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opencc-zeroDec 2009View details →

Data from: Genetic evidence for high propagule pressure and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) invasive populations

The monk parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) is a successful invasive species that does not exhibit life history traits typically associated with colonizing species (e.g., high reproductive rate or long-distance dispersal capacity). To investigate this apparent paradox, we examined individual and population genetic patterns of microsatellite loci at one native and two invasive sites. More specifically, we aimed to evaluate the role of propagule pressure, sexual monogamy, and long-distance dispersal in monk parakeet invasion success. Our results indicate little loss of genetic variation at invasive sites relative to the native site. We also found strong evidence for sexual monogamy from patterns of relatedness within sites, and no definite cases of extra-pair paternity in either the native site sample or the examined invasive site. Taken together, these patterns directly and indirectly suggest that high propagule pressure has contributed to monk parakeet invasion success. In addition, we found evidence for frequent long-distance dispersal at an invasive site (~100km) that sharply contrasted with previous estimates of smaller dispersal distance made in the native range (~2km), suggesting long-range dispersal also contributes to the species' spread within the United States. Overall, these results add to a growing body of literature pointing to the important role of propagule pressure in determining, and thus predicting, invasion success, especially for species whose life history traits are not typically associated with invasiveness.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Short distance pollen dispersal and low genetic diversity in a subcanopy tropical rainforest tree, Fontainea picrosperma (Euphorbiaceae)

Gene flow via pollen movement affects genetic variation in plant populations and is an important consideration in plant domestication. Fontainea picrosperma is a subcanopy rainforest tree that is of commercial interest because it is the source of tigilanol tiglate, a natural product used for the treatment of solid tumors. We identify patterns of pollen-mediated gene flow within natural populations of F. picrosperma and estimate genetic parameters and genetic structure between adult and juvenile groups using microsatellite markers. Our results show pollination events occur over much shorter distances than reported for tropical canopy species. At least 63 % of seeds are sired by male trees located within 30 m of the mother. On average, 27 % of the local male population contributed to successful reproduction of F. picrosperma with most fathers siring a single seed, however, the contributions to reproduction were uneven. Larger male trees with more flowers had gre ater reproductive success than those with less flowers (P < 0.05). There were comparatively low levels of genetic variation across the species (HE = 0.405 for adult trees and 0.379 for juveniles) and we found no loss of genetic diversity between adult and juvenile trees. Short distance pollen flow and low genetic diversity is theoretically a prelude to genetic impoverishment, however F. picrosperma has persisted through multiple significant climatic oscillations. Nevertheless, the remaining low genetic diversity is of concern for domestication programs which require maximal genetic diversity to facilitate efficient selective breeding and genetic improvement of this commercially significant species.

FIGURE 3. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 3. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n. sp., SEM, female paratype, ZFMK MYR005. A: left mandible, ov; B: mandible, detail; C: ocellaria; D: male leg pair 2, overview; E: coxae of male leg pair 2 with gonopore; F: male gonopore, detail; G: male left leg 9, posterior view. Abbreviations: 3iT = 5-combed inner tooth; Cx = coxa; eT = external tooth; Fem = femur; Fem-Pr = femoral process; Go = gonopore; iA =intermediate area; LT = lateral tooth; mp = molar plate; pL = pectinate lamellae; O1–O7 = ocelli 1–7; Pre = prefemur; Post = postfemur; Tar = tarsus; Tib = tibia.

FIGURE 2. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 2. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n. sp., multi-layer photographs and SEM, paratype, ZFMK MYR005. A: habitus of female, lateral view; B: anal shield, dorsal view; C: head, frontal view; D: head, fronto-ventral view; E: thoracic shield (2nd tergite), fronto-lateral view; F: collum (1st tergite), dorsal view. Abbreviations: A1–A7 = antennomere 1–7; AF = antennal fossa; AS = anal shield; Co = collum (tergite 1); Gn = gnathochilarium; h = head; IL = incisura lateralis; Imp = impression; L = labrum; Md = mandible; m-str = marginal stria; O = ocellaria; T3–T11 = tergite 1–11; th-sh = thoracic shield (tergite 2); str1–str3 = striae 1–3; TO = organ of Tömösváry. A and B not to scale.

FIGURE 1 in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution and diversification of the American Glomerida. A: Distribution map, modified after Shelley & Golovatch 2011; B: single, shortest length maximum parsimony tree, support values>50 % of the bootstrap analysis given next to nodes; C: Maximum likelihood tree after the HKY+G model, bootstrap support values given next to nodes. Symbols refer to the exact locality of the specimens used for the molecular analysis, empty rectangles refer to Nearctomeris sites were no DNA was extracted.

