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70 results for “Heterolepidoderma”
Figure 26 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 26. Halichaetoderma aureum sp. nov. A, dorsal overview showing the keel pattern. B, ventral overview showing the keel and ciliary pattern. The body is about 105 µm long and has a stocky tenpin-shaped silhouette. The head is five-lobed. The head-neck transition is wellmarked. The trunk is bulbous and wider than the head, gradually dilating from about U27 to U56, where it reaches its maximum width. Then it gradually tapers towards U80, where the furca base starts to form. Almost the entire body is covered by keeled scales that are distributed in 20 longitudinal dorsal alternating columns, with usually 30 scales in the central column. Central dorsal longitudinal rows of scales begin at the level of the posterior edge of the cephalion. They run almost along the whole body length till U94. Ventrolateral rows commence at U10 and terminate at the furca base. There are about four to five ventrolateral rows of scales on each body side. ceph, cephalion; epi, epipleurae; hyp, hypopleurae. Scale bar = 30 μm.
Figure 17 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 17. Heterolepidoderma striatum sp. nov. A, B, dorsal and ventral overviews, showing the general body organization and the keel pattern. The body is stocky and tenpin-shaped with a roughly five-lobed head that is almost as wide as the neck, causing the head–neck transition to be indistinct. The trunk is bulbous and distinctly wider than the head. The pharynx extends from U3 to U30, has two weakly marked anterior and posterior dilatations, and continues through the pharyngeal-intestinal junction to the intestine, which extends from U35 to U87. White arrowheads denote the sensory bristle scales, while black arrowheads mark the keeled, broadly oblong, and posteriorly truncated scales placed in the central region of the furca base. ceph, cephalion; m, mouth; ov, ovum; s, sensory bristles; sc, sensory cilia; vcb, ventral ciliary bands. Scale bars = 30 µm.
Figure 16 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 16. Heterolepidoderma striatum sp. nov. A, ventral overview showing the general body organization. B, mouth ring. C, mouth and undermouth region. D, ventrolateral scales are keeled and narrowly to very narrowly oblong. E, the head is roughly five-lobed in the ventral view. F, the pharynx has several reinforcements. G, H, the posterior region of the ventral interciliary field is covered by staggered transversal rows of oblong to very narrowly oblong scales and a pair of broadly oblong and posteriorly truncated scales. das, differentiated anterior section of intestine; epi, epipleurae; hs, hypostomium; hyp, hypopleurae; int, intestine; m, mouth; ov, ovum; ph, pharynx; phr, pharynx reinforcements; rr, rod-like reinforcements. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 15 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 15. Heterolepidoderma striatum sp. nov. A, dorsal overview showing the keel pattern. The body is stocky and about 128 µm long. The head is almost as wide as the neck, separated from the trunk by a more or less distinct neck constriction. The cephalion is large and clearly demarcated, while the epipleurae and hypopleurae are only indistinctly marked in the head outline. B‒D, head, neck, and trunk dorsal scales are keeled and very narrowly oblong. Their size slightly increases in a posterior direction, i.e. from 2.55–5.59 × 0.65–1.65 μm in the head through 4.08–5.20 × 0.75–1.01 μm in the neck region to 4.79–5.75 × 1.29–1.94 μm in the trunk. E, sensory bristle scales are double-keeled and cordiform. F‒H, the dorsal furca base and furca appendages are covered by a pair of roughly rectangular and multi-keeled scales as well as with two pairs of fusiform and keeled scales. at, adhesive tube; ceph, cephalion. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 25 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 25. Halichaetoderma rivale sp. nov. A, lateral view of the anterior body region, showing the cephalic pleurae, head scales, and lamellar expansion of hydrofoil scales. B–D, lateral overview showing the general body organization. Note the ventrolateral row of hydrofoil scales, which run along the outer side of the ciliary bands from the edge of the hypopleurae to the furca base. E, F, details showing the head and trunk scales. at, adhesive tube; ceph, cephalion; epi, epipleurae; das, differentiated anterior section of intestine; hfs, lamellar expansion of hydrofoil scales; hyp, hypopleurae; ov, ovum; phr, pharynx reinforcements; s, sensory bristle. Scale bars = 5 µm (E), 10 µm (F), 15 µm (A, C, D), 30 µm (B).
