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455 results for “Functional Dependence”
Data from: Biophysical dependences among functional wood traits
1. Wood properties and especially wood density have been used as functional traits organized along major axes of species life history and strategy. Beyond statistical analyses, a better mechanistic understanding of relationships among wood traits is essential for ecologically relevant interpretation of wood trait variations. 2. A set of theoretical relationships mechanistically linking wood basic density with some other wood traits is derived from cellular material physics. These theoretical models picture basic physical constraints and thus provide null-hypotheses for further ecological studies. Analysis is applied to data from two original datasets and several datasets extracted from literature. 3. Results emphasize the strong physical constraint behind the link between basic density and maximal storable water on the one hand, and elastic modulus on the other hand. Beyond these basic physical constraints, the developed framework reveals physically less expected trends: the amount of free water available for physiological needs increases in less dense wood of fast growing species, the cell wall stiffness decreases with density in temperate species and is higher in sapling stages in the rainforest understorey where competition for light is associated to high mechanical risk. 4. We emphasize the use of theoretically independent traits derived from models of cellular material physics to investigate the functional variation of wood traits together with their environmental and phylogenetic variations. Although the current study is limited to basic density, green wood lumen saturation and wood specific modulus, we further emphasize the identification of complementary independent wood traits representing other biomechanical functions, nutrient storage, hydraulic conductance and resistance to drought.
Data from: Predator-dependent functional response in wolves: from food limitation to surplus killing
The functional response of a predator describes the change in per capita kill rate to changes in prey density. This response can be influenced by predator densities, giving a predator-dependent functional response. In social carnivores which defend a territory, kill rates also depend on the individual energetic requirements of group members and their contribution to the kill rate. This study aims to provide empirical data for the functional response of wolves Canis lupus to the highly managed moose Alces alces population in Scandinavia. We explored prey and predator dependence, and how the functional response relates to the energetic requirements of wolf packs. Winter kill rates of GPS-collared wolves and densities of cervids were estimated for a total of 22 study periods in 15 wolf territories. The adult wolves were identified as the individuals responsible for providing kills to the wolf pack, while pups could be described as inept hunters. The predator-dependent, asymptotic functional response models (i.e. Hassell-Varley type II and Crowley-Martin) performed best among a set of 23 competing linear, asymptotic and sigmoid models. Small wolf packs acquired > 3 times as much moose biomass as required to sustain their field metabolic rate (FMR), even at relatively low moose abundances. Large packs (6 - 9 wolves) acquired less biomass than required in territories with low moose abundance. We suggest the surplus-killing by small packs is a result of an optimal foraging strategy to consume only the most nutritious parts of easy accessible prey while avoiding the risk of being detected by humans. Food limitation may have a stabilizing effect on pack size in wolves, as supported by the observed negative relationship between body weight of pups and pack size.
Data from: The importance of species identity and interactions on multifunctionality depends on how ecosystem functions are valued
Studies investigating how biodiversity affects ecosystem functioning increasingly focus on multiple functions measured simultaneously ('multifunctionality'). However, few such studies assess the role of species interactions, particularly under alternative environmental scenarios, despite interactions being key to ecosystem functioning. Here we address five questions of central importance to ecosystem multifunctionality using a terrestrial animal system: 1) Does the contribution of individual species differ for different ecosystem functions?; 2) Do inter-species interactions affect the delivery of single functions and multiple functions?; 3) Does the community composition which maximises individual functions also maximise multifunctionality?; 4) Is the functional role of individual species, and the effect of interspecific interactions, modified by changing environmental conditions?; and 5) How do these roles and interactions change under varying scenarios where ecosystem services are weighted to reflect different societal preferences? We manipulated species' relative abundance in dung beetle communities and measured 16 functions contributing to dung decomposition, plant productivity, nutrient recycling, reduction of greenhouse gases, and microbial activity. Using the Multivariate Diversity-Interactions framework, we assessed how changes in species identity, composition, and interspecific interactions affected these functions in combination with an environmental driver (increased precipitation). This allowed us to identify key species and interactions across multiple functions. We then developed a Desirability Function Approach to examine how individual species and species mixtures contribute to a desired state of overall ecosystem functioning. Species contributed unequally to individual functions, and to multifunctionality, and individual functions were maximised by different community compositions. Moreover, the species and interactions important for maintaining overall multifunctionality depended on the weight given to individual functions. This combination of methodological approaches allows us to resolve the interactions and indirect effects among species that drive ecosystem functioning, revealing how multiple aspects of biodiversity can simultaneously drive ecosystem functioning. Optimal multifunctionality is therefore context-dependent, and is sensitive to the valuation of services. Our results highlight the importance of a multifunctionality perspective for complete assessment of species' functional contributions.
