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FIGURE 7. A in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 7. A. Principle component and biplot analyses of the merictic characters of the Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos from Pyadalin Cave and Yane, Shan State. B. Density curves of the first discriminant function of the DAPC for the populations of C. chrysopylos from Pyadalin Cave and Yane. C. Boxplots of nine meristic characters illustrating geographic variation between the populations of C. chrysopylos from Pyadalin Cave and Yane. D. Distribution of the populations of C. chrysopylos from Pyadalin Cave and Yane along the Nwalabo Range, Shan State.

FIGURE 3. A in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 3. A. Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. from from Kyauk Nagar Cave, 11 km southwest of Pyin Oo Lwin, Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Pyin Oo Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (20.93087°N, 95.22580°E; 715 m in elevation) from left to right adult male paratypes LSUHC 13946, 13950, 13948; adult male holotype LSUHC 13947, adult male paratypes 13949, 13951–52. B. Entrance to Kyauk Nagar Cave. C. Karst microhabitat and leaf-litter near the cave.

FIGURE 2 in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 2. Cyrtodactylus aunglini sp. nov. from from Kyauk Nagar Cave, 11 km southwest of Pyin Oo Lwin, Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Pyin Oo Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (20.93087°N, 95.22580°E; 715 m in elevation). A. Adult male paratype 13948. B. Adult male paratype 13950. C. Adult male holotype 13947. D. Hatchling LSUHC 13945.

FIGURE 9 in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 9. Karstic microhabitat structure of the Yane population of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos on the crest of the Nwalabo Range, Shan State.

FIGURE 1 in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood consensus tree topology of the Cyrtodactylus gansi group with BPP and UFB support values, respectively, at the nodes. Distribution of the species of the C. gansi group in India and Myanmar.

FIGURE 5 in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 5. Color pattern variation in Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos from the Pyadalin Cave, Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, [Taunggyi District], Shan State, Myanmar (21.13275°N, 96.34026°E; 303 m in elevation). A. Adult male 13935. B. Adult female LSUHC 13127. C. Adult female LSUHC 13934. D. Adult male LSUHC 12126.

FIGURE 8 in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 8. Interior of Pyadalin Cave in the Panlaung-Pyadalin Cave Wildlife Sanctuary, Ywangan Township, [Taunggyi District], Shan State showing the cave architecture and microhabitat of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos.

FIGURE 4. A in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 4. A. Habitat of Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. B and C. Adult female holotype of Cyrtodactylus myaleiktaung sp. nov. from Mya Leik Taung, 25.3 km southeast of Mandalay, Aungmyethazan Township, Mandalay District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar (21.77704 N, 96.25169 E; 255 m in elevation).

FIGURE 10. A in A re-description of Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos Bauer (Squamata: Gekkonidae) with comments on the adaptive significance of orange coloration in hatchlings and descriptions of two new species from eastern Myanmar (Burma)

FIGURE 10. A. Photograph of hatchling Cyrtodactylus chrysopylos (LSUHC 13903) of the Yane population viewed during the day under the full spectrum of unaltered light. B. Same photograph of the same individual with the wavelengths of yellow, orange, and red removed.

Fig. 15 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 15 Loligo vulgaris hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Richardson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 5). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown near mouth opening. d Midline of eyes, radula. e Lobus opticus just behind the eyes, anterior basal lobe. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure, pedal lobe. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just behind the lobus opticus, statocysts. Labels: a 1–4=arms 1–4, abl=anterior basal lobe, aco=anterior chamber organ, doc=dorsal optic commissure, es=esophagus, ey= eye, fu=funnel, ibl=inferior buccal lobe, le=lens, ipl=inner plexiform layer, mcl=magnocellular lobe, noai=inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, of=olfactory organ, ofl=olfactory lobe, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdc=peduncle commissure, pdl= peduncle lobe, pl=pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, re=retina, sl=statolith, st=statocyst, svl=subvertical lobe, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, voc=ventral optic commissure, vtl=vertical lobe; arrowhead crossing of first-order giant axons