FIGURE 4. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n in Nearctomeris, a new genus of Pill Millipedes from North America, with a comparison of genetic distances of American Pill Millipede Genera (Glomerida, Glomeridae)

FIGURE 4. Nearctomeris inexpectata n. gen., n. sp., drawings, holotype, ZFMK MYR008. A: male leg 1, posterior view; B: male leg 17, anterior view; C: male leg 18 ('paratelopod'), anterior view; D: telopod, posterior view; E: telopod, anterior view; F: syncoxite of telopod with central lobe, posterior view; G: syncoxite, anterior view. Abbreviations: Apo = coxal apodeme; cL = central lobe; Cx = coxa Fem = femur; Fem-Pr = femoral process; Fem-Tri = femoral trichostele; h = 'inner horn', lateral process; Pre = prefemur; Post = postfemur; Tar = tarsus; Tib = tibia.

FIGURE 6. Fast distance based analysis tree for 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Note total genetic uniformity among 28 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster

FIGURE 6. Fast distance based analysis tree for 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Note total genetic uniformity among 28 individuals of G. locorojo from eight "localities" on three continents. See Appendix A for specimen source data.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

Influence of voltine ecotype and geographic distance on genetic and haplotype variation in the Asian corn borer

Diapause is an adaptive dormancy strategy by which arthropods endure extended periods of adverse climatic conditions. Seasonal variation in larval diapause initiation and duration in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, influences adult mating generation number (voltinism) across local environmental conditions. Degree of mating period overlap between sympatric voltinism ecotypes influence hybridization level, but impact on O. furnacalis population genetic structure and evolution of divergent adaptive phenotypes remains uncertain. Genetic differentiation was estimated between voltinism ecotypes collected from 8 locations in Jilin Province, China [3 single generation (univoltine), 3 two generation (bivoltine), and 2 sympatric locations] in 2014. Bayesian and phylogenetic clustering partitioned mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes mostly into groups corresponding to historically uni- or bivoltine population origins, whereas samples from sympatric locations were interspersed between voltinism-specific clusters. Additionally, analyses of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data implicate voltinism, as opposed to geographic distance, as a factor contributing to differentiation among sample site. Temporal analysis of SNP genotypes from a sympatric location showed significant variation between adult moths collected within non-overlapping periods corresponding to bivoltine and univoltine flights. Regardless, only 11 of 257 SNP loci were predicted to be under selection, suggesting population genetic homogenization except at loci in proximity to factors responsible for locally adaptive or voltinism-specific traits. These findings provide evidence that divergent voltinism ecotype-specific traits and mitochondrial haplotypes may be maintained in allopatric as well as sympatric areas despite relatively high rates of nuclear gene flow.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Data from: Competitive consequences determined by phenotypic but not genetic distance: a study with asexual Daphnia genotypes

1. How evolutionary relatedness influences the strength of competitive interactions among genetically isolated populations has been a long-standing interest in ecology. Darwin's "Competition Relatedness Hypothesis (CRH)" states that, since closely related species should compete more strongly, they are less likely to coexist, while Herbert's "Bimodal Competition Hypothesis (BCH)" predicts that competitive exclusion is less likely to occur when the competing species are genetically close or distant. 2. To test these hypotheses, we experimentally examined the difference in the competitive ability and life tables of fecundity and survivorship among four different genotypes of asexual Daphnia cf. pulex that diverged from a single ancestral genotype. 3. The experiments showed that the competitive consequences differed depending on the pairing of the competing genotypes, and that the degree of the competitive exclusion was lower when the competing genotypes were genetically closer to each other. These results partially supported the BCH but not the CRH at all. More importantly, the degree of competitive exclusion was better predicted by the phenotypic rather than genetic distances between the competing genotypes. 4. The life table experiments revealed that competitively inferior genotypes had higher early reproduction rates, but survival rates decreased with age and thus body size, probably a result of selection by predation pressures found in nature. 5. These results indicate that competitive superiority is highly dependent on selection pressures that given organisms have been evolutionally subjected to, and, that genetic similarity is not necessarily an appropriate measure for predicting the completive exclusion on an ecological time scale. To predict competitive relationships among the organisms, it is essential to comprehend their phenotypic differences rather than simply knowing their genetic or phylogenetic relationships.

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 3. Mean pairwise uncorrected genetic distances p in Two new species in the annelid genus Stygocapitella (Orbiniida, Parergodrilidae) with comments on their biogeography

FIGURE 3. Mean pairwise uncorrected genetic distances p for COI (A) and 18S (B) as well as morphological disparity (C) between and within the different regions as well as the Australian populations. Plot of the genetic distances for COI (D) or 18S (E) versus the morphological disparity between and within the different regions. Standard deviations are also indicated by error bars. Aus = Australia, Eur = Europe, GB = Gnarabup Beach, MMD = multidimensional morphological disparity, SA = South Africa, SB = Sarge Bay.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2017View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Wang J-h, Zheng X-d (2017) Comparison of the genetic relationship between nine Cephalopod species based on cluster analysis of karyotype evolutionary distance. Comparative Cytogenetics 11(3): 477-494. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v11i3.12752

Chromosome relative length, supplemental formulae : Explanation note: Chromosome relative length, supplemental formulae and all of the original images are made available under the online digital repository Figshare, and it is free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data, more details in https://figshare.com/s/8d21a0db9ffe1f17d279

opencc-by-nc-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Data from: Inferring causalities in landscape genetics: An extension of Wright's causal modeling to distance matrices

Data files from Inferring causalities in landscape genetics: An extension of Wright's causal modeling to distance matrices.