Data from: Context-dependent effects of yolk androgens on nestling growth and immune function in a multibrooded passerine
Female birds may adjust their offspring phenotype to the specific requirements of the environment by differential allocation of physiologically active substances into yolks, such as androgens. Yolk androgens have been shown to accelerate embryonic development, growth rate and competitive ability of nestlings, but they can also entail immunological costs. The balance between costs and benefits of androgen allocation is expected to depend on nestling environment. We tested this hypothesis in a multibrooded passerine, the spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor. We experimentally manipulated yolk androgen levels using a between-brood design and evaluated its effects on nestling development, survival and immune function. Both in first and replacement broods, the embryonic development period was shorter for androgen-treated chicks than controls, but there were no differences in second broods. In replacement broods, androgen-treated chicks were heavier and larger than those hatched from control eggs, but this effect was not observed in the other breeding attempts. Androgen exposure reduced survival with respect to controls only in second broods. Regarding immune function, we detected nonsignificant trends for androgen treatment to activate two important components of innate and adaptive immunity (IL-6 and Ig-A levels, respectively). Similarly, androgen-treated chicks showed greater lymphocyte proliferation than controls in the first brood and an opposite trend in the second brood. Our results indicate that yolk androgen effects on nestling development and immunity depend on the environmental conditions of each breeding attempt. Variation in maternal androgen allocation to eggs could be explained as the result of context-dependent optimal strategies to maximize offspring fitness.
Data from: Functional diversity loss with increasing livestock grazing intensity in drylands: the mechanisms and their consequences depend on the taxa
1. Overgrazing is one of the main drivers of desertification in drylands, and livestock production is expected to increase in the next decades. The analysis of functional diversity can clarify the effects of increasing livestock grazing on ecosystem functioning. 2. We assess the effect of livestock grazing intensity on the relationship between taxonomic (TDH) and functional diversity (FDQ) of plants, ants and small mammals, as well as on within-trait diversity. We compared results using two indices of taxonomic diversity (Shannon and Simpson). We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the causal relationship between grazing intensity, TDH, FDQ and decomposition rate for each taxa. 3. Correlation between TDH vs. FDQ varied across assemblages and seasons, but was consistent between different indices of taxonomic diversity. A similar trajectory of TDH vs. FDQ under land-use intensification was found for all taxa, with a correlated loss of species and functional traits. Also, within-trait diversity was negatively affected by increasing grazing pressure. Vegetation and small mammal SEM models show that increasing grazing intensity had a strong and direct effect on decomposition rate. The ant SEM model was the only one that showed an indirect effect of grazing on decomposition through FDQ. TDH had no effect on decomposition for either taxa. 4. We found higher niche differentiation in animal than in plant assemblages. In vegetation, several species seem to have similar trait diversity (i.e. redundancy), perhaps due to a dominant role of environmental constraints. These results were consistent among diversity indices. But increasing disturbance negatively affected TDH vs. FDQ in all assemblages in a similar way. Livestock grazing affected decomposition rate directly, and indirectly only through the effect of ants FDQ. 5. Synthesis and applications. Under increasing grazing intensity all plant and animal assemblages respond with a mirrored reduction in taxonomic and functional diversity, although vegetation seems to have higher functional redundancy. Our results are robust to diversity indices, showing that several taxa respond similarly to land-use intensification, despite differences in the mechanism behind it. This may facilitate sustainable management. Notably, increasing grazing intensity affects decomposition rate through a stronger direct than indirect effect. The stronger direct effect of livestock on decomposition rate, rather than indirectly through functional diversity, suggests that changes in structure may be more important than changes in community composition.
