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Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996). in Muridae
Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996).
Figure 4 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
Figure 4: Scatter diagrams based on a simple linear model (fluctuating asymmetry vs. vegetation cover), for four anatomical structures of Rhipidomys mastacalis three vegetation classes in Northeastern Brazil. The trend line is shown in black; the gray area represents the 95 % of confidence intervals.
Figure 1 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
Figure 1: Map of Northeastern Brazil, showing the geographical location of the Rhipidomys mastacalis samples selected for this study.
Figure 3 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
Figure 3: Box plot comparing the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in Rhipidomys mastacalis from three vegetation classes in Northeastern Brazil. (A) Skulls, (B) mandibles, (C) scapulae,and (D) pelvis. The horizontal lines outside the boxes represent the smallest and largest variance for each population, and the horizontal line inside each box represents the mean value.
Figure 2 in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
Figure 2: Anatomical structures (left and right), showing the location of morphological landmarks in a specimen of Rhipidomys mastacalis (CMARF–1701) from Brazil. (A) Occlusal view of skulls, (B) mandibles, (C) scapulae, and (D) pelvis.
Data for: The photosynthetic response of spectral chlorophyll fluorescence differs across species and light environments in a boreal forest ecosystem
<p>Chlorophyll fluorescence can serve as a proxy of photosynthesis in boreal forests. When sustained non-photochemical quenching (NPQS) relaxes towards summer, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) emission increases along with photosynthesis. Yet, other physical and physiological factors can also leave a measurable imprint on the fluorescence emission spectra, and disrupt this relationship.</p> <p>We measured leaf-level spectral ChlF of Scots pine, Norway spruce and lingonberry exposed to contrasting light environments throughout the spring recovery of photosynthesis, simultaneously with a series of photosynthetic, biochemical and morphological traits. Correlations between traits and ChlF spectral components were analyzed to identify the mechanisms underlying both the spatial variation found between species and light environments, and the temporal variation found across the study period.</p> <p>Spatially, we found evidence of baseline differences in leaf-level ChlF magnitude, which we attribute to species- and light environment-specific changes in leaf morphology. Temporally, ChlF magnitude followed the relaxation of NPQS towards summer, but only in upper canopy foliage and lingonberry, suggesting a seasonal compensation effect between sustained photochemical quenching (PQS) and NPQS, potentially decoupling the seasonal relationship between ChlF and photosynthesis in shaded foliage. Finally, we show subtle changes in the shape of the ChlF spectra that took place independently of chlorophyll concentration dynamics, pointing to the complexity of NPQs which can involve structural rearrangements in the thylakoids and changes in the relative contribution of PSI to emitted ChlF.</p> <p>We conclude that the diversity of species and light environments found within an ecosystem generates a baseline level of variation in leaf spectral ChlF as well as contrasting seasonal photosynthetic acclimation patterns. These sources of variability should be taken into account when developing quantitative models for the interpretation of ChlF data, in particular for applications involving high resolution SIF imaging systems capable of resolving different plant individuals and their parts.</p>
Lizard nest environments differ between suburban and forest habitats
<p>These data were analysed and presented in the the accepted manuscript to the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society titled "Lizard nest environments differ between suburban and forest habitats."</p> <p>2017_miami_nest_temp.csv -- temperature of plots with nest and without nest</p> <p>2017_soil_moisture.csv -- percentage moisture of plots with and without nests.</p> <p>2017_distances.csv -- distances to tree, tree size, substrate information for plots with and without nests,</p> <p>2017_shade.csv -- percent canopy openness of plots with and without nests</p> <p>View ReadMe.txt for meta-data details.</p> <p> </p>
Use climatic space-for-time substitutions with care: not only climate, but also local environment affect performance of the key forest species bilberry along elevation gradient
