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729 results for “Grazing”
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Lichen grazing assessment on valleywide plots
Herbivory by terrestrial gastropods, particularly Arion sp. (a non-native slug), can alter epiphytic lichen communities; however, little is known about this interaction in forests of North America. We used surveys of grazing damage to lichen thalli in the field on 52 plots within Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. Grazing damage by terrestrial gastropods was widespread, though few sites had severe grazing. Grazing damage was significantly higher on flatter terrain and on broadleaf trees. Overall, lichen communities in the HBEF were moderately impacted by terrestrial gastropod grazing, but potential effects of the non-native slugs at higher elevations and impacts on lichen health of widespread, moderate grazing deserve further study. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. These data were analyzed and published in: Clyne, Ailís B, Natalie L Cleavitt, and Timothy J Fahey. 2019. “Terrestrial Gastropod Grazing On Macrolichens In A Northern Broadleaf–Conifer Forest”. Northeastern Naturalist 26(2): 261 - 274. https://bioone.org/journals/Northeastern-Naturalist/volume-26/issue-2/045.026.0203/Terrestrial-Gastropod-Grazing-on-Macrolichens-in-a-Northern-BroadleafConifer-Forest/10.1656/045.026.0203.full.
CSM09 Small mammal host-parasite sampling data associated with the Consume herbivore exclusion plots across two burned and native-grazed watersheds at Konza Prairie
Data set contains summaries of the number of individuals of each species of small mammal captured (relative abundance) on each trapping grid. Each record contains date, treatment, grid, trap station, species, specimen number, recapture status, specimen disposition, external body measurements (where applicable), reproductive information, and miscellaneous associated comments. These sampling records are based on nightly captures during one 4-night trapping period in fall (October concurrent with annual bison roundup activites) for each of 4 permanent trapping grids established on two fire/grazing treatments (two grids per treatment). These treatments are both grazed by native grazers (bison) and include one treatment burned annually (N1A) and one treatment burned every 4 years (N4B). In each treatment, sampling grids are arranged as 5 x 10 permanent stakes spaced 10m apart and labeled numerically between 1-50 for grid A and 51-100 for grid B. One grid per treatment (grid A) is sampled using capture-mark-release methods and the other grid in each treatment (grid B) is sampled using specimen removal and subsequent whole body processing and curation.
ABG01 Aboveground and belowground invertebrate biodiversity responses to patch-burn and annual burn grazing management at Konza Prairie (2021–2023)
This dataset contains aboveground invertebrate sampling and herbivory records from tallgrass prairie plots, documenting invertebrates and their chewing herbivory across multiple plots and transects in Patch Burn Grazing and Annual Burn Grazing Watersheds. It includes taxonomic identification to the family level, counts of individuals (by life stage: nymph or adult), percent herbivory on specified plant species, and collection metadata such as date, plot ID, watershed, and transect.
Interacting temperature, nutrients and zooplankton grazing control phytoplankton size-abundance relationships in eight Swiss lakes
<p>lake data set for the study "Interacting temperature, nutrients and zooplankton grazing control phytoplankton size-abundance relationships in eight Swiss lakes".</p> <p>Abstract: Biomass distribution among size classes follows a power law where the Log-abundance of taxa scales to Log-size with a slope that responds to environmental abiotic and biotic conditions. The interactions between ecological mechanisms controlling the slope of locally realized size-abundance relationships are however not well understood. Here we tested how warming, nutrient levels, and grazing affect the slope of phytoplankton community size-abundance relationships in decadal time-series from eight Swiss lakes of the peri-alpine region, which underwent environmental forcing due to climate change and oligotrophication. We expected rising temperature to have a negative effect on slope (favoring small phytoplankton), and increasing nutrient levels and grazing pressure to have a positive effect (benefitting large phytoplankton). Using a random forest approach to extract robust patterns from the noisy data, we found that the effects of temperature (direct and indirect through water column stability), nutrient availability (phosphorus and total biomass), and large herbivore (copepods and daphnids) grazing and selectivity on slope were non-linear and interactive. Increasing water temperature or total grazing pressure, and decreasing phosphorus levels, had a positive effect on slope (favoring large phytoplankton, which are predominantly mixotrophic in the lake dataset). Our results therefore showed patterns that were opposite to the expected long-term effects of temperature and nutrient levels, and support a paradigm in which i) small phototrophic phytoplankton appear to be favored under high nutrients levels, low temperature and low grazing, and ii) large mixotrophic algae are favored under oligotrophic conditions when temperature and grazing pressure are high. The effects of temperature were stronger under nutrient limitation, and the effects of nutrients and grazing were stronger at high temperature. Our study shows that the phytoplankton local size-abundance relationships in lakes respond to both the independent and the interactive effects of resources, grazing and water temperature in a complex, unexpected way, and observations from long-term studies can deviate significantly from general theoretical expectations.</p>
Figure 3 in Temporal dynamics of invertebrate and aquatic plant communities at three intermittent ponds in livestock grazed Patagonian wetlands
Figure 3. Seasonal variation of total taxa richness (A), mean density (A), and relative contribution of biomass (B) of most abundant groups of aquatic invertebrates at three ponds in a Patagonian wetland (Mallín Crespo) during the study period (May 2008 to April 2009). Livestock stocking period is indicated by the black bar.