Frequency-dependent cortical plasticity: evidence from psychophysics, functional imaging and computational modelling.
<p>fMRI data relating to the paper entitled 'Frequency-dependent cortical plasticity: evidence from psychophysics, functional imaging and computational modelling'. </p>
Code to run the analyses of "Forest storm resilience depends on the interplay between functional composition and climate - insights from European-scale simulations" by Barrere et al. (2024).
<p>Repository containing the code to run the model and statistical analyses of the paper "Forest storm resilience depends on the interplay between functional composition and climate - insights from European-scale simulations" by Julien Barrere, Björn Reineking, Maxime Jeaunatre and Georges Kunstler, accepted by Functional Ecology in 2024.</p><p> </p><p>The code requires prior installation of the <a href="https://github.com/gowachin/matreex">matreex</a> R package, developped by Maxime Jeaunatre (INRAE), and of the ```targets``` package. The data folder, required to run the code, can be made available upon request to julienbarrere3@gmail.com</p><p> </p><p>Once the packages are installed and the data folder is placer in the main folder, just run ```targets::tar_make()``` from R and the script will download the other packages required and run the analyses.</p><p> </p><p>A version of this code is also available in the github <a href="https://github.com/jbarrere3/FunDiv_ipm">repository</a></p><p> </p><p> </p>
Density-dependent effects of parasitism on the activity of a benthic engineer species: potential impact on ecosystem functioning
<p>While parasitism is a common lifestyle on Earth, its importance for the functioning of marine ecosystems has been overlooked for a long time. In particular, parasites have significant potential to influence central ecological processes through their impacts on hosts that serve as ecosystem engineers. Using an ex-situ experimental approach, we explored the effects of trematode parasites on the engineering bioturbation activity of a common and abundant bivalve along European Atlantic soft-bottom coastlines, the peppery furrow shell <em>Scrobicularia</em> <em>plana</em>, as well as knock-on effects for nutrient exchanges at the sediment-water interface. Trematodes negatively impacted the host's ability to transport sediment particles and solutes in a density-dependent way with parasite burden explaining 22–31% of the inter-individual variability. This could be explained by parasitism impairing the bivalve physiological state and ability to burrow as we observed a decrease in the condition index and the burrowing depth of the bivalves with an increase in the number of parasites they host. In contrast, the influence of <em>S. plana</em> on benthic biogeochemical fluxes did not vary significantly according to parasitic burden over a short time scale. Here, we focused on the effects of trematode parasites on the sole behaviour of <em>S. plana</em> and thus excluded other macrofaunal organisms. We should next test whether trematodes modulate the structure and functioning of benthic communities dominated by <em>S. plana</em> to better understand and quantify the engineering role of parasites in soft-bottom coastal environments.</p>
Spns1-dependent endocardial lysosomal function drives valve morphogenesis through Notch1-signaling
<p>This doi contains raw data related to the article "Spns1-dependent endocardial lysosomal function drives valve morphogenesis through Notch1-signaling"</p> <p>Authors: Myra N. Chávez, Prateek Arora, Marco Meer, Ines J. Marques, Alexander Ernst, Rodrigo A. Morales Castro, Nadia Mercader</p> <p>the DOI of the manuscript is <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111406" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2024.111406</span></span></a></p>
Scale dependence in functional equivalence and difference in the soil microbiome
<p>Climatic history can shape the functioning of soil microbial communities and thus rates of ecosystem processes such as organic matter decomposition. For example, broad spatial scale differences in climatic history, such as contrasting precipitation regimes, have been shown to generate unique microbial functional responses to contemporary moisture conditions. Yet it is an open question as to whether local differences in soil microclimate similarly influence the functional potential of decomposer communities. Here, we use a multi-scale approach within and among two temperate forest field sites to investigate this question. Soils from fifty-four microsites, that vary in their soil moisture climate-regimes, were used as inocula for a common leaf litter (<em>Quercus rubra</em>) in a controlled, laboratory microcosm study. Microcosms were placed under dry, mesic and wet lab-moisture conditions and the rate of carbon (C) mineralization of the litter was measured over 202 days. Our results reveal differences in decomposition rates under controlled conditions that highlight broad-scale functional differences between the soil communities at each site. Specifically, we found that C mineralization differed by as much as two-fold for soil communities when compared between the sites. Our results also show that functional differences of soil communities are observable within one site but not the other. In the site where local-scale functional legacies were apparent, the historical soil moisture microclimate-regimes generated as much as an 89% change in C mineralization rates of the leaf litter under the same contemporary, lab-imposed moisture conditions. A similar pattern was not observable in the other site; instead, laboratory moisture conditions explained almost all variation in C mineralization. Our findings confirm those from prior studies where regional-scale moisture-regime differences shape microbial function, and extends this prior work by providing evidence that pronounced local-scale differences in soil moisture microclimate-regimes can generate microbial functional legacies.</p>
