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84 results for “Frost”
Foliar summer frost resistance measured via electrolyte leakage approach as related to plant distribution, community composition and performance
1. Frost resistance (FR) is a fundamental process determining various aspects of plant life. Measurements of FR remain challenging as existing methods are time- and labour-intensive. 2. Here, we test the applicability of foliar summer FR measured via the 'electrolyte leakage' approach (FR<sub>PEL</sub>), a simple and inexpensive technique so far underused in ecological research to estimate FR. We tested the ability of this trait to predict i) species occurrence, ii) community composition along an elevational gradient, and iii) analysed its relationship to 9 other traits (SLA, C<sub>mass</sub>, N<sub>mass</sub>, P<sub>mass</sub>, Ca<sub>mass</sub>, Mg<sub>mass</sub>, K<sub>mass</sub>, canopy height and the ability to form rosettes) related to plant performance. We studied 183 vascular species occurring at 37 sites, which we also analysed in terms of species composition along an elevation gradient from 656 to 2363 m a.s.l. in the Bavarian Alps, Germany. 3. Species' FR<sub>PEL</sub> values correlated significantly with the species occurrence along the elevational gradient. However, this relationship was weak as it explained only 10% in the variation of the Landolt indicator values, a proxy for species geographic ranges. We found a strong positive relationship between community-weighted FR<sub>PEL</sub> values and elevation suggesting a strong environmental filtering of this trait that removes species with low FR from the local species pool at high elevations. The community functional diversity of FR<sub>PEL</sub> significantly increased with increasing elevation suggesting a higher trait divergence in harsher climates. We found significant negative relationships between FR<sub>PEL</sub> and specific leaf area, canopy height and the ability to form leaf rosettes, indicating a trade-off in plants between the investment in conservative strategies, in our case FR, and fast resource acquisition. 4. Our study highlights the potential of using FR<sub>PEL</sub> more frequently in ecological research as we were able to re-confirm three patterns inferred by more precise yet time-consuming and labour-intensive approaches. We demonstrate that FR<sub>PEL</sub> can be used to predict species occurrence and infer assembly rules along elevational gradients. Furthermore, we found that FR<sub>PEL</sub> is linked to plant functional traits associated with plant performance and morphological features of the plants. However, the trait's predictive power varied greatly among the study objectives and levels.
Frost Risk Management Field Trials
<p>Excel spreadsheet of trial results from GRDC project ADV1707-001WCX.</p>
Data from: Cold temperature extremes during spring do not limit the range shift of Mediterranean pines into regions with intermittent frost
Bioclimatic envelope models have predicted latitudinal range shifts of tree species in Europe following climate change. Accordingly, Mediterranean species will be able to migrate northwards if climatic conditions become warmer and dryer. Frost, on the other hand, is an important and recurring factor in temperate and boreal regions causing damage to buds and leaves, and potentially limiting the survival of Mediterranean tree species or populations at higher latitudes. Since species distribution models rely on average climatic parameters, they may underestimate the risk of frost damage from low temperature extremes. We measured the cold hardiness of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus halepensis seedlings from a total of 11 European populations growing in a common garden in a cold Central Alpine valley on seven dates between February and July 2013. On each date, needles were artificially frozen at several temperatures and the temperature estimated at which 50% of the needle tissue is damaged (LT50; relative electrolyte leakage). Cold hardiness did not differ between populations of the same species and was not related to the minimum temperatures at the seed origin. In comparison with deciduous trees, Mediterranean P. sylvestris and P. nigra maintained extremely wide safety margins against frost throughout late winter and spring. By contrast, safety margins of P. halepensis were much narrower until March and winter cold hardiness was in the range of regularly recurring low temperature events in Central Europe. According to the measured LT50 values, the migration of a wide range of drought-tolerant populations of P. sylvestris and P. nigra from the Mediterranean to Central and Western Europe is not limited by intermittent cold temperature extremes in spring. They are notably as well adapted to frost as populations from Central Alpine origin. Differences in dehardening patterns between species demonstrate the importance of analysing cold hardiness repeatedly during potentially sensitive periods in order to predict species range shifts in the context of climatic change.