Figure 20. Heterolepidoderma macrops. A, lateral overview showing the internal morphology. The pharynx extends from c. U3 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 20. Heterolepidoderma macrops. A, lateral overview showing the internal morphology. The pharynx extends from c. U3 to U27, is 35 μm long and 5.9–8.6 μm wide, and smoothly continues through the pharyngeal-intestinal junction to the differentiated anterior section (U28–U31) of the intestine, which extends from U32 to U85. B, detail of the head region showing the cephalion with a free posterior edge. The mouth ring is oval, approximately 6.9 μm in the largest diameter, and located ventroterminally at U1–U4. C, sensory bristle arises from a bulbous papilla. D, trunk dorsal scales are keeled and narrowly oblong. E, ventrolateral view of the anterior body region. Note the mouth ring and the hypopleurae. F, dorsolateral view of the posterior body region. Arrowhead denotes the relatively large and oval scale at the transition between the furca base and the furca appendages. at, adhesive tube; ceph, cephalion; hyp, hypopleura; m, mouth; s, sensory bristles; sc, sensory cilia. Scale bars = 5 µm (C, D), 10 µm (B), 15 µm (E, F), 25 µm (A).
Figure 19. Heterolepidoderma macrops. A in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 19. Heterolepidoderma macrops. A, dorsal overview showing the keel pattern. The body is about 120 µm long and has a slender tenpinshaped silhouette, with a clearly defined head region, a narrowing neck, and a bulbous trunk. The furcal indentation is narrowly helmet-like in shape. The furca branches bear well-developed adhesive tubes. B, head dorsal scales are keeled and oblong. C, mouth and under-mouth region. D, sensory bristle arises from a bulbous papilla. E, trunk dorsal scales are keeled and oblong. F, upper-furcal scales are keeled, oblong, and roughly hexagonal with all edges rounded. G, furca appendage ventral scales are keeled and oblong with a truncated posterior end. H, furca base dorsal scales are relatively large and oval. ceph, cephalion; ct, cuticular teeth; hs, hypostomium; rr, rod-like reinforcements. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Figure 29 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 29. Halichaetoderma hexagonale sp. nov. A, dorsal overview showing the keel pattern. B, ventral overview showing the keel and ciliary pattern. ceph, cephalion; epi, epipleurae; hyp, hypopleurae. Scale bar = 30 µm.
Figure 14 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 14. Heterolepidoderma kolickae sp. nov. A, dorsal view of the posterior neck and the upper trunk region, showing keeled and oblong scales with a truncated posterior end. B, dorsal view of the posterior body region, showing the scale pattern. C, the furca indentation is broadly U-shaped. Adhesive glands are paired and placed right behind the terminal part of the intestine, forming a short dichotomy at the subtle furca base. D, ventral view of the posterior body region, showing the small cordiform scales (arrows) and the paired big oblong keeled scales (arrowheads). ag, adhesive glands; at, adhesive tubes. Scale bars = 10 µm.
Figure 13 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 13. Heterolepidoderma kolickae sp. nov. A, overview showing the general body organization. B, C, details of the anterior body region, showing a pair of cuticular teeth in the mouth centre and the hypostomium. D, detail of the anterior dorsal body region, showing the cephalion, epipleurae, ocellar granules, and spined head scales. E, optical section showing the internal morphology. ceph, cephalion; ct, cuticular tooth; das, differentiated anterior section of intestine; epi, epipleurae; hs, hypostomium; hyp, hypopleurae; int, intestine; m, mouth; oc, ocellar granules; ov, ovaries; phr, pharynx reinforcements; pij, pharyngeal‒intestinal junction; pn, protonephridia; sc, sensory cilia; vs, ventral scales. Scale bars = 10 µm (C, D), 15 µm (B), 30 µm (E), 50 µm (A).
Figure 12 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 12. Heterolepidoderma kolickae sp. nov. A, ventral overview showing the scale and spine pattern. B, ventrolateral scales are keeled and cordiform. C, trunk lateral scales are spined and narrowly lanceolate. D, upper-furcal ventral scales are relatively big, oblong, and keeled. E, mouth region. F, interciliary field scales are minute, bowl-shaped, and spineless. G, internal morphology. ceph, cephalion; ct, cuticular teeth; das, differentiated anterior section of intestine; epi, epipleurae; hs, hypostomium; hyp, hypopleurae; int, intestine; ph, pharynx. Scale bar = 30 µm.
