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88 results for “Grassland Ecosystem”
Effects of grassland fragmentation and precipitation on Secretarybird (<i>Sagittarius serpentarius</i>) reproduction in the Serengeti ecosystem
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The functioning of alpine grassland ecosystems: climate outweighs plant species richness
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Data from: Does pH matter for ecosystem multifunctionality? An empirical test in a semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau
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Grazing intensity significantly changes the C:N:P stoichiometry in grassland ecosystems
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Gross primary production responses to warming, elevated CO2 , and irrigation: quantifying the drivers of ecosystem physiology in a semiarid grassland
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Multi-site grassland plant biomass, species richness and light (PAR):e247: Nutrient Network: A cross-site investigation of bottom-up control over herbaceous plant community dynamics and ecosystem function.
This experiment is one implementation of a globally distributed experiment, known as the Nutrient Network. At Cedar Creek, as in over 70 other sites in grasslands around the world, the experiment aims to describe impacts of increased nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other metals) and decreased herbivory (removal of mammals by fencing). Two overarching questions are being explored with these manipulations: 1. To what extent are plant production and diversity co-limited by multiple nutrients in herbaceous-dominated communities? 2. Under what conditions do grazers or fertilization control plant biomass, diversity, and composition? By utilizing identical protocols at diverse grassland sites around the world, NutNet aims to uncover both the generalities in ecosystem functioning, and the contingencies or differences which can obscure those common mechanisms. In addition to the standard NutNet protocol, e247 includes an additional low Nitrogen gradient (1 gram Nitrogen per meter squared per year and 5 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year in addition to the standard 10 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year).
Data from: Changes in ecosystem carbon stocks following grazing exclusion in arid and semiarid grasslands
<ol> <li>Grazing exclusion (GE) is widely considered to be an important strategy for restoring overgrazed grasslands and promoting carbon (C) storage. However, the changes in the components of ecosystem C with GE and their related drivers remain largely unexplored.</li> <li>Here, we investigated the effects of GE on the ecosystem C components (plant and soil C) and their key driving factors through sampling inside and outside 15 grazing exclosures across the Inner Mongolia arid and semiarid grasslands in northern China.</li> <li>Our results showed that, except for dead root C, GE significantly promoted plant C stocks. The increase in AGB and litter C stocks resulted from the accumulation of both biomass and C concentration, while the increase in live root C stock was mainly attributed to biomass accumulation. In contrast, although the topsoil soil C concentration (0-20 cm) showed a marginal increase following GE, its bulk density greatly declined, which resulted in little change in the soil C stocks. Overall, GE had no significant effect on total ecosystem C stocks. Our results further indicated that across the grasslands, GE likely enhanced C accumulation in live roots in humid and fertile sites, while it caused losses of dead root C in relatively humid and fertile sites and increases in arid and infertile sites.</li> <li>We also found that the increases in AGB C, litter C and live root C stocks were driven by the direct effects of GE and its indirect effects mediated by soil water content. The marginal increases in soil C concentration with GE were linked to only high soil water contents. Meta-analysis further revealed that across the grasslands of China, the responses of ecosystem C components to GE were associated with changes in soil water conditions, suggesting the generality of soil water effects at the national scale.</li> <li>Overall, our results showed that across arid and semiarid grasslands, GE is generally beneficial for plant C accumulation but has little effect on soil C stocks. Importantly, our study highlighted the important role of soil water in regulating ecosystem C dynamics with GE across the grasslands of China.</li> </ol>
Data from: Are belowground clonal traits good predictors of ecosystem functioning in temperate grasslands?
