, Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). Cast of large articulated individual in abactinal, lateral and actinal views, respectively. Provenance: Oxfordian, Swiss Jura (GMHL 1929, original in the collection of Mr J. Buijs). Scale bar = 50 mm.
Figure 10. A, B in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 10. A, B, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833), partly articulated individual, with interpretative drawing (B) (NHMUK EE 17655). C, D, Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833), fragmentary specimen, with interpretative drawing (D) (GPIT/2460). Provenance: A, B are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. C, D are from the upper Oxfordian, southern Germany. Colours as in Figure 1.
Figure 11 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 11. Reconstruction of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833) to show morphology. A, cross section; B, primary radial plate, to show position of papular pores; C, abactinal reconstruction. Colours as in Figure 1.
Figure 2 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 2. Homology of primary abactinal plates in valvatidan asteroids. A, Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848), Stauranderasteridae; B, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833), Sphaerasteridae; C, Echinosphaeraster (gen. nov.) scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833), Sphaerasteridae; D, Nymphaster arenatus (Perrier, 1881), Goniasteridae; E, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, Podosphaerasteridae. Colours as in Figure 1.
Figure 6 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 6. Ambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A–D, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, B, proximal ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal aspects, respectively (NHMUK EE 17633); C, D, actinal views of ambulacrals from mid-radius (NHMUK EE 17623a, 17634). E, P, Q, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980; E, enlargement of actinal view of base of ambulacral; P, Q, actinal and proximal/distal views of ambulacral, respectively (Mnhnl OPH176). F, G, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17635). H–K, N, O, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907). H–K, proximal/distal views of ambulacral, note cavity replacing articulation facet (I); L, M, Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., ambulacral in actinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17636); N, O, actinal views of ambulacrals (NHMUK EE 17637a, b). Provenance: A–D are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, G are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. L, M are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. H–K, N–O are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. E, P, Q are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, B, D, F, G, J–Q = 0.5 mm; C = 1 mm; E, H, I = 0.2 mm.
Figure 5 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 5. Morphology of the stauranderasterid outgroup, Stauraster primitivus (von Zittel, 1880). A–C, arm, in abactinal, lateral and actinal views, respectively (MZA L246). D–N, isolated ossicles; D–G, I, ossicles from primary circlet; D, E, primary interradial (NHMUK EE 17624); F, G, centrale (NHMUK EE 17625); H, ambulacral ossicle, actinal view (NHMUK EE 17626); I, inner calycinal ossicle (NHMUK EE 17627); J–L, radials (NHMUK EE 17628–17630); M, N, adambulacral ossicles, in abactinal and proximal/distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17631–17632). O, reconstruction of apical region of Stauraster. Provenance: A–C, upper Oxfordian of Switzerland. D–N are from the lower Oxfordian, Cardioceras bukowskii ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot-Morval, Jura, France (see Gale 2019, for locality details). Colours as in Figure 1. Scale bars: A–C = 10 mm; D–G, I–L = 5 mm; H, M, N = 0.5 mm.
Figure 4 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 4. Cladogram of possible relationships of sphaerasterids and podosphaerasterids; a consensus tree based on a heuristic analysis of 30 characters (Supplemental material, Tables S1, S2), with support values given (Bremer/bootstrap).
Figure 3 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 3. Nomenclature of adambulacral, ambulacral, oral and circumoral ossicles from an individual of Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, ambulacral ossicle in actinal view (NHMUK EE 17623a); B, C, oral ossicle, in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623b); D–G, adambulacral ossicles, in lateral, radial-interradial (D, E, NHMUK EE 17623c), abactinal and actinal views, respectively (F, G, NHMUK EE 17623d, e); H, abactinal view of enlarged ambulacral head (NHMUK EE 17623h); I, abactinal view of ambulacral (NHMUK EE 17623f); J, K, circumoral, in actinal and abactinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17623g). Nomenclature after Gale (2011). Material from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Abbreviations: abiim, abactinal interradial interoral muscle (oral); abtam, abactinal transverse amb muscle; actam, actinal transverse amb muscle; ada1a, distal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada1b, distal abradial amb-adamb articulation; ada2, proximal adradial amb-adamb articulation; ada3, proximal abradial adamb-amb or adamb-adamb articulation; adadm, interadambulacral muscle; ads, adambulacral spine; ambb, base of ambulacral ossicle; ambh, head of ambulacral ossicle; ambsh, shaft of ambulacral ossicle; apo, apophyse on oral; car, caries-like holes on articulation surfaces of amb, ada; dadam, distal amb-adamb muscle; dcoa, distal circumoral articulation on oral; dcoa, distal circumoral process on circumoral; de, dentition (orals, ambs, peds); fs, furrow spine; lia, longitudinal interambulacral articulation; lim, longitudinal interambulacral muscle; orada, adambulacral articulation (on oral); oradm, oral adambulacral muscle; osp, attachment of oral spine; padam, proximal adamb-amb muscle; pb, proximal blade (oral ossicle); pcoa, proximal oral-circumoral articulation; riom, radial interoral muscle; rng, ring nerve groove on oral; rvg, ring vessel groove on oral. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 1. Homology of abactinal plating in Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980. A–C, homology adopted in the present paper, which identifies the primary ossicles (interradials, radials), inner calycinal ossicles and radials. Marginals cannot be identified, and unpaired interradial plates (I-plate, V-plate) are indicated. D, E, plating scheme of Fujita & Rowe (2002, fig. 1), who identified an 'apical system' and marginals. See text for discussion.