Data from: Frost maintains forests and grasslands as alternate states in a montane tropical forest-grassland mosaic; but alien tree invasion and warming can disrupt this balance
1. Forest-grassland mosaics, with abrupt boundaries between the two vegetation types, occur across the globe. Fire and herbivory are widely considered primary drivers that maintain these mosaics by limiting tree establishment in grasslands, while edaphic factors and frosts are generally considered to be secondary factors that reinforce these effects. However, the relative importance of these drivers likely varies across systems. In particular, although frost is known to occur in many montane tropical mosaics, experimental evidence for its role as a driving factor is limited. 2. We used replicated in-situ transplant and warming experiments to examine the role of microclimate (frost and freezing temperatures) and soil in influencing germination and seedling survival of both native forest trees and alien invasive Acacia trees in grasslands of a tropical montane forest-grassland mosaic in the Western Ghats of southern India. 3. Seed germination of both native and alien tree species was higher in grasslands regard-less of soil type, indicating that germination was not the limiting stage to tree establishment. However, irrespective of soil type, native seedlings in grasslands incurred high mortality fol-lowing winter frosts and freezing temperatures relative to native seedlings in adjoining forests where freezing temperatures did not occur. Seedling survival through the tropical winter was thus a primary limitation to native tree establishment in grasslands. In contrast, alien Acacia seedlings in grasslands incurred much lower levels of winter mortality. Experimental night-time warming in grasslands significantly enhanced over-winter survival of all tree seedlings, but increases in recruitment were much greater for alien Acacia than for native tree seedlings. 4. Synthesis: Our results provide evidence for a primary role for frost and freezing temperatures in limiting tree establishment in grasslands of this tropical forest-grassland mosaic. Future increases in temperature are likely to release trees from this limitation and favour tree expansion into grasslands, with rates of expansion of non-native Acacia likely to be much greater than that of native trees. We suggest that studies of frost limitation to plant establishment are needed across a range of tropical ecosystems to re-evaluate the general importance of frost as a driver of vegetation transitions in the tropics.
Data from: ENSO and frost co-determine decade-long temporal variation in flower and seed production in a subtropical rain forest
Flower and seed production of plants can be greatly influenced by both natural climatic oscillations and local weather extremes. However, owing to the rarity of long-term monitoring studies conducted at a sufficient temporal scale to capture climatic oscillations and the unpredictability of extreme weather events, evidence that demonstrates how these two external forcings act in concert to drive plant reproduction remains scarce. In addition, considerable variation in species' phenological responses to the external climatic forcings was often observed. Phylogenetic relationships may mediate this inter-specific variation, but previous studies yielded inconsistent results when testing this hypothesis. We monitored the flower and seed production in a subtropical rainforest, Fushan, Taiwan (24°45'N, 121°35'E), for over ten years (since September 2002). In March 2005, a record low temperature (-1.3°C) occurred at Fushan and caused great frost damage to plants. We used weekly phenological records and long-term meteorological data to assess the effects of climatic fluctuations and extreme weather event on plant reproductive output. We show that the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices, which integrated local climatic variables at Fushan over several months, were strongly associated with flower and seed production. The 2005 spring frost also had long-lasting effects on the flower and seed production of several species. In particular, we detected phylogenetic signals in the relationships between phenological responses of flowering production and several climatic variables (maximum temperature, irradiance, and ENSO34 index). By contrast, the relationships between seed production and climatic variables, as well as phenological responses to the frost event, did not exhibit a phylogenetic signal. Synthesis: Our findings add to the growing evidence that together the natural climatic oscillation (ENSO) and the extreme weather event (frost) determined the temporal variation in flower and seed production. In addition, phylogenetically closely related species resembled each other in their flowering responses to abiotic variation in this subtropical rainforest. Improved understanding of these abiotic and biotic interactions may help predicting population- and community-level phenological responses under future climate changes.