<p>Dataset contains data on biomass distribution, soil characteristics and trait data for 52 temperate grasslands. Data are presented at community level. Biomass distribution (aboveground biomass, rhizome biomass, and root biomass) and soil chemistry data are original. The trait data are from existing databases and are presented as averages for a community (not weighted by species abundance).</p>
Data from: Effects of grasshoppers on prairies: herbivore composition matters more than richness in three grassland ecosystems
1. Understanding how biodiversity affects ecosystem processes is a key question in ecology. Previous research has found that increasing plant diversity often enhances many ecosystem processes, but less is known about the role of consumer diversity to ecosystem processes, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, we do not know how general biodiversity responses are among ecosystem types. 2. We examined the role of insect herbivore (Orthoptera) diversity on plant production using parallel field experiments in three grassland ecosystems (mixed grass prairie, tallgrass prairie, and coastal tallgrass prairie) to determine if the effects of grasshopper diversity were consistent among sites. 3. Using mesocosms, we manipulated Orthopteran species richness (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 species), functional richness (number of functional feeding groups present; 0, 1, or 2 functional groups), and functional composition (composition of functional groups present; mixed feeders only, grass feeders only, both mixed feeders and grass feeders). Diversity treatments were maintained throughout the experiment by replacing dead individuals. Plant biomass was destructively sampled at the end of the experiment. 4. We found no effect of species richness or functional richness on plant biomass. However, herbivore functional composition was important, and effects were qualitatively similar across sites: the presence of only grass feeding species reduced plant biomass more than either mixed feeding species alone or both groups together. Orthopterans had consistent effects across a range of abiotic conditions, as well as different plant community and orthopteran community compositions. 5. Our results suggest that functional composition of insect herbivores affects plant communities in grasslands more than herbivore species richness or functional richness, and this pattern was robust among grassland types.
Using proxies of microbial community‐weighted means traits to explain the cascading effect of management intensity, soil and plant traits on ecosystem resilience in mountain grasslands
<p>1. Trait-based approaches provide a framework to understand the role of functional biodiversity on ecosystem functioning under global change. While plant traits have been reported as potential drivers of soil microbial community composition and resilience, studies directly assessing microbial traits are scarce, limiting our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning.</p> <p>2. We used microbial biomass and enzyme stoichiometry, and mass-specific enzymes activity as proxies of microbial community-weighted mean (CWM) traits, to infer trade-offs in microbial strategies of resource use with cascading effects on ecosystem resilience. We simulated a drought event on intact plant-soil mesocosms extracted from mountain grasslands along a management intensity gradient. Ecosystem processes and properties related to nitrogen cycling were quantified before, during and after drought to characterize ecosystem resilience.</p> <p>3. Soil microbial CWM traits and ecosystem resilience to drought were strongly influenced by grassland type. Structural equation modelling revealed a cascading effect from management to ecosystem resilience through modifications in soil nutrients, and plant and microbial CWM traits. Overall, our results depict a shift from high investment in extracellular enzymes in nutrient poor soils (oligotrophic strategy), to a copiotrophic strategy with low microbial biomass N:P and low investment in extracellular enzymes associated with exploitative plant traits in nutrient rich soils.</p> <p>4. Microbial CWM traits responses to management intensity were highly related to ecosystem resilience. Microbial communities with a copiotrophic strategy had lower resistance but higher recovery to drought, while microbial communities with an oligotrophic strategy showed the opposite responses. The unexpected trade-off between plant and microbial resistance suggested that the lower resistance of copiotrophic microbial communities enabled plant resistance to drought.</p> <p>5. Synthesis Grassland management has cascading effects on ecosystem resilience through its combined effects on soil nutrients and plant traits propagating to microbial traits and resilience. We suggest that intensification of permanent grassland management and associated increases in soil nutrient availability decreased plant-microbe competition for N under drought through the selection of drought-sensitive microbial communities with a copiotrophic strategy that promoted plant resistance. Including proxies of microbial CWM traits into the functional trait framework will strengthen our understanding of soil ecosystem functioning under global change.</p>
