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Fig. 4 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 4. Dioecious one-year holocycle accompanied by a continuous anholocycle on the secondary host, e.g., Pachypappella lactea (leaf galls on aspen, Populus tremula; roots of spruce, Picea abies) or Tetraneura ulmi (leaf galls on elm, Ulmus; subterraneous parts of grasses, Poaceae). Zones as in Fig. 3. In some years the Finnish populations on the primary hosts (for P. lactea in South Finland) may be more or less absent, and their existence is dependent on the populations on the secondary hosts.

Fig. 5 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 5. Dioecious two-year holocycle in Adelgidae, e.g., Adelges laricis (shoot galls on spruce, Picea; needles of larch, Larix). All females oviparous. The fundatrix (hatched from a fertilized egg) overwinters as a larva, and induces the formation of a pineapple-like gall on the primary host. All her offspring are alate (gallicolae) and migrate to the secondary host, where they lay eggs on the needles. The aphids hatching move to the twigs where they hibernate as young larvae (the 'neosistens' stage). In spring they move back to the needles and become adults (sistentes). Their offspring are either alate sexuparae and migrate to spruce, or apterous 'progredientes'. In autumn the sexuparae fly to spruce and lay eggs which become sexual females and males, which mate. The females then lay eggs out of which new fundatrices hatch.

Fig. 3 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 3. Dioecious one-year holocycle (Rhopalosiphum padi). The inner zone represents the primary host (bird cherry, Prunus padus and allies), the outer zone the secondary (usually graminoids). The fundatrix gives birth to apterae, which in turn give birth to alatae, most of which migrate to the secondary hosts. In autumn males and gynoparae (viviparae giving birth to oviparae) migrate to the primary host, where mating and egg-laying take place. A small fraction of the viviparae may remain on the primary host

Fig. 2 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 2. Monoecious one-year life cycles. In the outer zone an ordinary monoecious holocycle in Aphididae. The fertilized egg overwinters and in spring the first viviparous parhenogenetic generation, the fundatrix (stem-mother) hatches. Upon the fundatrix follows a variable number of viviparous females (viviparae), apterous and/or alate. In autumn (sometimes earlier) sexuparae are born and in turn give birth to oviparous (sexual) females (ovipara) and males, which mate, and the oviparae lay eggs. The inner zone shows an anholocycle, with only parthenogenetic females (viviparous in Aphididae, oviparous in Adelgidae).

Fig. 12 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 12. Distribution map, face view, and lateral view of petiole of Rasopone JTL030 (worker, Panama, CASENT0633075), R. JTL037 (worker, Guatemala, CASENT0625283), R. mesoamericana (holotype worker), and R. JTL029 (worker, Panama, CASENT0633053). On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 13 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 13. Distribution map, face view, and lateral view of petiole of Rasopone cubitalis (holotype worker), R. titanis (worker, Mexico, Chiapas, MCZ-ENT00716640), R. breviscapa (holotype queen), and R. rupinicola (worker, Colombia, face view MCZ-ENT00716589, petiole CASENT0217567). On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 11 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 11. Distribution map, face view, and lateral view of petiole of Rasopone ferruginea (worker, Nicaragua, CASENT0644264), R. JTL040 (worker, Colombia, MCZ-ENT00716609), R. JTL041 (worker, Colombia, MCZ-ENT00716614), and R. costaricensis form a (worker, Costa Rica, INB0003659312). On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality (type locality for R. ferruginea is 'Mexico').