Figure 20 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 20. Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., abactinal ossicles. A, probable primary radial ossicle, paratype (NHMUK EE 17672); B, E, holotype, primary interradial ossicle, in external and lateral views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17670); C, D, probable inner calycinal ossicle, paratype (NHMUK EE 17671). The other specimens (F, G, H, J, L, M) are abactinal ossicles of indeterminate position, all paratypes (NHMUK EE 17674–79). I, probable centrale (NHMUK EE 17673); K, enlargement of surface of H. Provenance: all are from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. Scale bars: A–J, L, M = 5 mm; K = 0.2 mm.
Figure 17 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 17. Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., abactinal ossicles. A, D, primary radials, paratypes (NHMUK EE 17654, 17656). B, primary interradial; holotype (NHMUK EE 17657), C, interradial, paratype (NHMUK EE 17660). E, abactinal plate of uncertain position (NHMUK EE 17663). I, centrale, paratype (NHMUK EE 17659). F–H, plates in lateral aspect, paratypes (NHMUK EE 17665, 17666, 17667). J, abactinal plate of uncertain position, paratype (NHMUK EE 17664). K, L, median interradial plates (I-plates) from actinal surface, paratypes (NHMUK EE 17661, 17662). M, primary interradial, paratype (NHMUK EE 17658). The internal process is arrowed. Provenance: all ossicles are from the upper Pliensbachian at an outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 8 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 8. Oral ossicles of sphaerasterids. A–E, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833); A, D, interradial view of orals of smaller individuals (NHMUK EE 17642, 17643); B, E, interradial (B) and radial (E) views of small oral (NHMUK EE 17644); C, large oral, interradial view (NHMUK EE 17623b). F, I, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov., oral in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17645). G, oral ossicle of possible stauranderasterid or sphaerasterid, interradial view (MnhnL OPH173). H, oral ossicle, probably from Bulbosphaeraster valettei gen. et sp. nov., interradial view (NHMUK EE 17646). J, L, oral ossicle of Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, in interradial and radial views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). K, M, oral ossicle of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), in interradial and radial views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637h). N, interradial view of oral ossicle of Manfredaster bulbiferus (Forbes, 1848) (NHMUK EE 17647a). Provenance: A–E are from the upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. F, I are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. G is from the Carnian (Upper Triassic), Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. H is from the lower Bathonian, Zigzagiceras zigzag ammonite Zone at La Pouza, near La Voulte-sur-Rhone, Ard̀eche, France. K, M, N are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. J, L are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H, K, M = 0.5 mm; B, E = 0.2 mm; C, F, I, J, L, N = 1 mm.
Figure 23. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 23. A, Valettaster ocellatus (Forbes, 1848), oblique actinal view of well-preserved individual (NHMUK E 5012). B–P, associated ossicles and fragments of Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907); B–E, articulated adambulacrals, bearing subadambulacral spines (NHMUK EE 17637i–l); F, G, ambulacral ossicle, in proximal and distal views, to show bulbous swelling from ambulacral base ((NHMUK EE 17637m); H, external surface with ossicles in place (NHMUK EE 17637n). Note smaller secondary ossicles infilling gaps between external surfaces of larger abactinals, creating a smooth surface; I, J, fragments with articulated abactinal ossicles (NHMUK EE 17637o, p), showing smaller secondary plates and possible papular notches; K, fragment with madreporite and two abactinal ossicles (NHMUK EE 17637q); L, adambulacral in proximal/distal view, to show lack of adadm site and internally directed ledge (NHMUK EE 17637r); M–P, adambulacral ossicles; M, abactinal view of ossicle in which three of the articular surfaces each bear a cavity (NHMUK EE 17637f); N, proximal/distal view to show adadm site (oval depression) (NHMUK EE 17637s); O, oblique actinal view (NHMUK EE 17637t); P, actinal view, to show rugose perforate stereom and furrow spine attachment sites (NKMUK EE 17637g). Provenance: A, Santonian, Marsupites Zone, Brighton, Sussex, UK. B–P, Santonian, coranguinum Zone, level of Whitaker's Flint, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. Distal adambulacrals marked with arrow. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; C = 1 mm; B, D–P = 0.5 mm.