<p><span>An urgent aim of ecology is to understand how key species relate to climatic and environmental variation, to better predict their prospects under future climate change. The abundant dwarf shrub bilberry (<em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em> L.) has caught particular interest due to its uphill expansion into alpine areas. Species' performance under changing climate has been widely studied using the climatic space-for-time approach along elevation gradients, but potentially confounding, local environmental variables that vary along elevation gradients have rarely been considered. In this study, performed in ten sites along an elevation gradient (200–875 m) in W Norway, we recorded species composition and bilberry performance, both vegetative (ramet size and cover) and reproductive (berry and seed production) properties, over one to four years. We disentangled effects of local environmental variables and between-year, climatic variation (precipitation and temperature), and identified shared and unique contributions of these variables by variation partitioning. We found bilberry ramet size, cover, and berry production to peak at intermediate elevations, whereas seed production increased upwards. The peaks were less pronounced in extreme (dry or cold) summers than in normal summers. Local environmental variables explained much variation in ramet size and cover, less in berry production, and showed no relation to seed production. Climatic variables explained more of the variation in berry and seed production than in ramet size and cover, with temperature relating to vegetative performance, and precipitation to reproductive performance. Bilberry's clonal growth and effective reproduction probably explain why the species persists in the forest and at the same time invades alpine areas. Our findings raise concerns about the appropriateness of the climatic space-for-time approach. We recommend including both climatic and local environmental variables in studies of variation along elevation gradients, and conclude that variation partitioning can be a useful supplement to other methods for analysing variation in plant performance. </span></p>
Data from: Genet dynamics of a regenerating dwarf bamboo population across heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest understorey
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Data from: Applying landscape genomic tools to forest management and restoration of Hawaiian koa (Acacia koa) in a changing environment
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Use climatic space-for-time substitutions with care: not only climate, but also local environment affect performance of the key forest species bilberry along elevation gradient
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Data for: The photosynthetic response of spectral chlorophyll fluorescence differs across species and light environments in a boreal forest ecosystem
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Leaf traits, plant size and environment data of a common tree species Clausena dunniana in a subtropical broad-leaved forest
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Data from: Roles of pathogens on replacement of tree seedlings in heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest: a reciprocal seed sowing experiment
1. In forest communities, the Janzen–Connell (J-C) hypothesis proposes that species diversity is maintained by non-competitive distance- and/or density-dependent seedling mortality caused by host-specific natural enemies. However, the effects of pathogen associations from nearby conspecifics vs. heterospecifics remain unknown in spatially heterogeneous light environments. 2. Seeds of hardwood species Cornus controversa (Cornus) and Prunus grayana (Prunus) were sown beneath 6–7 Cornus and Prunus adults in both the forest understory (FU) and in gaps (Gap) created by felling all woody vegetation near the focal adults. Seedling growth, mortality, killing agents (e.g. pathogens that cause damping-off and leaf diseases), and root infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were investigated. 3. We found strong habitat effects on the expression of soil fungi beneath both tree species. Seedling mortality caused by soil-borne damping-off pathogens was greater in FU than in Gap, and AMF infection, which enhanced relative seedling growth rate, was greater in Gap than in FU. Seedling mortality caused by damping-off pathogens did not differ between Cornus and Prunus seedlings beneath the adults of conspecific or heterospecific adults in both FU and Gap, suggesting little distance-dependence or host preference in the fungus. 4. Beneath the adults of Cornus and Prunus, the most prevalent leaf diseases were zonate leaf blight and angular leaf spot caused by the airborne pathogenic fungi Haradamyces foliicola and Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae, respectively. Although these pathogens attacked the seedlings of both species, conspecific seedlings (i.e. home) showed more severe leaf damage, earlier leaf shedding and/or less defensive behaviour (cell wall defence) relative to heterospecific seedlings (i.e. away), suggesting negative distance-dependent attack (i.e. host preference) for these leaf diseases. As a result, greater seedling mortality was observed for conspecific seedlings under both FU and Gap treatments. 5. Synthesis. In the temperate forest, the J-C hypothesis is largely mediated through the strong negative influence of airborne leaf diseases rather than through soil-borne damping-off pathogens. We found that airborne diseases demonstrated distance-dependent host preferences, which led to greater conspecific seedling damage regardless of environmental light conditions.