Data from: Escape of spring frost and disease through phenological variations in oak populations along elevation gradients
1. The timing of tree flushing follows strong phenotypic and genetic clines across environmental gradients. It may be seen as an adaptive response to abiotic (escape of spring frost and maximizing growing season length) and biotic (escape of pest and disease) hazards. However, few studies have investigated jointly both types of hazards. 2. We assessed exposure to both abiotic (spring frost) and biotic (powdery mildew) hazards within and between sessile oak populations along elevation gradients, during the flushing period in several years. For each population and phenological phenotype (early- vs. late-flushing trees), we estimated safety margins, defined as the time period separating budburst from the hazard occurrence (spore emission, spring frost). 3. We observed that powdery mildew phenology (initiation of spore release in spring) was less responsive to the elevation gradient than oak phenology (budburst) and that it was not correlated with tree phenology within populations. The spring frost and disease safety margins varied considerably between oak populations as a function of elevation and within populations in relation to tree phenological phenotype. For both hazards, safety margins decreased significantly with increasing elevation. The safety margin for spring frost was mostly positive (i.e. escape), whereas the safety margin for powdery mildew was mostly negative (i.e. exposure), leading to infection. The abiotic and biotic hazards interact in opposite directions with phenology, especially at low elevations (< 500 m) where early flushing enabled trees to escape disease while late flushing provided a higher safety margin against late frost. 4. Synthesis. The observed patterns suggest that oak populations are better adapted to escape spring frost than pathogen exposure all along the elevation gradient. The combination of the biotic and abiotic selective pressures may have contributed to the maintenance of phenological diversity within low-elevation tree populations. As tree and pathogen respond differently to environmental cues, climate change is likely to affect the phenological (a)synchrony between host and parasite, both within and between populations.
GEOLAB Project FROSPER: FROst heaving soils-Solar Panel foundations interaction in cold European Regions: an experimental study
<p>The objective of the proposed project is to investigate the<strong> resilience of solar panels foundations in cold climates</strong>. The efficiency of solar panels is overall better in cold climates, when the direct sunlight is available, due to the lower temperature-induced dispersion. For this reason, large solar fields tend to be installed in cold regions, such as northern Europe or Canada. A solar field with <i>e.g.</i>, 10 MW, requires a great number of solar panels (~6000) whose foundations are generally<strong> steel piles</strong> driven into the soil down to a depth of 2÷5 m below the ground surface. In the cold regions, the shallow layers of soil are periodically subjected to <strong>freezing thus to the frost-heaving phenomena</strong>. The latter can increase the <strong>risk of uplift failure mechanism of the pile foundation</strong> compromising the exercise of the entire solar panel row.</p><p>This project aims to investigate the interaction between saturated soils and solar panel foundations under frozen conditions in <strong>scaled centrifuge models</strong>. The steel piles will be at first driven into the saturated soil sample, then a set of the <strong>freezing-thawing cycles</strong> will be reproduced in the centrifuge. <strong>Possible practical interventions to reduce the soil frost-heaving effects</strong> will also be explored, as the use of protective insulating mantel at the ground surface all around the head of the pile.</p><p>This project will represent a breakthrough in the understanding of the solar panel foundations behaviour, allowing a deeper insight into possible uplift failure mechanisms. The motivation of the study lies in the reduction of the costs and in the resilience improvement of critical infrastructures for the generation of energy in the EU territories. </p>
Tungsram frosted lightbulb with switch
The lightbulb has replaced candles, kerosene lamps and gas lamps, which were once the main sources of light in households and public places. It also contributed to the popularisation of electricity. Every lightbulb has a base connected to a source of electricity, a glass bulb, which sometimes, as is the case in the presented example, also fulfils the function of diffuser of light, and a filament that glows as electricity passes through it. In some cases, lightbulbs have their own switch incorporated. A tungsten filament was used in a lightbulb for the first time by Aleksander Nikolayevich Lodygin in 1890. The choice of tungsten as a material was determined by the most important physical characteristic of this element, i.e., its high melting point (at 3422 °C). The item presented here was made at the Tungsram factory, which made light bulbs and electron lamps. Manufacturer: Tungsram, 1930-1940 Inv. No.: MIM1890/IV-101 Model prepared on the basis of photogrammetric measurements Licence: CC BY-NC-SA Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data needed to reproduce analysis from "Frost matters: Incorporating late-spring frost in a dynamic vegetation model regulates regional productivity dynamics in European beech forests"