Grazing halos reveal differential ecosystem vulnerabilities in vegetated habitats
<p>Minguito-Frutos_etal_2024.xlsx contains the data to explore the relationship between habitat productivity and sea urchin consumption under different contexts. This relationship is represented by individually-produced sea urchin grazing halos, which are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. </p> <p>Minguito-Frutos_etal_2024.R contains the R reproducible code to run all the analyses carried out in this study. </p> <p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p><strong>Minguito-Frutos_etal_2025.R</strong> contains the code used in the final version of the manuscript accepted for publication in <em>Ecology</em>. This script includes the final specifications of the linear mixed models (LMMs) fitted in the study, along with all statistical evaluations and the corresponding visualizations.</p>
Data from: Artificial light at night and warming impact grazing rates and gonad index of the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii
<p>Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a growing threat to coastal habitats, and is likely to exacerbate the impacts of other stressors. Kelp forests are dominant habitats on temperate reefs but are declining due to ocean warming and overgrazing. We tested the independent and interactive effects of ALAN (dark vs ALAN) and warming (ambient vs warm) on grazing rates and gonad index of the sea urchin <em>Centrostephanus rodgersii. </em>Within these treatments, urchins were fed either 'fresh' kelp or 'treated' kelp. Treated kelp (<em>Ecklonia radiata</em>) was exposed to the same light and temperature combinations as urchins. We assessed photosynthetic yield, carbon and nitrogen content and C:N ratio of treated kelp to help identify potential drivers behind any effects on urchins. Grazing increased with warming and ALAN for urchins fed fresh kelp, and increased with warming for urchins fed treated kelp. Gonad index was higher in ALAN/ambient and dark/warm treatments compared to dark/ambient treatments for urchins fed fresh kelp. Kelp carbon content was higher in ALAN/ambient treatments than ALAN/warm treatments at one time point. This indicates ocean warming and ALAN may increase urchin grazing pressure on rocky reefs, an important finding for management strategies.</p>
A benchmark dataset for the grazing flow over porous materials
<p>Wind-tunnel data of a grazing flow over porous wall-inserts to be used as a benchmark dataset for the development and validation of numerical modeling approaches of flows over and through porous media. </p> <p>The dataset contains several profiles along the streamwise extent of the wall-insert of the mean velocity magnitude, the turbulent intensity, and the turbulent length scale. Also included are some boundary-layer parameters of these profiles. These have been derived from single-component constant temperature hot-wire measurements.</p> <p>Additionally, the spectra of the unsteady wall-pressure fluctuations at several locations on the upper and lower surfaces of the porous wall-inserts are provided. These unsteady pressure measurements have been acquired using semi-infinite waveguide-type remote-microphone probes.</p> <p>Tested are two porous media with the same <em>diamond-lattice</em> pattern structure but different permeabilities and a reference solid-walled case. All three cases are tested at three inflow velocities: 15 m/s, 20 m/s, and 25 m/s.</p> <p> </p> <p>Modification in v3: Correction of permeability values in Table 1 on page 3 of <em>AIAA_Manuscript_GrazingFlowPorousMaterials_v3.pdf</em>.</p>
Data from: Long-term cattle grazing shifts the ecological state of forest soils
<p><span>Cattle grazing profoundly affects abiotic and biotic characteristics of ecosystems. While most research has been performed on grasslands, the effect of large managed ungulates on forest ecosystems has largely been neglected.</span></p> <p><span>Compared to a baseline semi-natural state, we investigated how long-term cattle grazing of birch forest patches affected the abiotic state and the ecological community (microbes and invertebrates) of the soil subsystem.</span></p> <p><span>Grazing strongly modified the soil abiotic environment by increasing phosphorus content, pH and bulk density, while reducing the C:N ratio. The reduced C:N-ratio was strongly associated with a lower microbial biomass, mainly caused by a reduction of fungal biomass. This was linked to a decrease in fungivorous nematode abundance and the nematode channel index, indicating </span><span>a relative </span><span>uplift in the importance of the bacterial energy-channel in the nematode assemblages. </span></p> <p><span>Cattle grazing highly modified invertebrate community composition producing distinct assemblages from the semi-natural situation. Richness and abundance of microarthropods was consistently reduced by grazing (excepting collembolan richness) and grazing-associated changes in soil pH, Olsen P and reduced soil pore volume (bulk density) limiting niche space and refuge from physical disturbance. Anecic earthworm species predominated in grazed patches, but were absent from ungrazed forest, and may benefit from manure inputs, while their deep vertical burrowing behaviour protects them from physical disturbance.