Data from: The role of transcriptomes linked with responses to light environment on seedling mortality in a subtropical forest, China
Differences in seedling survival in trees have a lasting imprint on seedling, juvenile and adult community structure. Identifying the drivers of these differences, therefore, is a critical research objective that ultimately requires knowledge regarding how organismal function interacts with the local environment to influence survival rates. In tree communities, differences in light use strategies are frequently invoked to explain differences in seedling demographic performance through growth and survival trade-offs. For example, shade-tolerant species grow slowly and have higher survival rates, whereas shade-intolerant species grow quickly but have lower survival rates. Thus, functional traits related to photosynthesis should be strong predictors of demographic rates, but results in the literature are mixed indicating that additional or alternative information regarding organismal function should be considered. Here, we provide a community-wide inventory of transcriptomes in a subtropical tree community. This information is utilized to determine the degree to which species share homologous genes related to gene ontologies for light use and harvesting. These species similarities are used in neighbourhood generalized linear mixed-effects models of seedling survival that evaluated seedling survival as a function of the transcriptomic, functional trait and phylogenetic composition of the local neighbourhood. The results show neighbourhood similarity in three of the 15 gene ontologies evaluated are significantly related to survival rates based on neighbourhood composition. For two of these ontologies, survival rates increase when neighbours are similar in their gene tree composition indicating the importance of abiotic filtering and performance hierarchies. Synthesis. The present work takes a novel approach by sequencing the transcriptomes of naturally co-occurring tree species in a subtropical forest in China. The results show that the transcriptomic similarity of species is a significant predictor of differential survival. The study demonstrates that exploring the functional genomic similarity of non-model species in nature has the potential to increase the breadth and depth of our understanding of how gene function influences species co-occurrence and population dynamics in communities.
Data from: Fire evolution in the radioactive forests of Ukraine and Belarus: future risks for the population and the environment
This paper analyzes the current and future status of forests in Ukraine and Belarus that were contaminated after the nuclear disaster in 1986. Using several models, together with remote sensing data and observations, we studied how climate change in these forests may affect fire regimes. We investigated the possibility of 137Cs displacement over Europe by studying previous fire events, and examined three fire scenarios that depended on different emission altitudes of 137Cs, assuming that 10% of the forests were affected by fires. Field measurements and modeling simulations confirmed that numerous radioactive contaminants are still present at these sites in extremely large quantities. Forests in Eastern Europe are characterized by large, highly fire-prone patches that are conducive to the development of extreme crown fires. Since 1986, there has been a positive correlation between extreme fire events and drought in the two contaminated regions. Litter carbon storage in the area has doubled since 1986 due to increased tree mortality and decreased decomposition rates; dead trees and accumulating litter in turn can provide fuel for wildfires that pose a high risk of redistributing radioactivity in future years. Intense fires in 2002, 2008 and 2010 resulted in the displacement of 137Cs to the south; the cumulative amount of 137Cs re-deposited over Europe was equivalent to 8% of that deposited following the initial Chernobyl disaster. However, a large amount of 137Cs still remains in these forests, which could be remobilized along with a large number of other dangerous, long-lived, refractory radionuclides. We predict that an expanding flammable area associated with climate change will lead to a high risk of radioactive contamination with characteristic fire peaks in the future. Current fire-fighting infrastructure in the region is inadequate due to understaffing and lack of funding. Our data yield the first cogent predictions for future fire incidents and provide scientific insights that could inform and spur evidence-based policy decisions concerning highly contaminated regions around the world, such as those of Chernobyl.
Figure 11 in Scopaeus saotomensis spec. nov., a flightless rove beetle from the Island of São Tomé (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini) - Isolation and adaptation in a dark, humid, tropical forest environment
Figure 11. The pitfall trap (arrow) in situ at Lagoa Amélia illustrating the exact collecting spot for Scopaeus saotomensis.
