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79 results for “Macroevolution”
Data from: Species selection and the macroevolution of coral coloniality and photosymbiosis
Differences in the relative diversification rates of species with variant traits is known as species selection. Species selection can produce a macroevolutionary change in the frequencies of traits by changing the relative number of species possessing each trait over time. But species selection is not the only process that can change the frequencies of traits, phyletic microevolution of traits within species and phylogenetic trait evolution among species, the tempo and mode of microevolution, can also change trait frequencies. Species selection, phylogenetic, and phyletic processes can all contribute to large-scale trends, reinforcing or canceling each other out. Even more complex interactions among macroevolutionary processes are possible when multiple covarying traits are involved. Here I present a multilevel macroevolutionary framework that is useful for understanding how macroevolutionary processes interact. It is useful for empirical studies using fossils, molecular phylogenies, or both. I illustrate the framework with the macroevolution of coloniality and photosymbiosis in scleractinian corals using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. I find that standing phylogenetic variation in coloniality and photosymbiosis deflects the direction of macroevolution from the vector of species selection. Variation in these traits constrains species selection and results in a 200 million-year macroevolutionary equilibrium.
FIGURE 2 in Evaluating the taxonomy of macrofossils used in macroevolution: a case study of Artemisia (Asteraceae)
FIGURE 2. Leaf morphology of the macrofossils and extant Artemisia frigida leaves. A. Fossil leaf (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2003: Fig. 1d); B. Fossil leaf (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2007: Fig. 7i); C. Extant leaf central lobe of A. frigida; D. Extant upper leaf of A. frigida; E. Extant middle leaf of A. frigida; F. Extant lower leaf of A. frigida. Scale bar = 2 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Evaluating the taxonomy of macrofossils used in macroevolution: a case study of Artemisia (Asteraceae)
FIGURE 1. Leaf lobes and venation of Artemisia and its three closely related genera. A. A. igniaria; B. A. tridentata; C. A. chinensis; D. A. maritima; E. A. annua; F. A. stechmanniana; G. A. frigida; H. A. scoparia; I. Kaschgaria komarovii; J. Chrysanthemum indicum; K. Ajania pallasiana; L. fossil leaf (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2003); M. fossil leaf (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2007). Three pictures per species, 1 is the line drawing, 2 is the original image, and 3 is a partial enlarged view, showing the details of venation. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Evaluating the taxonomy of macrofossils used in macroevolution: a case study of Artemisia (Asteraceae)
FIGURE 3. Corolla morphology of disc floret of extant Artemisia, its allies and the fossils. A. A. igniaria; B. A. tridentata; C. A. chinensis; D. A. maritima; E. A. annua; F. A. stechmanniana; G. A. frigida; H. A. scoparia; I. Kaschgaria komarovii; J. Chrysanthemum indicum; K. Ajania pallasiana; L. fossil (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2003: Fig. 1a). Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE S1 in Evaluating the taxonomy of macrofossils used in macroevolution: a case study of Artemisia (Asteraceae)
FIGURE S1. Morphological comparison of Artemisia and its three closely related genera in the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree was summarized from Malik et al. (2017), Mei et al. (2016) and Sanz et al. (2008). The pictures in black boxes are A. A. igniaria; B. A. tridentata; C. A. chinensis; D. A. maritima; E. A. annua; F. A. stechmanniana; G. A. frigida; H. A. scoparia; and I. Kaschgaria komarovii; J. Chrysanthemum indicum; K. Ajania pallasiana; L1. fossil leaf (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2003); L2. fossil leaf (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2007); and L3. fossil corolla (redrawn from Zazula et al. 2003).
Micro and macroevolution: A continuum or two distinct types of change?
<p>How microevolution and macroevolution are related is one of the major unanswered questions in evolutionary biology. The most-prevalent view is that microevolution and macroevolution are part of a continuum of one type of change and that macroevolution is the cumulative result of microevolution. Mathematics, however, distinguishes two fundamentally-different, singular types of change: change of a vector in its parameters versus its dimensions. This mathematical distinction may help to articulate the concept of evolution by distinction of two fundamentally different types of evolution: the change of the state vector of an organism in 1) its parameters (= 'first-order evolution') and 2) its dimensions (= 'second-order evolution'). This distinction can be operationalized by identifying genes and regulatory elements in the nucleotide code of an organism as dimensions and the level of expression as parameters of its state vector. This operationalization allows to substitute the phenotype-based analysis of evolution with a genotype-based analysis and draws attention to the mechanisms that change the parameters or the dimensions of the state vector, respectively. We illustrate the distinction between first- and second-order evolution by a simulation of the adaptive dynamics of a population of digital amoebes, and reveal that micro- and macroevolution are two distinct types of change.</p>
Micro and macroevolution: A continuum or two distinct types of change?
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Data from: Macroevolution along developmental lines of least resistance
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Supplementary data from: Phylogeny and macroevolution of a “dead clade walking”: a systematic revision of the Paragaricocrinidae (Crinoidea)
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Data from: Testing the role of the Red Queen and Court Jester as drivers of the macroevolution of Apollo butterflies
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Data from: Macroevolution of desiccation-related morphology in plethodontid salamanders as inferred from a novel surface area to volume ratio estimation approach
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Data from: Macroevolution of leaf defenses and secondary metabolites across the genus Helianthus
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Macroevolution of dimensionless life history metrics in tetrapods
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Data from: Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology
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Data from: Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
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Data from: Species selection and the macroevolution of coral coloniality and photosymbiosis
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Data from: Global macroevolution and macroecology of passerine song
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Data from: Macroevolution of Arboreality in Salamanders
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Data from: Skull morphology diverges between urban and rural populations of red foxes mirroring patterns of domestication and macroevolution
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Data from: Systematics and macroevolution of extant and fossil scalopine moles (Mammalia, Talpidae)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.