Figure 31 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 31. Halichaetoderma hexagonale sp. nov. A, detail showing the pharynx reinforcements. Note the well-developed cephalion with a free posterior edge. B, ventrolateral view of the head, showing the mouth and the narrowly oblong scales with a posterior truncated end. The mouth ring is oval, approximately 6.3 μm in the largest diameter, and located ventroterminally at U1–U3. C, trunk dorsal scales are hexagonal with more or less rounded edges. They are keeled, partially overlap, and adhere to the basal cuticle layer along most or all of their perimeter. This dominant scale type covers the main trunk portion from approximately U35 till almost U87. D, dorsal view of the head, showing the epipleurae and the narrowly oblong scales with a posterior truncated end. E, dorsal view of the posterior trunk region, showing hexagonal scales and a big very broadly cordiform scale (arrowhead). ceph, cephalion; epi, epipleurae; m, mouth; phr, pharynx reinforcements. Scale bars = 5 µm (E), 10 µm (A, C, D), 15 µm (B).
Figure 11 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 11. Heterolepidoderma kolickae sp. nov. A, dorsal overview showing the spine and keel pattern. B, head dorsal scales are spined and three-lobed with a subtle anterior lobe and a well-marked transition between the anterior lobe and the posterior lobes. C, upper-neck dorsal scales resemble head scales but the transition between the anterior lobe and posterior lobes is indistinct. D, trunk dorsal scales are keeled and oblong with a truncated posterior end. E, trunk dorsolateral scales are spined and narrowly lanceolate. ceph, cephalion; epi, epiplaeurae. Scale bar = 30 µm.
Figure 10 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 10. SIMMAP reconstruction of the number of keels in chaetonotids based on 10 000 stochastic character maps simulated under the SYM model. Just a single keel on a dorsal scale most likely belonged to the ground pattern of the CDN clade. This ancestral condition was maintained also in the Halichaetoderma + Halichaetonotus and Heterolepidoderma s.l. clades. Relative proportions of character states were mapped onto the best scoring ML tree.
Figure 9 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 9. SIMMAP reconstruction of the absence/presence of a lateral denticle in chaetonotids based on 10 000 stochastic character maps simulated under the ARD model. Although the absence of lateral denticles is conditionally connected with the loss of spines, this side spine structure is not developed in any spined member of the Heterolepidoderma s.l. clade. Relative proportions of character states were mapped onto the best scoring ML tree.
Figure 8 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 8. SIMMAP reconstruction of spine morphologies in chaetonotids based on 10 000 stochastic character maps simulated under the SYM model. Spines most likely belonged to the ground pattern of the CDN clade. They were lost in the last common ancestor of the Halichaetoderma + Halichaetonotus clade and at least two times convergently within the Heterolepidoderma s.l. clade. Relative proportions of character states were mapped onto the best scoring ML tree.
Figure 7 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 7. SIMMAP reconstruction of scale morphologies in chaetonotids based on 10 000 stochastic character maps simulated under the ER model. The present reconstruction analyses indicated that scales became oblong in the last common ancestor of the Halichaetoderma + Halichaetonotus clade as well as three times independently within the Heterolepidoderma s.l. clade. Relative proportions of character states were mapped onto the best scoring ML tree.
Figure 6 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 6. Phylogenetic tree of chaetonotids based on 18S, 28S, and COI sequences. Only the highlighted part of the inset phylogram is shown. The upper half of the phylogram is presented in Figure 5. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood conducted in IQ-TREE and posterior probabilities for Bayesian inference conducted in MrBayes were mapped onto the best scoring maximum likelihood tree. Fully statistically supported nodes are marked with black solid circles. GenBank accession numbers can be found in Supporting Information, Table S1. The scale bar denotes four substitutions per one hundred nucleotide positions.
Figure 30 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 30. Halichaetoderma hexagonale sp. nov. A, head dorsal scales are narrowly oblong with a posterior truncated end. B, C, head dorsolateral, neck and upper-trunk dorsal scales are oblong to narrowly oblong. D, trunk dorsal scales are hexagonal with more or less rounded edges. E, F, trunk dorsal posterior central scale and furca lateral scales are oblong. G, interciliary field scales are narrowly oblong and keeled. H, trunk dorsolateral posterior scales are oblong with a truncated posterior end. I, furca base dorsal scale is very broadly cordiform.
Figure 5 in A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe
Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree of chaetonotids based on 18S, 28S, and COI sequences. Only the highlighted part of the inset phylogram is shown. The lower half of the phylogram is presented in Figure 6. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood conducted in IQ-TREE and posterior probabilities for Bayesian inference conducted in MrBayes were mapped onto the best scoring maximum likelihood tree. Fully statistically supported nodes are marked with black solid circles. Sequences in bold were obtained during this study. The scale bar denotes four substitutions per one hundred nucleotide positions.
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