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565 results for “Herbivory”
Quantifying direct and indirect effects of early-season herbivory on reproduction across four brassicaceous plant species
<div> <p>Insect herbivores can directly affect plant reproduction by feeding on reproductive tissues, or indirectly by feeding on vegetative tissues for which plants are unable to compensate. Additionally, early-arriving herbivores may have cascading effects on plant reproduction by altering the later-arriving community. However, the dynamic interplay between plant development and the assembly of herbivore communities remains underexplored. Hence, it is unclear whether non-outbreak levels of ambient herbivory early in the development of plants can impact plant fitness and to what extent these effects are mediated through changes in plant development and subsequent herbivory. By excluding the herbivore community in an exclosure experiment and by manipulating early-season herbivory in a common garden field experiment replicated across four Brassicaceae species and two years, we tested whether early-season herbivory by caterpillars (<em>Pieris rapae)</em> or aphids (<em>Myzus persicae</em>) affected development, reproduction, and the herbivore communities associated with individual plants. In addition, we tested a causal hypothesis to assess the relative importance and temporal interplay between variation in herbivore communities and variation in plant development in determining plant reproduction. Early-season herbivory affected plant reproduction in the exclosure experiment, with effects being highly dependent on the plant species, the herbivore species, and the year. However, we found no such effects in the field experiment. The exploratory path analysis indicated that variation in plant reproduction is best predicted by variation in plant development, explaining 80% of the total effect on seed production. This suggests that early-season herbivory had limited effects on later plant development, and plants were able to attenuate the impact of early-season herbivory. However, no clear compensatory mechanism could be identified. While early-season herbivory has the potential to affect plant reproduction through changes in plant development or the subsequent development of the associated community, these effects were small and varied across closely related species. This suggests that plant species may be exposed to different levels of natural selection by early-season herbivores through plant- or community-mediated effects on reproduction.</p> </div>
Figure 1 in Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil
Figure 1. Accumulated monthly rainfall (columns) and monthly mean temperature (line) during monitoring of leaf expansion and herbivory on Cyathea phalerata from October 2014 to September 2015.
Figure 2 in Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil
Figure 2. Monitoring of herbivory on Cyathea phalerata from October 2014 to September 2015: monthly damaged leaves (A), cumulative leaf blade consumption (B), leaves in each consumption class (C), monthly leaf blade consumption (D). Bars: standard deviation.
Fig. 2 in Preference of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for volatiles of Bt maize induced by multiple herbivory
Fig. 2. Predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus preference for volatile compounds in two-choice olfactometer tests, comparing: conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae (C + Tu); conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae and Spodoptera frugiperda (C + Tu + Sf); Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae (Bt + Tu); Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae and S. frugiperda (Bt + Tu + Sf). Numbers in bars represent individual predatory mites that choose the indicated odor. No significant p ≥ 0.05.
Fig. 5 in Preference of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for volatiles of Bt maize induced by multiple herbivory
Fig. 5. Projection to principal component analysis (PCA) based on the headspace composition of volatiles of conventional maize plants uninfested (C = o); conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae (C + Tu = •); Bt maize plants uninfested (Bt = Δ); and Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae (Bt + Tu = N), using the first two principal components (Dim) with explained variance in brackets.
Fig. 1 in Preference of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for volatiles of Bt maize induced by multiple herbivory
Fig. 1. Predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus preference for volatile compounds in two-choice olfactometer tests, comparing: conventional maize plants uninfested (C); conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae (C + Tu); Bt maize plants uninfested (Bt); and Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae (Bt + Tu); Numbers in bars represent individual predatory mites that choose the indicated odor. No significant p ≥ 0.05.
Fig. 3 in Preference of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for volatiles of Bt maize induced by multiple herbivory
Fig. 3. Chromatograms of volatile compounds extracted from leaves of conventional maize plants uninfested (C); conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae (C + Tu); Bt maize plants uninfested (Bt); and Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae (Bt + Tu). The compounds observed in analysis were 1 = (E)-Hex-2-enal; 2 = heptanal; 3 = (E)-Oct-2-enal; 4 = α-pineno; 5 = β-cisocimeno; 6 = β-Ciclocitral; 7 = 1-metil-6-(3-metilbuta-1,3-dienil)-7-oxabiciclo[4,1,0]heptano; 8 = no identificated = C8; 9 = no identificated = C9; 10 = β-ionona; 11 = Ciclosativena; 12 = (E)-7-tetradecen-1-ol; 13 = no identificated = C13; 14 = Linolenic acid ethyl ester; 15 = no identificated = C15.
Fig. 4 in Preference of Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for volatiles of Bt maize induced by multiple herbivory
Fig. 4. Chromatograms of volatile compounds extracted from leaves of conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae (C + Tu); conventional maize plants infested by Tetranychus urticae and Spodoptera frugiperda (C + Tu + Sf = +); Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae (Bt + Tu); Bt maize plants infested by T. urticae and S. frugiperda (Bt + Tu + Sf). The compounds observed in analysis were 1 = (E)-Hex-2-enal; 2 = heptanal; 3 = (E)-Oct-2-enal; 4 = ˛-pineno; 5 = ˇ-cisocimeno; 6 = ˇ-Ciclocitral; 7 = 1-metil-6- (3-metilbuta-1,3-dienil)-7-oxabiciclo[4,1,0]heptano; 8 = ˇ-ionona; 9 = no identificated = C9; 10 = (E)-7-tetradecen-1-ol; 11 = no identificated = C11; 12 = Linolenic acid ethyl ester; 13 = no identificated = C13.