Table ¹: Comparison of analysis of variance results for skull (occlusal view) and mandible (side view) shape in Rhipidomys mastacalis from three vegetation classes in Brazil. Object asymmetry and correspondence methods were employed to assess asymmetry for skulls and mandibles, respectively. in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
<p><b>Table ¹:</b> Comparison of analysis of variance results for skull (occlusal view) and mandible (side view) shape in <i>Rhipidomys mastacalis</i> from three vegetation classes in Brazil.Object asymmetry and correspondence methods were employed to assess asymmetry for skulls and mandibles,respectively.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Shape procrustes ANOVA</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Effect Sum of squares</b></th><td><b>Mean squares</b></td><td><b>Degrees of freedom</b></td><td><i>F statistic</i></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td><td><b>Pillai tr.</b></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td></tr><tr><th><b>Skulls</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.19908517</td><td>0.0004253957</td><td>468</td><td>22.36</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.00366522</td><td>0.0002036232</td><td>18</td><td>10.70</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.00890443</td><td>0.0000190266</td><td>468</td><td>2.24</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.00825565</td><td>0.0000084935</td><td>972</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.37829478</td><td>0.0003965354</td><td>954</td><td>18.57</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.00547536</td><td>0.0003041869</td><td>18</td><td>14.25</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.02037065</td><td>0.0000213529</td><td>954</td><td>1.89</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.02201359</td><td>0.0000113239</td><td>1944</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.0645902300</td><td>0.0001302222</td><td>496</td><td>5.18</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0113531900</td><td>0.0007095741</td><td>16</td><td>28.23</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0124666800</td><td>0.0000251344</td><td>496</td><td>1.88</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0136608800</td><td>0.0000133407</td><td>1024</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Mandibles</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.70443879</td><td>0.0012579264</td><td>560</td><td>8.10</td><td><0.0001</td><td>14.16</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.00549957</td><td>0.0002749783</td><td>20</td><td>1.77</td><td>0.0207</td><td>0.0207</td><td>0.0069</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.08696012</td><td>0.0001552859</td><td>560</td><td>2.46</td><td><0.0001</td><td>10.75</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.07312665</td><td>0.0000387718</td><td>1160</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>1.19843989</td><td>0.0011984399</td><td>1000</td><td>8.16</td><td><0.0001</td><td>14.70</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.01169771</td><td>0.0005848855</td><td>20</td><td>3.98</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.14685738</td><td>0.0001468574</td><td>1000</td><td>3.03</td><td><0.0001</td><td>11.21</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.09880745</td><td>0.0000484350</td><td>2040</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.3269927600</td><td>0.0004808717</td><td>680</td><td>4.52</td><td><0.0001</td><td>14.14</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0143644400</td><td>0.0007182221</td><td>20</td><td>6.75</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.0017</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0723474900</td><td>0.0001063934</td><td>680</td><td>2.39</td><td><0.0001</td><td>10.41</td><td>0.0017</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0622041800</td><td>0.0000444316</td><td>1400</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table ²: Comparison of the results of analysis of variance on the shape of scapulae (occlusal view) and pelvis (side view) in Rhipidomys mastacalis from three vegetation classes in Brazil. Correspondence asymmetry was the only method used for asymmetry analysis. in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
<p><b>Table ²:</b> Comparison of the results of analysis of variance on the shape of scapulae (occlusal view) and pelvis (side view) in <i>Rhipidomys mastacalis</i> from three vegetation classes in Brazil. Correspondence asymmetry was the only method used for asymmetry analysis.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Shape procrustes ANOVA</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Effect Sum of squares</b></th><td><b>Mean squares</b></td><td><b>Degrees of freedom</b></td><td><i>F statistic</i></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td><td><b>Pillai tr.