Generation-dependent functional and numerical responses of Neoseiulus californicus (Phytoseiidae) long-term reared on thorn apple pollen
<p>Raw data of Functional and numerical response of N. califrnicus on T. urticae in different generaaations</p>
InCLosure Code for Enclosures of Real Functions: Supplementary Material for Chapter "Universal Intervals: Towards a Dependency-Aware Interval Algebra"
<p>InCLosure Code for Enclosures of Real Functions: Supplementary Material for Chapter "Universal Intervals: Towards a Dependency-Aware Interval Algebra", In S. Chakraverty, editor, Mathematical Methods in Interdisciplinary Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, March, 2020. ISBN: 9781119585503.</p>
Data from: Microenvironment and functional-trait context dependence predict alpine plant community dynamics
Predicting the structure and dynamics of communities is difficult. Approaches linking functional traits to niche boundaries, species co‐occurrence and demography are promising, but have so far had limited success. We hypothesized that predictability in community ecology could be improved by incorporating more accurate measures of fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity and the context‐dependent function of traits. We tested these hypotheses using long term whole‐community demography data from an alpine plant community in Colorado. Species distributions along microenvironmental gradients covaried with traits important for below‐ground processes. Positive associations between species distributions across life stages could not be explained by abiotic microenvironment alone, consistent with facilitative processes. Rates of growth, survival, fecundity and recruitment were predicted by the direct and interactive effects of trait, microenvironment, macroenvironment and neighbourhood axes. Synthesis. Context‐dependent interactions between multiple traits and microenvironmental axes are needed to predict fine‐scale community structure and dynamics.
Scale-dependent shifts in functional and phylogenetic structure of Mediterranean island plant communities over two centuries
<p>1. Since the Industrial Revolution, the rapid global population and economic expansion has had tremendous impacts on biodiversity across spatial scales, especially for islands. While changes in species richness are easily inferred, the impact of human activity on the underlying community assembly processes has been difficult to ascertain because of lack of long-term community data.</p> <p>2. Here, we document how the manifestations of plant community assembly have changed over time and space in a Mediterranean archipelago, using a long-term dataset of plant species composition on 16 Tuscan islands sampled across two centuries. The community structure of Mediterranean island plant communities was assessed by integrating species' trait and evolutionary distances.</p> <p>3. We found that, with increasing island area, the functional and phylogenetic structure of plant communities shifted from clustered early (1830–1950) to overdispersed more recently (1951–2015). On large islands, extirpated species were generally more phylogenetically or functionally similar to remaining residents than expected by chance, while colonists were generally more distantly related to residents. The extinction of similar species and the colonization of dissimilar species drove plant communities towards overdispersion.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. We provide evidence that plant community assembly on islands has dramatically changed following increased human impacts during the last two centuries, and that this change is shaped by the scale dependency of species extinctions and colonizations. Our results reveal accelerated species replacements of closely related residents by distant colonists on large islands over time, reflecting changes in community assembly and which could alter the functioning of island ecosystems in the future. </p>
Data from: Species loss drives ecosystem function in experiments, but in nature the importance of species loss depends on dominance