<p>Data to reproduce analysis from "Frost matters: Incorporating late-spring frost in a dynamic vegetation model regulates regional productivity dynamics in European beech forests".</p> <p>This includes:</p> <ol> <li>Tree ring data (meyer, bdn, principe, dittmar)</li> <li>LPJ-GUESS model output (frost_validation, frost_sensitivity, runs_22012024_revision)</li> <li>Data used for plotting</li> </ol>
Frost resistance of alkali-activated concrete with different compositions – parametric study
<p><span>Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM) are often considered to be very durable and also frost-resistant. However, there are also contrary experiences. This paper focuses on the frost resistance of AAMs of different compositions – different amounts of activator and different ratios between alkali (R<sub>2</sub>O) and silicon oxide content. Sodium water glass was used as the activator and its silicate modulus was modified by the addition of KOH. The R<sub>2</sub>O content was 4 -10 % and the R<sub>2</sub>O/SiO<sub>2</sub> weight ratio was 33/67 (water glass only) up to 100/0 (KOH only). The frost resistance index was tested at the ages of 28, 91 and 365 days. Specimens were cured in foil or water and comparative specimens were also stored in foil or water. </span><span>The results obtained are inconclusive. Firstly, when the reference specimens are stored in water, their bending strength decreases. This means that the frost resistance index is dependent on the use of the reference specimens – better results of frost resistance index are obtained for water-cured beams as reference specimens as they show lower strengths. The composition has a marginal effect on the frost resistance. Longer curing times also do not increase frost resistance.</span></p>
Maps of relevant snow and frost parameters for the analysis of future vegetation changes in Swiss forests
<p>The latest climate scenarios for Switzerland (CH2018) predict significant changes in temperature and precipitation in the future. This dataset contains maps snow and frost parameters calculated from climate variables that might have significant influence on future forest development. The following factors were calculated for the reference period 1981 - 2010 and the future period 2070 - 2099: Mean first and mean last frost day of the year, date of freezing and thawing of the ground, start and end of constant snow layer, risk of drought caused by frozen ground, wet snow intensity, probability of tree damages because of wet snow. Three different results were calculated for the period 2070 - 2099, based on three different representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5, CH2018). Explanations concerning model structure, usability and uncertainties in the data sets can be found in the project report.</p>
Quasi-distributed fiber optic monitoring of thermo-hydro behavior of frozen loess for frost heave prediction
<p>We developed a quasi-distributed fiber optic monitoring technology to investigate the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviors of frozen loess. A combined method was proposed to measure in-situ ice content, providing critical parameters for understanding THM coupled effects. To characterize the soil freezing-thawing process, we further carried out subsurface automated multiphysics monitoring at a site located on the Loess Plateau, China, during 2020/2021 winter by employing quasi-distributed fiber optic sensing arrays. The inner mechanism of frost heave was revealed via field monitoring data and correlation analysis, which directly promoted the development of a semiempirical frost heave prediction method. For this study area, the proposed method requiring only temperature data as inputs was validated using our field monitoring results.</p> <p>The data presented here are the monitoring data of in-situ temperature, moisture content, and soil displacement. The results of frost heave prediction based on the field monitoring data are shown in the files.</p>
On following pages: 3. Brazilian Porcupine (Coendou prehensilis); 4. Mexican Hairy Porcupine (Coendou mexicanus); 5. Stump-tailed Porcupine (Coendou rufescens); 6. Quichua Porcupine (Coendou quichua); 7. Bicolor-spined Porcupine (Coendou bicolor); 8. Eastern Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou nycthemera); 9. Paraguayan Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou spinosus); 10. Bahian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou insidiosus); 11. Pernambuco Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou speratus); 12. Baturite Porcupine (Coendou baturitensis); 13. Blackish Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou vestitus); 14. Frosted Porcupine (Coendou pruinosus); 15. Western Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou ichillus); 16. Roosmalen's Porcupine (Coendou roosmalenorum); 17. Black-tailed Porcupine (Coendou melanurus). in Erethizontidae