</b></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td></tr><tr><th><b>Scapulae</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.0941373400</td><td>0.0010459705</td><td>90</td><td>3</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0100439600</td><td>0.0010043960</td><td>2.88</td><td>0.0037</td><td>0.0003</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0314069500</td><td>0.0003489662</td><td>90</td><td>5.89</td><td><0.0001</td><td>4.91</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0118544100</td><td>0.0000592721</td><td>200</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.2064168200</td><td>0.0010320841</td><td>200</td><td>4.82</td><td><0.0001</td><td>7.15</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0262808000</td><td>0.0026280796</td><td>10</td><td>12.28</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.0022</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0428160400</td><td>0.0002140802</td><td>200</td><td>2.68</td><td><0.0001</td><td>4.98</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0335675700</td><td>0.0000799228</td><td>420</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.2508635400</td><td>0.0009291242</td><td>270</td><td>4.07</td><td><0.0001</td><td>7.11</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0256608100</td><td>0.0025660812</td><td>10</td><td>11.24</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.87</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0616394000</td><td>0.0002282941</td><td>270</td><td>3.10</td><td><0.0001</td><td>5.72</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0412323300</td><td>0.0000736292</td><td>560</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Pelvis</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.0543411200</td><td>0.0004312787</td><td>126</td><td>4.63</td><td><0.0001</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0043155600</td><td>0.0003082544</td><td>14</td><td>3.31</td><td>0.0002</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0117297800</td><td>0.0000930935</td><td>126</td><td>2.31</td><td><0.0001</td><td>6.07</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0112943700</td><td>0.000040337</td><td>280</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.1059661700</td><td>0.0003440460</td><td>308</td><td>4.42</td><td><0.0001</td><td>9.69</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0049395300</td><td>0.0003528236</td><td>14</td><td>4.53</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.0311</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0239852500</td><td>0.0000778742</td><td>308</td><td>2.00</td><td><0.0001</td><td>6.64</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0251368400</td><td>0.0000390324</td><td>644</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.1292837500</td><td>0.0003420205</td><td>378</td><td>5.68</td><td><0.0001</td><td>10.51</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0043550500</td><td>0.0003110747</td><td>14</td><td>5.17</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.0016</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0227608400</td><td>0.0000602139</td><td>378</td><td>2.24</td><td><0.0001</td><td>6.17</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0210413800</td><td>0.0000268385</td><td>714</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: Roles of pathogens on replacement of tree seedlings in heterogeneous light environments in a temperate forest: a reciprocal seed sowing experiment
In forest communities, the Janzen–Connell (J-C) hypothesis proposes that species diversity is maintained by non-competitive distance- and/or density-dependent seedling mortality caused by host-specific natural enemies. However, the effects of pathogen associations from nearby conspecifics versus heterospecifics remain unknown in spatially heterogeneous light environments. Seeds of hardwood species Cornus controversa (Cornus) and Prunus grayana (Prunus) were sown beneath 6–7 Cornus and Prunus adults in both the forest understory (FU) and in gaps (Gap) created by felling all woody vegetation near the focal adults. Seedling growth, mortality, killing agents (e.g. pathogens that cause damping-off and leaf diseases), and root infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were investigated. We found strong habitat effects on the expression of soil fungi beneath both tree species. Seedling mortality caused by soil-borne damping-off pathogens was greater in FU than in Gap, and AMF infection, which enhanced relative seedling growth rate, was greater in Gap than in FU. Seedling mortality caused by damping-off pathogens did not differ between Cornus and Prunus seedlings beneath the adults of conspecific or heterospecific adults in both FU and Gap, suggesting little distance-dependence or host preference in the fungus. Beneath the adults of Cornus and Prunus, the most prevalent leaf diseases were zonate leaf blight and angular leaf spot caused by the airborne pathogenic fungi Haradamyces foliicola and Phaeoisariopsis pruni-grayanae, respectively. Although these pathogens attacked the seedlings of both species, conspecific seedlings (i.e. home) showed more severe leaf damage, earlier leaf shedding and/or less defensive behaviour (cell wall defence) relative to heterospecific seedlings (i.e. away), suggesting negative distance-dependent attack (i.e. host preference) for these leaf diseases. As a result, greater seedling mortality was observed for conspecific seedlings under both FU and Gap treatments. Synthesis. In the temperate forest, the J-C hypothesis is largely mediated through the strong negative influence of airborne leaf diseases rather than through soil-borne damping-off pathogens. We found that airborne diseases demonstrated distance-dependent host preferences, which led to greater conspecific seedling damage regardless of environmental light conditions.
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