<p>Aim: Decades of experimental research have conclusively shown a positive relationship between species richness and ecosystem function. However, authoritative reviews find no consensus on how species loss affects function in natural communities. We analyse experimental and observational data in an identical way and test whether they produce similar results.</p> <p>Location: North America and Europe (experimental communities); global (natural communities).</p> <p>Time period: Experimental communities: 1998–2013; natural communities: 1982–2018.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: </p> <p>Experimental communities: temperate grassland plants; natural communities: temperate grassland plants, tropical forest trees, kelp forest producers<br> and native bees.</p> <p>Methods: We used an approach inspired by the Price equation to analyse 129 datasets from experimental and natural communities worldwide. We tested how the<br> effects of species loss on ecosystem function varied with dominance and the nonrandomness<br> of species loss and, in turn, how these two factors differed between<br> experiments and observations.</p> <p>Results: Studies carried out in experimental and natural communities reached different conclusions regarding the effects of species loss. First, species loss had greater effects on ecosystem function in experiments than in nature. Second, the importance of species loss was negatively correlated with dominance in nature because as dominance increased, lost species were increasingly those contributing little to ecosystem function. Although experimental and natural communities exhibited similar levels of dominance, an analogous relationship was not possible in experiments because the order of species loss was randomized by design. Main conclusions: Species loss was sometimes, but not always, the major driver of loss of function in nature. Variation in the importance of species loss was not messy and context dependent; instead, it was predicted by functional dominance. Although results from experimental and natural communities were similar in several key ways, they differed in that species loss was a consistent predictor of ecosystem function in experiments and not in nature.</p>
Data and code from: The functional trait distinctiveness of plant species is scale dependent
<p>Beyond the local abundance of species, their functional trait distinctiveness is now recognized as a key driver of community dynamics and ecosystem functioning. Yet, since the functional distinctiveness of a species is always relative to a given species pool, a species distinct at the regional scale might not necessarily be distinct at the local or community scale, and reciprocally. To assess the importance of scale (i.e the definition of a species pool) when quantifying the functional distinctiveness of species, and how it might distort the ecological conclusions derived from it, we quantified trait distinctiveness of 1,350 plant species at regional, local, and community scales over ca. 88 000 grassland plots in France. We measured differences in functional distinctiveness of species between regional, local and community scales and tested the influence of environmental predictors (climate and nitrogen input) and contexts (environmental distinctiveness, frequency, and heterogeneity) on these variations. In line with theoretical expectations, we found large variations of functional distinctiveness (in particular between regional and community scales) for many species, with a general tendency of lower distinctiveness at smaller scales. We also showed that nitrogen input – a key aspect of high land use intensity – and environmental frequency partly explained the differences between local and regional scales only. These results suggest the role played by environmental filtering on species' distinctiveness at the local scale, but the determinant of distinctiveness variations at the community scale still needs to be elucidated. Our study provides robust empirical evidence that measures of ecological originality are strongly scale-dependent. We urge ecologists to carefully consider the scale at which they measure distinctiveness, as ignoring scale dependencies could lead to biased (or even entirely wrong) conclusions when not considered at the scale of interest for the respective research question.</p>
Context-dependent evolution of high trophic position drives functional disparity in subterranean crustaceans: data and R code
<p>The dataset contains morphological data, phylogenetic tree, and R code used in the analyses presented in the paper titled "Context-dependent evolution of high trophic position drives functional disparity in subterranean crustaceans". </p> <p>Niphargus_morpho_data.xlsx: morphological data for import in R<br> Niphargus_tree.nex: consensus phylogenetic tree for import in R<br> Rcode.Rmd: the R script in R markdown format to reproduce the analyses<br> Rcode.html: the R script in html format <br> Reproducibility_report.doc: Functional diversity protocol checklist created with stepFD (https://facuxpalacio.shinyapps.io/stepFD/)</p>
Neurocognitive Functioning Following The PROMETA® Treatment Protocol In Subjects With Alcohol Dependence
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00570388. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 13.
Comparison of Functional Outcome in Patients After Hip Arthroplasty Depending on Surgical Approach
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03850665. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 17.
Impulsivity, Brain Function, and Substance Abuse Treatment in Cocaine Dependent Individuals
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00217997. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
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