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FIGURE 10 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 10. Map of the middle Río de la Plata basin. Distributions of the two new species (A. angiru and A. ykeregua) and their relatives, as well as five areas of endemism are shown. Percent values and corresponding arrows demonstrate sequence divergences in the cytb gene (see Fig. 2) between the species and areas of endemism in the río Iguazú and río Uruguay river drainages (plus the arroyo Urugua–í). Divergence of A. ykeregua from its sister species A. forquilha is 2.3%. This divergence probably represents the minimum age of the Salto Moconá. Divergence of A. kaaygua from its sister species A. tembe is 3.8%, and of A. angiru from A. tembe is similarly 3.6–3.7%. This probably represents the age of the division of the arroyo Urugua–í from the río Iguazú. Divergence of A. angiru from its sister species A. minuano is 4.2%. This is likely a divergence of the rio Iguaçu and río Uruguay drainages. Divergence of A. angiru from A. kaaygua (4.8%), two unrelated species endemic to the río Iguazú river drainage, demonstrates an old divergence within the Iguazú drainage basin itself. See Discussion for more detailed description of the biogeography.

FIGURE 11 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 11. Phylogeny of all valid and one putative species of Australoheros based on 38 morphological characters. Ottoni and Costa (2008), Ottoni et al. (2008), Ottoni and Cheffe (2009) and Ottoni (2010) have diagnosed the Brazilian coastal species by a unique combination of 14 + 12 vertebrae. Our examination of material from some of the drainages (see Figs E and F) instead shows a combination of 13 + 13 vertebrae, which is not unique among Australoheros. Our phylogenetic analyses have thus been performed with both combinations (14 + 12 in Figs A and B; 13 + 13 in Figs C – F). The three upper Figs (A, C, E) show maximum parsimony (MP) topologies, the lower three show neighbour joining (NJ) topologies (with branch lengths showing amount of morphological divergence; B, D, F). Numbers at nodes show bootstrap support. Bold black nodes and branches show agreement between all analyses (MP and NJ separately), bold grey nodes and branches agreement between two of three analyses. The interrupted-line boxes show the relationships and branch lengths among the northern Brazilian coastal species. Notable is the collaps of their relationships under the 13 + 13 scenario (Figs C – F) and the markedly short branches separating these species (Figs B, D, F). The short branches separating these species are much more similar to intraspecific variability among other species of Australoheros (grey boxes in Fig. F) than to interspecific branch lengths (grey-line boxes in Fig. F). This low differenciation of the northern Brazilian coastal species is also evident from Fig. E, where the morphological matrix (Appendices 1 and 2) is mapped onto the phylogeny (geographical distribution of the species is also shown). Most species, with the exception of the northern Brazilian coastal species, are diagnosed by unique characters or unique combinations of characters. The average number of changes among interspecific pairs described by Říčan and Kullander (2003, 2008, this study) is 98.5, while among intraspecific comparisions it is 20.7. The average for comparisons among the species described by Ottoni and Costa (2008), Ottoni et al. (2008), Ottoni and Cheffe (2009) and Ottoni (2010) is 20.5, i.e. corresponding to variation within species of Říčan and Kullander (op. cit.). Based on these considerations we believe that the number of described species from the northern Brazilian coastal drainages is a case of excessive splitting and that the species diversity is actually much lower.

FIGURE 8. Australoheros angiru. Holotype, MCP 13937, 73.2 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 8. Australoheros angiru. Holotype, MCP 13937, 73.2 mm SL, rio Jacutinga, rio Uruguai drainage, Brazil.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 6. Australoheros ykeregua, MACN-ict 9472, 66.2 mm SL. This specimen shows a continuous lateral band extending beyond the midlateral spot and the checker-board spot pattern of unpaired fins (also evident in the holotype and the majority of specimens).

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 5. Australoheros ykeregua, MACN-ict 9470, 90.5 mm SL. This specimens shows the dark color of the dorsal fin and the midlateral blotch and vertical bars.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 4. Australoheros ykeregua, MACN-ict 9467, 102.0 mm SL, holotype, right side (reversed). This specimen does not show vertical bars after preservation, but see Fig. 7 of the same specimens photographed alive.

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 3. Combined MP morphological-molecular phylogeny with between-state scaling internal weighting between morphological and molecular data (L=2457; N=1; CI=0.58; RI=0.49). Node support values show MP bootstrap for two types of analyses (left: between-state scaling internal weighting structure / right: all characters weighted equally).

FIGURE 9. Australoheros angiru. Paratype, MCP 13011, 48.1 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 9. Australoheros angiru. Paratype, MCP 13011, 48.1 mm SL, rio Jacutinga, rio Uruguai drainage, Brazil.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 1. Tree-based delimitation using MP phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. The tree shown is one of two MP trees (L= 693; N=2; CI=0.51; RI=0.66), which differ only in the internal topology of A. angiru. Branch lengths represent morphological divergences.

FIGURE 7 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 7. Color plate. Horizontaly from upper left to lower right. Australoheros forquilha, rio Forquilha, rio Uruguai drainage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (not preserved). Australoheros ykeregua (MACN-ict 9467, holotype), río Uruguay drainage, arroyo Paraiso (or Canal Muerto), Misiones province, Argentina. Australoheros kaaygua (MACN-ict 9473), río Iguazú drainage, small stream 7 km SW from Andresito, Misiones province, Argentina. Australoheros angiru, male in neutral colors, rio Chopim, rio Iguaçu drainage, Paraná, Brazil (not preserved). A. angiru, male and female in breeding colors guarding fry, same locality (not preserved). All A. angiru photographs courtesy of Wolfgang Staeck.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Australoheros (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with notes on diversity of the genus and biogeography of the Río de la Plata basin

FIGURE 2. Molecular phylogeny of the Río de la Plata basin Australoheros species using BI. Node support values shown for MP/BI analyses. The alternative dotted topology represents neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis. Asterisk denotes posterior probability of 1.00.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from the La Plata River basin, southern Brazil, with comments on its putative phylogenetic position (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

FIGURE 5. Inferred phylogenetic relationships of Trichomycterus perkos and related congeners. Characters (from Wosiacki & de Pinna, 2008a, 2008b) numbered as in Discussion.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from the La Plata River basin, southern Brazil, with comments on its putative phylogenetic position (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

FIGURE 2. Lateral view of presumable juveniles of Trichomycterus perkos. (A) Medium-sized paratype, MCP 31776, 43.3 mm SL; (B) second smallest paratype, MCP 31764, 17.9 mm SL. Specimens represented in scale.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from the La Plata River basin, southern Brazil, with comments on its putative phylogenetic position (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

FIGURE 1. Trichomycterus perkos, holotype, MCP 46679, 93.5 mm SL; Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State, Passo Fundo Municipality; Uruguai River basin, Passo Fundo River.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from the La Plata River basin, southern Brazil, with comments on its putative phylogenetic position (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

FIGURE 4. Type localities of Trichomycterus perkos. (A) Unnamed stream tributary of Erechim River, Passo Fundo River basin, São Valentim Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State (MCP 46701); (B) unnamed stream tributary of Sepultura Streamlet, affluent of reservoir of the Passo Fundo Hydroelectric Power Plant, Campinas do Sul Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State (MCP 46711).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus from the La Plata River basin, southern Brazil, with comments on its putative phylogenetic position (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of the Trichomycterus perkos. Red circle, holotype; yellow circles, paratypes. Each symbol may represent more than one lot.