Fig. 14 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 14 Idiosepius notoides hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Richardson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 4). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown near mouth opening, buccal mass. d Midline of eyes, brachial lobe. e Lobus opticus just behind eyes. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure, anterior funnel. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just behind the lobus opticus, statocysts. Labels: a 1–4=arms 1–4, bl=brachial lobe, bm=buccal mass, es= esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, le=lens, mbl=median basal lobe, np=pallial nerve, oc=optic commissure, of=olfactory organ, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdl=peduncle lobe, pl=pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, rc=radula cartilage, re=retina, sfl=superior frontal lobe, sl= statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket

Fig. 11 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 11 Sepia officinalis hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Richardson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 1). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown near mouth opening. d Midline of eyes, buccal mass, and anterior funnel. e Lobus opticus just behind the eyes. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just behind the lobus opticus. Labels: a 1–4= arms 1–4, abl=anterior basal lobe, aco=anterior chamber organ, asg=anterior salivary gland, bl=brachial lobe, bm=buccal mass, cc=cerebral connective, dg=digestive gland, es=esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, le=lens, mbl=median basal lobe, mcl= magnocellular lobe, np=pallial nerve, oc=optic commissure, of= olfactory organ, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdc=peduncle commissure, pl=pedal lobe, psd= posterior salivary duct, psg=posterior salivary gland, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, rc=radula cartilage, re=retina, sl=statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, vtl=vertical lobe

Fig. 10 3D in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 10 3D reconstruction of the anterior subesophageal mass (comparative ventral views). a Sepia officinalis, b Rossia macrosoma, c Sepietta obscura, d Idiosepius notoides, e Loligo vulgaris, f Octopus vulgaris. abrl=anterior brachial lobe, bl=brachial lobe, bmc=brachiomagnocellular connective, bpc= brachio-pedal connective, bpvc= brachio-palliovisceral connective, nas=superior antorbital nerve, noa=anterior oculomotoric nerve, noai=inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, nopa= anterior inferior ophthalmic nerve, pbrl=posterior brachial lobe, pl=pedal lobe

Fig. 8 Supraesophageal neuropils. 3D in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 8 Supraesophageal neuropils. 3D reconstruction of the central nervous system around the brachial lobe (comparative left lateral and frontal views; enlarge to 100 % in the PDF viewer; A-F different scales). a Sepia officinalis, b Rossia macrosoma, c Sepietta obscura, d Idiosepius notoides, e Loligo vulgaris, f Octopus vulgaris. Labels: 14=olfactory nerve, 23=sympathic nerve, abl=anterior basal lobe, bbrc=bucco-brachial connective, cbc=cerebro-buccal connective, cbrc=cerebro-brachial

Fig. 7 Subesophageal neuropils. 3D in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 7 Subesophageal neuropils. 3D reconstruction of the central nervous system: supraesophageal and subesophageal neuropils (comparative left lateral and frontal views; enlarge to 100 % in the PDF viewer; A-F different scales). a Sepia officinalis, b Rossia macrosoma, c Sepietta obscura, d Idiosepius notoides, e Loligo vulgaris, f Octopus vulgaris. Labels: 1=inferior antorbital nerve, 2=superior antorbital nerve, 3=collar nerve, 4=crista nerve, 5=anterior funnel nerve, 6=median funnel nerve, 7=posterior funnel nerve, 8=anterior oculomotoric nerve, 9=inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, 10=superior anterior oculomotoric nerve, 11=posterior oculomotoric nerve, 12=inferior posterior oculomotoric