On following pages: 3. Brazilian Porcupine (Coendou prehensilis); 4. Mexican Hairy Porcupine (Coendou mexicanus); 5. Stump-tailed Porcupine (Coendou rufescens); 6. Quichua Porcupine (Coendou quichua); 7. Bicolor-spined Porcupine (Coendou bicolor); 8. Eastern Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou nycthemera); 9. Paraguayan Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou spinosus); 10. Bahian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou insidiosus); 11. Pernambuco Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou speratus); 12. Baturite Porcupine (Coendou baturitensis); 13. Blackish Hairy Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou vestitus); 14. Frosted Porcupine (Coendou pruinosus); 15. Western Amazonian Dwarf Porcupine (Coendou ichillus); 16. Roosmalen's Porcupine (Coendou roosmalenorum); 17. Black-tailed Porcupine (Coendou melanurus).
Updated January 2022 Data Compiled by Auer, Cornelli, and Frost in "Rise of the central bank digital currencies: drivers, approaches and technologies" (2020) and added to by Bowen
<p>Auer, Cornelli and Frost pulled all of the data together and sorted and analyzed it for their paper "Rise of the central bank digital currencies: drivers, approaches and technologies" (2020). Bowen added the tabs "All Country Data," "Developed Country Data," and "Averaged Data for Speeches" for her own dissertation.</p>
Supplementary data: What drives grassland-forest boundaries? Assessing fire and frost effects on tree seedling survival and architecture
<ol> <li>Fire and frost represent two major hurdles for the persistence of trees in open grassy biomes and have both been proposed as drivers of grassland-forest boundaries in Africa.</li> <li>We assess the response of young tree seedlings, which represent a vulnerable stage in tree recruitment, to traumatic fire and frost disturbances.</li> <li>In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated how seedling traits predicted survival and resprouting ability in response to fire <i>vs</i> frost; we characterised survival strategies of seedlings in response to the two disturbances, and we documented how the architecture of surviving seedlings is affected by fire <i>vs</i> frost injury.</li> <li>Survival rates were similar under both treatments. However, different species displayed different levels of sensitivity to fire and frost. Seedling survival was higher for older seedlings and seedlings with more basal leaves. Survivors of a fire event lost more biomass than the survivors of a frost event. However, the architecture of recovered fire and frost treated seedlings were mostly similar. Seedlings that recovered from fire and frost treatments were often shorter than those that had not been exposed to any disturbance, with multiple thin branches, which may increase vulnerability to the next frost or fire event.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>. Fire caused more severe aboveground damage compared to a single frost event, suggesting that fire is an important driver of tree distribution in these open grassland systems. However, the impact of repeated frost events may be equally severe, and needs to be investigated. Also, woody species composition may be influenced by phenomena that affect the timing and frequency of seedling exposure to damage, as mortality was found to be dependent on seedling age. Therefore, changes in fire regime and climate (esp. changes that bring about less frost and reduced fire intensity and frequency) are likely to result in changes in the composition and the structure of the woody components of these systems.</li> </ol>
Fluid Resuscitation Optimization in Surgical Trauma Patients (FROST)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02742974. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 34.
Data from: Frost maintains forests and grasslands as alternate states in a montane tropical forest-grassland mosaic; but alien tree invasion and warming can disrupt this balance
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Cold temperature extremes during spring do not limit the range shift of Mediterranean pines into regions with intermittent frost
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: ENSO and frost co-determine decade-long temporal variation in flower and seed production in a subtropical rain forest
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Early emergence increases survival of tree seedlings in Central European temperate forests despite severe late frost
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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