Data from: A survey of invasive plants on grassland soil microbial communities and ecosystem services
<p>Invasive plants can cause changes in structure and function of the ecosystem undergoing invasion. Any changes in ecosystem diversity and community composition will likely alter ecosystem services provided by that ecosystem. However, how these ecosystem services may change is poorly understood. To elucidate how these ecosystem services will change with invasion, we sampled 561 plots undergoing invasion by smooth brome (<i>Bromus inermis</i>) and four other invasive species at a native Rough Fescue prairie located near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil and plant surveys were undertaken weekly for 26 weeks beginning in May in 2014 until November 2014, or the growing season. We measured a suite of ecosystem services, including greenhouse gasses, extracellular enzyme function, forage production, glyphosate degradation and decomposition. Furthermore, soil physical and chemical properties were measured, and soil bacterial and fungal communities were sequenced. This is a large and multifaceted dataset with complex temporal and spatial attributes that can be used to answer numerous questions regarding the functioning of prairie ecosystems and how invasive species will impact that functioning. </p>
Data from: Interactive effects of grazing and global change factors on soil and ecosystem respiration in grassland ecosystems: a global synthesis
1.As the key carbon (C) fluxes between biosphere and atmosphere, soil respiration (Rs) and ecosystem respiration (Re) play vital roles in regulating global C balance and climate-biosphere feedback in the Earth system. Despite the fact that numerous manipulative studies and a few meta-analyses have been conducted to examine the responses of Rs and its components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh)] as well as Re to grazing (G) or global change factors, the interactive effects between grazing and global change factors remain poorly understood. 2.Here we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of manipulative experiments with both grazing and global change factors to quantify their individual and interactive effects on Rs and its components as well as Re. 3.Our results showed that grazing and drought significantly decreased Rs by 12.35% and 20.95%, respectively, whereas warming (W), nitrogen addition (N) and increased precipitation (P) stimulated it by 2.12%, 5.49%, and 13.44%, respectively. Similarly, grazing, warming, nitrogen addition, and increased precipitation increased Re by 7.21%, 4.94%, 48.45%, and 21.57%, respectively, while drought decreased it by 16.86%. However, the combinations of grazing with warming (GW), nitrogen addition (GN) and increased precipitation (GP) exhibited non-significant effects on Rs. More importantly, additive interactions between grazing and global change factors exhibited a substantial predominance on Rs, Ra, Rh and Re rather than synergistic and antagonistic ones. 4.Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight the crucial importance of the interactive effects between grazing and global change factors on Rs and Re. Therefore, incorporating this key influence on ecosystem processes into Earth system models could better improve the prediction of climate-grassland feedbacks and develop sustainable strategies for grassland management in the Anthropocene.17-May-2019
Grasslands enhance ecosystem service multifunctionality above and below ground in agricultural landscapes
<p><span>1. Managing agricultural landscapes that can integrate production, biodiversity conservation and the flow of ecosystem services (ES) is of paramount importance to simultaneously meet production goals and environmental challenges. However, the response of farmland biodiversity and multiple ES to land-use change at multiple spatial scales remains poorly understood.</span></p> <p><span>2. We explored the effects of land use at local (grassland vs. oilseed rape fields) and landscape scale (cover of permanent grasslands) on the provision of biodiversity (plants, arthropods, birds), five ES (pollination, pest control, soil fertility, carbon storage and water regulation) and overall ES-multifunctionality.