Fig. 8 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 8. Distribution map, face view, and lateral view of petiole of Rasopone lunaris (worker, Brazil, Minas Gerais CASENT0644556), R. guatemalensis (holotype worker), R. costaricensis form c (worker, Costa Rica, INB0003659307), and R. JTL027 (worker, Panama, CASENT0633216). On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 7. Distribution map, face view, and lateral view of petiole of Rasopone MAS010 (worker, Costa Rica, 08COSTA-1723), R. cryptergates (worker, Costa Rica, INB0003660648), R. JTL042 (worker, Colombia, MCZ-ENT00716611), and R. JTL034 (worker, Mexico, CASENT0640282). On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 2 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Phylogeny of Rasopone, Mayaponera, and selected outgroup taxa, inferred using the program IQ-TREE and 1,802 UCE loci. Node support values (ultrafast bootstrap/SH-like) <100/100 are depicted with red dots. Terminal names show original, morphology-based species assignments and depict morphological convergence across clades. The 'EX#' code in terminal names indicate unique extraction codes that link specimens to specimen data in provided tables. Simopelta andersoni, a distant outgroup, is not shown in the figure. Images depict workers of Rasopone ferruginea (Nicaragua, CASENT0644264), Mayponera becculata (Peru, CASENT0374638, modified from AntWeb, credit Michele Esposito), and Mayaponera constricta (Bolivia, CASENT0249137, modified from AntWeb, credit Ryan Perry).

Fig. 1 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Characteristics of Rasopone species. (A) Habitus. (B) Scale-like petiole, showing definitions of petiole height (PTH) and petiole length (PTL), and the distinctive shape of the sternite. (C) Petiolar node intermediate between scale-like and cuboidal. (D) Cuboidal petiolar node. (E) Anterior clypeal margin truncate, with angulate lateral lobes. (F) Anterior clypeal margin sinuous, with rounded lateral lobes.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 6. Distribution map, face view, and lateral view of petiole of Rasopone pluviselva (holotype worker), R. minuta (worker, Mexico, Chiapas, CASENT0609834), R. JTL043 (worker, Ecuador, MCZ-ENT00716620), and R. JTL048 (worker, French Guiana, CASENT0645961). On distribution maps, red dots are sites with UCE sequence data. Red boxes are type locality.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 4. Dealate queen of Rasopone ferruginea (Nicaragua, CASENT0624181). Scale bars are 0.5 mm for face view, 1.0 mm for dorsal and lateral views.

Fig. 5 in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 5. Male of Rasopone mesoamericana sp. nov. (Nicaragua, CASENT0627722). Scale bars are 0.5 mm for face view, 1.0 mm for dorsal and lateral views.

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships among a in Phylogenomic Species Delimitation, Taxonomy, and 'Bird Guide' Identification for the Neotropical Ant Genus Rasopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships among a curated set of COI barcode sequences for Rasopone. Black samples were sequenced for UCEs. Red samples were downloaded from the BOLD database.The tree was inferred using IQ-TREE with the data partitioned by codon position. Black circles on nodes indicate high support, which we define as ≥95% ultrafast bootstrap support and ≥95% SH-like branch support.Terminal names match taxonomic changes proposed in paper and provide useful sample identifiers (e.g., extraction codes [EX#] or BOLD process IDs).A complete, unpruned COI tree is available in Supp Fig. S1 (online only).

Fig. 118 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)

Fig. 118. Cinara (Cupressobium) tujafilina (Del Guercio, 1909) on young growth of Thuja occidentalis, attended by Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758). Photo Carlos Delgado (CC BY SA 3.0, http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3.0, downloaded 12 Nov. 2015 via https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lasius_ niger_y_Cinara_tujafilina_en_Thuja_orientalis.jpg#filelinks).

Fig. 117 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)

Fig. 117. Cinara (Cupressobium) cupressi (Buckton, 1881). Small colony on last year's growth of Thuja occidentalis, attended by Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758).

Fig. 114 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)

Fig. 114. Cinara (Cupressobium) juniperi (De Geer, 1773) on Juniperus communis. A–B. Fundatrix with offspring on previous year's twig, attended by Formica rufa Linnaeus, 1761. C–D. Colony on current year's growth, attended by Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1758).

Fig. 113 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)

Fig. 113. Cinara (Cupressobium) juniperi (De Geer, 1773). Colonies on young shoots of Juniperus communis, in B attended by Formica cinerea Mayr, 1853.

Fig. 112 in Illustrated identification guide to the Nordic aphids feeding on Conifers (Pinophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Sternorhyncha, Aphidomorpha)

Fig. 112. Cinara (Cupressobium) smolandiae Danielsson & Carter, 1993. Colony in Gymnosporangium- induced wound on Juniperus communis, attended by Formica polyctena Förster, 1850.