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48 results for “Hydrologic responses”
Predicting hydrologic responses to climate changes in highly glacierized and mountainous region Upper Indus Basin
<p><span>The Upper Indus Basin (UIB) is a major source of supplying water to different areas because of snow and glaciers melt and</span><span> is also enduring the regional impacts of global climate change. The expected changes in temperature, precipitation, and snowmelt </span><span>could be reasons for further escalation of the problem. </span><span>Therefore, estimation of hydrological processes </span><span>is </span><span>critical for UIB. The objectives of this paper were to estimate the impacts of climate change on water resources and future projection for surface water under different climatic scenarios using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The methodology includes</span><span>:</span><span> (i) development of SWAT model using </span><span>land cover, soil and meteorological data; (ii) calibration of the model using daily flow data from </span><span>1978-1993; (iii) model validation for the time 1994-2003; (iv) bias correction of Regional Climate Model (v) </span><span>utilization of </span><span>bias corrected RCM for future assessment under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 </span><span>for mid (2041-2070) and late century (2071-2100). The results of the study revealed a strong correlation between simulated and observed flow </span><span>with R<sup>2</sup> and NSE equals 0.85 each for daily flow</span><span>. For validation, R<sup>2</sup> and NSE were found to be 0.84 and 0.80 respectively. Compared to baseline period (1976-2005), the result of RCM showed an increase in temperature ranging from 2.36°C to 3.50°C and 2.92°C to 5.23°C for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 respectively, till the end of 21<sup>st</sup> century. Likewise, the increase in annual average precipitation is 2.4% to 2.5% and 6.0% to 4.6% (mid to late century) under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 respectively. The model simulation results for RCP4.5 showed increase in flow by 19.24% and 16.78% for mid and late century respectively. For RCP8.5, the increase in flow is 20.13% and 15.86% during mid and late century respectively. The model was more sensitive towards available moisture and snowmelt parameters. Thus, SWAT model </span><span>could </span><span>be used as effective tool for climate change valuation and for sustainable management of water resources in future.</span></p>
What doesn't kill you can make you stronger: variation in plasticity in response to early temporally heterogeneous hydrological experience
<p><span>Temporally heterogeneous environments may drive rapid and continuous plastic responses, leading to highly variable plasticity in traits. However, direct experimental evidence for such meta-plasticity due to environmental heterogeneity is rare.</span></p> <p><span>Our objective was to investigate the effects of early experience with temporally heterogeneous water availability on the subsequent plasticity of plant species in response to water conditions.</span></p> <p><span>We subjected</span><span> eight plant species</span><span> from three habitats</span><span>, four exotic and four native to North America,</span><span> to initial exposure to either a first round of alternating drought and inundation treatment (</span><span>E<sub>het</sub></span><span>, temporally heterogeneous experience) or a consistently moderate water supply (</span><span>E<sub>hom</sub></span><span>, homogeneous experience), and to a second round of drought, moderate watering or inundation treatments. Afterwards the performance in a series of traits of these species, after the first and second rounds of treatments, was measured. </span></p> <p><span>Compared to E<sup>hom</sup>, E<sub>het</sub> increased final mean total mass of all species considered together, but did not affect mean mortality. E<sub>het</sub> relative to E<sub>hom</sub>, decreased the initial total mass of native species as a group, but increased the mass of exotic species or species from hydric habitats; E<sub>het</sub> also increased the late growth of natives, but did not for exotics, and increased the late growth of mesic species more than xeric and hydric species.</span></p> <div> <p><span>Our results suggest that previous</span> <span>exposure to temporal heterogeneity in water supply may be not beneficial immediately, but can be beneficial for plant growth and response to water stress later in a plant's lifetime.</span> <span>Heterogeneous experiences may not necessarily enhance the degree of plasticity, but may improve the expression of plasticity in terms of better performance later,</span><span> effects of which differ for different groups of species, suggesting species-specific strategies for dealing with fluctuating abiotic environments. </span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis</em>.</span><span> Previous </span><span>temporally heterogeneous experience can benefits plant growth later in life though modulating the expression of plasticity</span><span>, leading to adaptive meta-plasticity</span><span>. </span><span>Studies of meta-plasticity </span><span>may not only improve</span><span> our understanding of the importance of variable plasticity in relation how plants </span><span>cope with environmental challenges, but also </span><span>the costs versus benefits of plastic responses and its limits over the long term.</span></p> </div>
Hydrologic responses and statistics
<p>This repository contains the "mega master flow BD and Dayton" csv sheet which contains all storm, hydrologic, and model (i.e., CN, Simple, Rational) inputs. All R files are also included, which follow the subsections of the paper. The code is commented to understand which lines of code correspond to which analysis.</p>
Data from: Integrated biomarker responses of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria spiralis via hydrological processes from Lake Poyang, China
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Predicting hydrologic responses to climate changes in highly glacierized and mountainous region Upper Indus Basin
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What doesn’t kill you can make you stronger: variation in plasticity in response to early temporally heterogeneous hydrological experience
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Responses of hydrological extremes to future climate change and forest disturbance in snow-dominated watersheds of southern British Columbia
<p>1. Future hydrological predictions in watershed 241, Camp, Greata, and Trepanier watersheds, including daily hydrometeorological predictions and aggregated future hydrometeorological metrics. The future climate data are from six GCMs and under three distinct development pathways.</p> <p>2. Trends of multiple future hydrological signatures (i.e., high and low flows) in watershed 241, Camp, Greata, and Trepanier watersheds.</p>
Response of hydrological processes to event- and annual-scale precipitation extremes in the critical zone of the hillside surface
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