Figure 2 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 2 Boxplots of the percentage of herbivory between patches ofC. procera of different sizes (number of individuals) in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. Each circle represents the average percentage of herbivory of the branches of each individual sampled. The horizontal thick grey band represents the median value, the boxplot margins indicate first and third quartiles, the whiskers represent the maximum/minimum value within one and a half times the interquartile range.
Figure 1 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 1 (A) Adult individual of Calotropis procera in a pasture area in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil; (B) early and (C) late instars of Danaus erippus.
Fig. 3 in Ants increase cloverworm herbivory via nonconsumptive pathways
Fig. 3. The leaf area damaged (cm2) afer 4 d. Ln indicates the presence of ants, Lasius neoniger Emery; Os indicates the presence of striped lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus (Hentz); and Hs indicates the presence of green cloverworms, Hypena scabra Fabricius.
Fig. 2 in Ants increase cloverworm herbivory via nonconsumptive pathways
Fig. 2. (A) The proportion of the initial 15 second instar green cloverworms including precocious pupa, Hypena scabra Fabricius (Hs), and (B) lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus (Hentz) (Os), recovered. Ln indicates the presence of the ant, Lasius neoniger Emery. The solid line indicated calculated predicted probabilities based on the final model.
Fig. 1 in Ants increase cloverworm herbivory via nonconsumptive pathways
Fig. 1. The total number of striped lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus (Hentz), observed over 4 d at each location (legend) by treatment containing spiders. Ln indicates the presence of ants, Lasius neoniger Emery; Os indicates the presence of striped lynx spiders, Oxyopes salticus (Hentz); and Hs indicates the presence of green cloverworms, Hypena scabra Fabricius.
Fig. 3 in Insect herbivory following fire on Lyonia fruticosa, an ericaceous shrub of Florida scrub
Fig. 3. Lyonia fruticosa traits with time-since-fire: (A) height, (B) number of stems, (C) proportion of plants flowering, and (D) leaf area. For all panels, points show the mean ± 1 SE of plants within a management unit. Generalized additive models were fitted using the mean values for each management unit to avoid pseudoreplication. Solid regression lines and the shaded areas show the predicted values with 1 SE.
Fig. 2 in Insect herbivory following fire on Lyonia fruticosa, an ericaceous shrub of Florida scrub
Fig. 2. Time-since-fire and herbivore damage by type across whole plants. Points show the mean ± 1 SE of plants within a management unit. Generalized additive models were fitted using the mean values for each management unit to avoid pseudoreplication. When significant, solid regression lines and the shaded areas show the predicted values with 1 SE.
Fig. 1 in Insect herbivory following fire on Lyonia fruticosa, an ericaceous shrub of Florida scrub
Fig. 1. Time-since-fire and herbivory across whole plants. (A) Percent herbivory with time-since-fire; (B) proportion of leaves damaged with time-since-fire. For both panels, points show the mean ± 1 SE of plants within a management unit. Generalized additive models were fitted using the mean values (see text for details). Solid regression lines and the shaded areas show the predicted values with 1 SE.
Demographic study of a tropical epiphytic orchid with stochastic simulations of hurricanes, herbivory, episodic recruitment, and logging
<p>In a time of global change, having an understanding of the nature of biotic and abiotic factors that drive a species' range may be the sharpest tool in the arsenal of conservation and management of threatened species. However, such information is lacking for most tropical and epiphytic species due to the complexity of life history, the roles of stochastic events, and the diversity of habitat across the span of a distribution. In this study, we conducted repeated censuses across the core and peripheral range of <em>Trichocentrum</em> <em>undulatum</em>, a threatened orchid that is found throughout the island of Cuba (species core range) and southern Florida (the northern peripheral range). We used demographic matrix modeling as well as stochastic simulations to investigate the impacts of herbivory, hurricanes, and logging (in Cuba) on projected population growth rates (𝜆 and 𝜆<sub>s</sub>) among sites.</p>
Figure 1 in Alfalfa responses to drought, salinity, and herbivory by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and performance of the pest on water-stressed plants
Figure 1. Effects of drought stress on proline content of alfalfa plants before and after Tetranychus urticae feeding. Within each column mean (± SE) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different. Capital letters show the effect of drought.
Figure 2 in Alfalfa responses to drought, salinity, and herbivory by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and performance of the pest on water-stressed plants
Figure 2. Effects of salinity stress on proline content of alfalfa plants before and after Tetranychus urticae feeding. Within each column mean (± SE) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different. Capital letters show the effect of salinity.
Fig. 4 in Arboreal herbivory by a semi-terrestrial South African isopod crustacean, Tylos capensis Krauss (Isopoda: Tylidae), on the bietou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh
Fig. 4. Logistic curves of the survival of the isopod Tylos capensis (expressed as a percentage) as a functIon of tIme for five dIfferent food treatments: (A) no food (NF); (B) lettuce (L); (C) boneseed leaves (Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera) from Jan Marais Nature Reserve (BSM); (D) boneseed leaves (C. monilifera monilifera) from Cape Hangklip (BSH); or (E) bietou bush leaves (Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata) from Yzerfontein. The logistic regression lines are plotted through the raw survIval data (shown as unfilled cIrcles) and the estImated mean survIval tImes for 50 and 90 % of each treatment group (LD50 and LD90 respectively) are shown with ± one standard error of the mean.
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