FIG. 5 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 5. Genetic distances between salamanders that hybridize with heteromorphic sex chromosomes (median ¼ 0.109) and salamanders that hybridize without sex chromosomes (median ¼ 0.152). There is no significant difference (P ¼ 0.5293) between salamanders with sex chromosomes and salamanders without sex chromosomes.

FIG. 2 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 2. (A) Histogram of cytochrome b (MT-CYB) genetic distance estimates (HKY85 þ C) between salamanders that hybridize. Graph bin width is 0.0125. (B) Ratio of mitochondrial MT-CYB genetic distance to nuclear recombination activating 1 (RAG1) genetic distance between parental species of salamanders that hybridize on a log scale. The ratio of genetic distance ranged from 0.6 to 162 with the majority of species pairs having a higher mitochondrial genetic distance (median ¼ 21.1).

FIG. 3. Cytochrome b in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 3. Cytochrome b (MT-CYB) genetic distances between parental species that hybridize in different tetrapod groups. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no significant differences across the groups (P ¼ 0.661). Salamanders are not hybridizing across greater genetic distances.

FIG. 1 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 1. Salamander hybrids are found in most families (Pyron and Wiens, 2011). About 12.1% of salamanders are known to hybridize with over half belonging to Plethodontidae. There was no significant correlation between the number of papers per species and the proportion of salamanders found to hybridize (Kendall's rank correlation P ¼ 0.236).

FIG. 4 in Comprehensive Analysis of Salamander Hybridization Suggests a Consistent Relationship between Genetic Distance and Reproductive Isolation across Tetrapods

FIG. 4. Genetic distance ratio of mitochondrial cytochrome b (MTCYB) to nuclear recombination activating 1 (RAG1) for pairs of species that hybridize in major tetrapod clade on a log scale. Kruskal-Wallis H test showed no strong significant differences across the four groups (P ¼ 0.108).

opennotspecifiedNov 2000View details →

Table 2. Genetic distances for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b in Molecular phylogeny of the Aplodactylidae (Perciformes: Cirrhitoidea), a group of Southern Hemisphere marine ® shes

Table 2. Genetic distances for mitochondrial DNA partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b sequences when combined. Values are Kimura (1980) two-parameter percentage sequence divergences, obtained when using the optimum expected transition±transversion nucleotide substitution ratio of 3.0 from maximum likelihood analysis (fi gure 3).<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th>1</th><th>2</th><th>3</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>6</th><th>7</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>Aplodactylus arctidens</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>Aplodactylus punctatus</td><td>6.1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>Aplodactylus westralis</td><td>7.8</td><td>7.6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>Aplodactylus etheridgii</td><td>10.0</td><td>10.3</td><td>10.0</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>Aplodactylus lophodon</td><td>11.8</td><td>11.9</td><td>12.4</td><td>11.1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>Chironemus marmoratus</td><td>20.0</td><td>18.7</td><td>18.3</td><td>19.3</td><td>19.5</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>Cheilodactylus fasciatus</td><td>21.8</td><td>21.0</td><td>20.5</td><td>22.6</td><td>20.2</td><td>21.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>Cirrhitus splendens</td><td>22.6</td><td>20.7</td><td>21.0</td><td>23.1</td><td>22.0</td><td>23.1</td><td>22.8</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Regional and local patterns of genetic variation and structure in yellow-necked mice − the roles of geographic distance, population abundance and winter severity

The goal of this study, conducted in seven large woodlands and three areas with small woodlots in north-eastern Poland in 2004-2008, was to infer genetic structure in yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis population and to evaluate the roles of environmental and population ecology variables in shaping the spatial pattern of genetic variation using 768 samples genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. Genetic variation was very high in all studied regions. The primal genetic subdivision was observed between the northern and the southern parts of the study area, which harboured two major clusters and the intermediate area of highly admixed individuals. The probability of assignment of individual mice to the northern cluster increased significantly with lower temperatures of January and July and declined in regions with higher proportion of deciduous and mixed forests. Despite the detected structure, genetic differentiation among regions was very low. Fine-scale structure was shaped by the population density, whereas higher level structure was mainly shaped by geographic distance. Genetic similarity indices were highly influenced by mouse abundance (which positively correlated with the share of deciduous forests in the studied regions) and exhibited the greatest change between 0 and 1 km in the forests, 0 and 5 km in small woodlots. Isolation by distance pattern, calculated among regions, was highly significant but such relationship between genetic and geographic distance was much weaker, and held the linearity at very fine scale (~1.5 km), when analyses were conducted at individual level.