</span></p> <p><span>Perturbation of birch forest habitat by long-term ungulate grazing profoundly modified soil biodiversity, either </span><span>directly through increased physical disturbance and manure input or indirectly by modifying soil abiotic conditions.</span><span> Comparative analyses revealed the ecosystem engineering potential of large ungulate grazers in forest systems through major shifts in the composition and structure of microbial and invertebrate assemblages, including the potential for reduced energy flow through the fungal decomposition pathway. The precise consequences for species trophic interactions and biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships remains to be established, however. </span></p>
Dataset accompanying Riesch et al. 2022. Grazing by wild red deer can mitigate nutrient enrichment in protected semi-natural open habitats. Oecologia
<p>This repository contains the data set on nutrient fluxes through wild red deer used by Riesch et al. 2022 in an article puplished in <em>Oecologia</em> (accepted 2022-05-01).</p> <p>Metadata are provided in the first excel worksheet. For further details please see the original article (DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05182-z).</p>
Data from: Grazing by non-native ungulates negatively impacts vegetation important to a native species of concern
<p>Non-native grazers compete with native species across the globe. In the northwestern Great Basin of the western United States competition among livestock, feral horses, and Greater Sage-grouse has been the subject of numerous legal actions and management policies, yet spatially explicit temporal data documenting the details of this competition are lacking. We present a novel approach to studying the composition of the herbaceous understory across three study areas within the Great Basin with different historic and contemporary grazing regimes. We surveyed the landscape using distance sampling for livestock and horse feces as an index of use. In addition, we surveyed the herbaceous understory of random sites as well as sites chosen by female Greater Sage-grouse to nest and brood their chicks. We used a novel Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework to link vegetation metrics with the spatial-temporal distribution of horses and livestock while accounting for observation error. When livestock and feral horses were not present, we found that Greater Sage-grouse chose sites with higher percentages of perennial grasses and forbs to build their nests and brood their chicks compared to what was available to them. As livestock increased, we found evidence for decreases in the percentage of perennial grasses, forbs, cheatgrass (<em>Bromus tectorum</em>), and increases in the amount of bare ground. These effects were consistent at available sites and brood sites, however, we found less evidence for an impact of livestock at nest sites. As feral horses increased, we observed similar results at available sites, but at sites chosen by females to nest and brood their chicks, we observed increases in the amount of invasive cheatgrass as feral horses increased, which could reflect attempts by Greater Sage-grouse to compensate for reductions in protective cover. We present a noninvasive approach to assess space use that can be applied to other species. More importantly, we document that grazing by non-native ungulates impacts components of the plant community important to Greater Sage-grouse reproduction. We provide spatial-temporal maps of livestock and feral horse use to aid managers attempting to balance the needs of livestock producers, feral horses, Greater Sage-grouse, and ecosystem function.</p>
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 01 frontiersin.org Why grazing and soil matter for dry grassland diversity: New insights from multigroup structural equation modeling of micro-patterns
<p>Grazing is recognized as a major process driving the composition of plant<br> communities in grasslands, mostly due to the heterogeneous removal of<br> plant species and soil compaction that results in a mosaic of small patches<br> called micro-patterns. To date, no study has investigated the differences in<br> composition and functioning among these micro-patterns in grasslands in<br> relation to grazing and soil environmental variables at the micro-local scale.