Figure 7 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 7. Adambulacrals of sphaerasterids. A, B, Stauraster primaevus (von Zittel, 1880), adambulacrals in abactinal and proximal/ distal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17638, 17632). C–H, L, N, Q, Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1831); C, G, L, N, abactinal views (NHMUK EE 17623h–k); D, F, proximal/distal views (NHMUK EE 17623l, m); H, internal, Q, external views (NHMUK EE 17623n). I–K, M, Eosphaeraster amellagensis gen. et sp. nov.; I, J, proximal/distal and internal views (NHMUK EE 17639); K, M, proximal/distal views (NHMNUK EE 17640, 17641). O, S, T, Podosphaeraster pulvinatus Rowe & Nichols, 1980, adambulacrals in proximal/distal, internal and actinal views, respectively (MhnhL OPH174–176). P, R, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), adambulacrals in abactinal and actinal views, respectively (NHMUK EE 17637f, g). Provenance: A, B are from the lower Oxfordian, Cardioceras bukowskii ammonite Subzone, basal Couches de Passage, Andelot Morval, Jura, France. C–H, L, N, Q are from the upper Oxfordian, hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. I–K, M are from the upper Pliensbachian, outcrop on south side of wadi immediately to west of road, 0.5 km south of the Kasbah of Amellago, Atlas Mountains, Morocco. P, R are from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. O, S, T are Recent, Philippines. Scale bars: A, C–E, L–O, Q–T = 0.5 mm; B, F–K = 1 mm; P = 0.2 mm.
Figure 9 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 9. Sphaeraster tabulatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, reconstructed fragments of the abactinal surface of an individual (NHMUK EE 17623h, i); A, shows the space occupied by the madreporite; B, largely consists of a row of radial plates. E, actinal fragment of same specimen (NHMUK EE 17623j). C, D, G, isolated distal abactinal or actinal plates (NHMUK EE 17623k–m). F, abactinal showing growth banding (NHMUK EE 17648). H, K, radial plate showing in vivo breakage (NHMUK EE 17649). I, J, spine originally attached to abactinal plate (NHMUK EE 17623n). L, O, small radial plates (NHMUK EE 17652, 17653). M, P, radial plate (NHMUK EE 17650). N, Q, very large primary radial plate, showing ring of spine attachment sites (NHMUK EE 17651). Provenance: upper Oxfordian, Hypsilum ammonite Zone, Plettenberg, near Balingen, Germany. Scale bars: A, B, F, M, N, P, Q = 10 mm; C–E, G, H, L, O = 5 mm; I, J = 1 mm; K = 0.2 mm.
Figure 21. Testudinaster peregrinus Hess, 1983. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 21. Testudinaster peregrinus Hess, 1983. A, holotype, abactinal view, upper Hauptrogenstein (upper Bajocian), Schinznach, Switzerland (NMB M 9689); B, interpretative drawing, colours as in Figure 1; C, actinal view of another specimen, upper Hauptrogenstein (upper Bajocian), Auenstein, Canton of Aargau, Switzerland (NMB M 9923). Scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 22. A–D, G, J in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 22. A–D, G, J, Valettaster digitatus (Quenstedt, 1858), abactinal ossicles, in external view (A, C, D, G, J) and lateral view (B) (GPIT/A5/50). E, Valettaster ocellatus (Forbes, 1848), abactinal ossicle, in external view (NHMUK EE 17696). F, I, Pouzaster pocknotata gen. et sp. nov., abactinal ossicles in external view (MHNML 2020.1.2, 1.3). H, K, Valettaster granulatus (Brunnich Nielsen, 1943), abactinal ossicles, external view (SNSB-BSGP 2020 XLV1, 2). L, Valettaster argus (Spencer, 1907), articulated group of abactinal ossicles (NHMUK EE 17637f). M, N, Valettaster thuyi sp. nov., holotype, abactinal ossicle in external and lateral views, respectively (MHNML 2020.1.1). Provenance: A–D, G, J are from the Oxfordian of Oerlingen, south Germany. B is from the Santonian of East Kent, UK. F, I are from the serpentinus ammonite Zone, Toarcian at Fougerolles, France. H, K are from the lower Maastrichtian of R¨ugen, Germany. M, N are from the bifrons ammonite Zone, Toarcian, Fougerolles, France. L is from the coranguinum Zone, Santonian, Broadstairs, Kent, UK. Scale bars: A–E, G, H, J, K = 5 mm; F, I, L = 0.5 mm; M, N = 0.2 mm.
Figure 15 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the 'football stars' (Asteroidea, Sphaerasteridae)
Figure 15. Echinosphaeraster scutatus (Goldfuss, 1833). A, B, fragments of actinal surface; A, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, fig. 12) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 7, 8) (GPIT/80/94-12); B, original of Quenstedt (1858, pl. 94, figs 13, 14) and Schondorf (1906a, pl. 1, figs 9, 10) (GPIT/80/94-12). C, D, primary radial plate, in lateral (D) and external (C) views (GPIT/A5/52). E, K, large spine from abactinal plates, in basal (E) and lateral (K) views (GPIT/A5/51). F, G, I, J, abactinal plates (GPIT/A5/52). H, radial plate, external view (GPIT/A5/52). All specimens from the Weisser Jura e or Malm of the Swabian Alb, southern Germany. Scale bars: A–D, F, I, J = 10 mm; E, K = 2 mm; G = 5 mm.
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