Fig. 13 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 13 Sepietta obscura hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; b,c,e,h: Azan staining; d,f,g: Trichrome de Masson staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 3). a Overview with selected planes BH (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Beak and base of brachial crown. d Midline of eyes, brachial lobe. e Central lobus opticus just behind the eyes, anterior funnel. f Lobus opticus with optic commissure. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Stellate ganglion, gills, digestive gland. Labels: a 1–4=arms 1–4, aco= anterior chamber organ, bk=beak, bl=brachial lobe, dbl= dorsal basal lobe, dg=digestive gland, es=esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, g=gill, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, le=lens, mbl=medi- an basal lobe, np=pallial nerve, oc=optic commissure, of=olfactory organ, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdc=peduncle commissure, pdl=peduncle lobe, pl= pedal lobe, re=retina, sbl=superior buccal lobe, sfl=superior frontal lobe, sg=stellate ganglion, sl=statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, vtl=vertical lobe

Fig. 4 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 4 Comparative retina histology (ventral portion; transversal sections at the level of lens centers). a Sepia officinalis (Richardson), b Rossia macrosoma (Trichrome de Masson), c Sepietta obscura (Trichrome de Masson), d Idiosepius notoides (Richardson), e Loligo vulgaris (Richardson), f Octopus vulgaris (Azan). Labels: bsm=basal membrane, ds=distal segments of photoreptors, ps=proximal segments of photoreceptors, rp=retinal plexus, scn=supporting cell nuclei, arrowheads peripherically thickened eye cartilage

Fig. 9 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 9 Comparative histology of the central nervous system II (transversal sections at the level of brachio-pedal connectives). a Sepia officinalis (Richardson), b Rossia macrosoma (Azan), c Sepietta obscura (Azan), d Idiosepius notoides (Richardson), e Loligo vulgaris (Richardson), f Octopus vulgaris (Azan). Labels: bpc=connectivum brachio- pedale, bpvc=connectivum brachio-pallioviscerale, nas=superior antorbital nerve, noa=anterior oculomotoric nerve, noai= inferior anterior oculomotoric nerve, nopa=anterior inferior ophthalmic nerve, pbrl=posterior brachial lobe

Fig. 12 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 12 Rossia macrosoma hatchling: histology of the head region (transversal sections; Trichrome de Masson staining, except f: Azan staining; see also interactive supplementary figure 2). a Overview with selected planes B-H (3D reconstruction; left side view). b Base of brachial crown with arms and tentacles. c Base of brachial crown with buccal mass. d Midline of eyes, radula. e Central lobus opticus just behind the eyes. f Central lobus opticus with optic commissure. g Posterior lobus opticus, statocysts with statoliths. h Palliovisceral lobes just at the end of the optic lobes. Labels: a 1– 4=arms 1–4, aco=anterior chamber organ, bm=buccal mass, es= esophagus, ey=eye, fu=funnel, ibl=inferior buccal lobe, ifl=inferior frontal lobe, le=lens, mcl=magnocellular lobe, oc=optic commissure, ofl= olfactory lobe, ol=optic lobe (medullar core), opl=outer plexiform layer, pdl=peduncle lobe, pl=pedal lobe, pvl=palliovisceral lobe, ra=radula, re=retina, sl= statolith, st=statocyst, t=tentacle, tp=tentacular pocket, vtl=vertical lobe, ys=yolk sac

Fig. 3 in Comparative 3D microanatomy and histology of the eyes and central nervous systems in coleoid cephalopod hatchlings

Fig. 3 Comparative eye histology (transversal sections through lens centers; surface renderings of left retinae—not true to scale; gray arrowhead pointing rostrally). a Sepia officinalis (Richardson), b Rossia macrosoma (Trichrome de Masson), c Sepietta obscura (Trichrome de Masson), d Idiosepius notoides (Richardson), e Loligo vulgaris (Richardson), f Octopus vulgaris (Azan). Labels: aco=anterior chamber organ, cb=ciliary body, co=cornea, ir=iris, le=lens, ol=optic lobe, on=optic nerve, re=retina, arrows: septum, black arrowheads: lids