<br> In this study, we ask (1) To what extent are micro-patterns different from each<br> other in terms of species composition, species richness, vegetation volume,<br> evenness, and functioning? and (2) based on multigroup structural equation<br> modeling, are those differences directly or indirectly driven by grazing and soil<br> characteristics? We focused on three micro-patterns of the Mediterranean dry<br> grassland of the Crau area, a protected area traditionally grazed in the South-<br> East of France. From 70 plant community relevés carried out in three micro-<br> patterns located in four sites with different soil and grazing characteristics,<br> we performed univariate, multivariate analyses and applied structural equation<br> modeling for the first time to this type of data. Our results show evidence<br> of clear differences among micro-pattern patches in terms of species<br> composition, vegetation volume, species richness, evenness, and functioning<br> at the micro-local scale. These differences are maintained not only by direct<br> and indirect effects of grazing but also by several soil variables such as fine<br> granulometry. Biological crusts appeared mostly driven by these soil variables,<br> whereas reference and edge communities are mostly the result of different<br> levels of grazing pressure revealing three distinct functioning specific to each<br> micro-pattern, all of them coexisting at the micro-local scale in the studied<br> Mediterranean dry grassland. This first overview of the multiple effects of<br> grazing and soil characteristics on communities in micro-patterns is discussed<br> within the scope of the conservation of dry grasslands plant diversity.</p>
Data from: Grazing herbivores reduce herbaceous biomass and fire activity across African savannas
<p>Fire and herbivory interact to alter ecosystems and carbon cycling. In savannas, herbivores can reduce fire activity by removing grass biomass, but the size of these effects and what regulates them remain uncertain. To examine grazing effects on fuels and fire regimes across African savannas, we combined data from herbivore exclosure experiments with remotely sensed data on fire activity and herbivore density. We show that, broadly across African savannas, grazing herbivores substantially reduce both herbaceous biomass and fire activity. The size of these effects was strongly associated with grazing herbivore densities and, surprisingly, was mostly consistent across different environments. A one-zebra increase in herbivore biomass density (~100 kg/km<sup>2</sup> of metabolic biomass) resulted in a ~53 kg/ha reduction in standing herbaceous biomass and a ~0.43 percentage point reduction in burned area. Our results indicate that fire models can be improved by incorporating grazing effects on grass biomass.</p>
Figure 3 in Grazing of free-living Pylaiella littoralis by the amphipod Gammarus tigrinus
Figure 3: Fecal pellets produced by Gammarus tigrinus in culture with unialgal free-living Pylaiella littoralis (top). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 2 in Grazing of free-living Pylaiella littoralis by the amphipod Gammarus tigrinus
Figure 2: Gut contents of Gammarus tigrinus collected among free-living Pylaiella littoralis, with intact filament resembling P.littoralis. Scale bar = 25 μm.
Figure 1 in Grazing of free-living Pylaiella littoralis by the amphipod Gammarus tigrinus
Figure 1: Map of northeast United States with Nahant Bay (insert). NH, New Hampshire; MA, Massachusetts; RI, Rhode Island.
Fig. 1 in Relationship Between Grazing Intensity, Vegetation Structure And Survival Of Nests In Semi-Natural Grasslands
Fig. 1. Daily nest survival rate (±SE) for artificial ground nests according to edge vs. interior and grazing intensity in three grassland regions of Hungary
Fig. 2 in Relationship Between Grazing Intensity, Vegetation Structure And Survival Of Nests In Semi-Natural Grasslands
Fig. 2. Grass height and vegetation cover (mean±SE) around predated and not predated (intact) artificial ground nests in Hungarian grasslands. (**: P <0.01; ***: P <0.001)
Ammonia emission measurements of an intensively grazed pasture - Dataset
<p>Dataset presented and referenced in the corresponding Biogeosciences publication by Voglmeier et al. (2018) [see Related identifiers]. The dataset results from a field experiment in Posieux, Switzerland. During that experiment ammonia emissions of two pasture systems were measured over an entire grazing season in 2016. The spreadsheet file contains half-hourly values of measured ammonia concentration data, computed ammonia emissions, weather and turbulence data. Additionally the calculated nitrogen in the excretion of the cows and the grazing management is given. Detailed information on the measurement methods and the data evaluation is presented in Voglmeier et al. (2018).</p>
Grazing-related nitrous oxide emissions: from patch scale to field scale - Dataset
<p>Dataset presented and referenced in the corresponding Biogeosciences publication by Voglmeier et al. (2019) [see Related identifiers]. The dataset results from a field experiment in Posieux, Switzerland. During that experiment N2O emissions of two pasture systems were measured over an entire grazing season in 2016. Field scale emissions were quantified using the eddy covariance method while small scale emissions from excreta and background patches were measured with the fast-box technique. The spreadsheet file contains half-hourly values of measured soil and meteo data. A second sheet contains information about the processed fast-box fluxes. Detailed information on the measurement methods and the data evaluation is presented in Voglmeier et al. (2019).</p>
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