</span></p> <p><span>3. ES-multifunctionality was higher in grasslands than in crop fields, by 25.2% above ground and by 106.1% below ground. Multiple threshold analyses highlighted a particularly poor level of performance for belowground functions in crop fields. This habitat type was however capable of providing numerous aboveground functions simultaneously, although at low levels of performance when compared to the maximum values recorded in the study. Grasslands supported higher biodiversity and provision of pollination, soil fertility, carbon storage and water regulation.</span></p> <p><span>4. Landscape composition influenced the provision of multiple ES: a 10% increase in grassland cover in the landscape enhanced aboveground ES-multifunctionality by 11.0% in both habitats. In particular, grasslands cover in the landscape supported the provision of arthropod diversity, pollination and pest control provided by carabids.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis and applications: The results of this field study show the key importance of preserving seminatural grasslands in agricultural landscapes for the conservation of farmland biodiversity, for the protection of soils and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services critical for crop production. Maximization of multifunctionality necessitates the integration at the landscape scale (0.5-2 km) of seminatural patches within the intensively farmed agricultural matrix. This would require not only the protection of existing grasslands, but also their restoration in simplified landscapes. The promotion of mixed farming (i.e., both crop and livestock production) might increase semi-natural grassland cover at the landscape scale.</span></p>
SUPER-G Farmer priorities and preferences for ecosystem services in relation to permanent grassland
<p><span>This data set consists of a large cross-country survey conducted for the EU funded project SuperG in 2020. It contains famer and land manager perceptions of, and attitudes towards, rural management and attitudes towards ecosystem services, land use in relation to permanent grassland, and farm management decisions. <span>Data are provided in excel and interoperable .CSV format. Surveys and metainformation are added in interoperable .RTF format. The underlying survey is present in 5 languages = English, Spanish, Swedish, Czechoslovakian and German </span></span></p>
Biodiversity and ecosystem functions in the Tibetan grasslands
<p>Data from the Tibetan grasslands</p>
FIGURE 2. Hysterionica chamomilloides. A. Habit. B in Hysterionica chamomilloides (Asteraceae: Astereae) a new species from the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata
FIGURE 2. Hysterionica chamomilloides. A. Habit. B. Detail of the plant. C. Capitulum, upper view. D. Capitulum, lateral view (A–B from L.P. Deble et al. 13588, C–D from L.P. Deble & B.P. Moreira 18411).
FIGURE 2 in Herbertia guyunusae, a new species of Iridaceae from the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata, South America
FIGURE 2. Map of geographic distribution of Herbertia guyunusae. Orange circles represent specimens collected, gray circles represent specimens observed, which were not made vouchers.
FIGURE 3. Herbertia guyunusae. A–B. Habit. C. Flower, inclined view. D. Flower, lateral view E in Herbertia guyunusae, a new species of Iridaceae from the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata, South America
FIGURE 3. Herbertia guyunusae. A–B. Habit. C. Flower, inclined view. D. Flower, lateral view E. Flower, showing style, stamens, and two inner bracts. F. Inner tepal, lateral view. G. Inner tepal, frontal view H. Flower, upper view, showing the style branches, inner tepals and claws of outer tepals. I. Capsule. J. Seeds (A, from L.P. Deble & B.P. Moreira 19622, B, I–J, from L.P. Deble & B.P. Moreira 19703, C–D, from material non collected, E–H from material cultivated of the same population of the holotype).
FIGURE 1. Herbertia guyunusae. A–B. Habit. C. Flower, upper view. D in Herbertia guyunusae, a new species of Iridaceae from the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata, South America
FIGURE 1. Herbertia guyunusae. A–B. Habit. C. Flower, upper view. D. Flower, lateral view, evidencing spathes and distal part of peduncles. E. Flower, showing style, stamens, and inner bract. F. Capsule. G. seeds. H. Caulinar leaf and proximal part of peduncles. I. Spathes in fruiting (A, C–E, H, from L. P. Deble & B.P. Moreira 19622, B, F, G, I, from L.P. Deble & B.P. Moreira 19703).
FIGURE 4 in Herbertia guyunusae, a new species of Iridaceae from the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata, South America
FIGURE 4. Diversity of Herbertia. A. Herbertia amabilis. B. Herbertia amatorum. C. Herbertia amoena. D. Herbertia caerulea. E. Herbertia crosae. F. Herbertia darwinii. G. Herbertia guyunusae. H. Herbertia lahue. I. Herbertia pulchella. J. Herbertia quareimana. K. Herbertia tigridioides. L. Herbertia zebrina. (Scale bar in L = 1 cm).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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