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Fig. 12 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 12. Microporella sp. 1, BLEED 151, Recent, Puysegur Bank. A. General view of the branch fragment. B. Group of autozooids. C. Close-up of orifice, ascopore and aVicularium. D. Close-up of an autozooid with paired avicularia. E. Close-up of an autozooid with avicularium showing intramural budding. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C–E = 150 µm.

Fig. 10 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 10. Microporella lingulata sp. nov., paratypes, Recent, Foveaux strait, New Zealand. A–B. NIWA 144887. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids. B. Close-up of an autozooid showing the reniform, cribrate ascopore. C–D. NIWA 144888. C. General view of the branch proximal tip including the ancestrular area. D. Close-up of damaged ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. E–F. NIWA 144889. E. Ovicellate zooids. F. Close-up of orifice, ascopore and aVicularium in an oVicellate zooid. Scale bars: A, C–E = 200 µm; B, F = 100 µm.

Fig. 7. Microporella ordo Brown, 1952 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 7. Microporella ordo Brown, 1952, Recent, Spirits Bay, New Zealand. A–C. NIWA 144880. A. General view of a branch fragment. B. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids. C. Close-up of two autozooids, that on the right with preserVed filigree sieVe plate. D. NIWA 144881, transversal view of the bifoliate branch showing multiporous septula. E–F. NIWA 144882. E. Group of unbleached autozooids showing opercula and thin, pointed avicularian mandibles. F. Close-up of the ascopore and the aVicularian mandible. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, D–E = 200 µm; C = 100 µm; F = 50 µm.

Fig. 6 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 6. Microporella hyadesi (Jullien, 1888), Recent, Discovery Expedition. A–D. NHMUK 1990.10.22.14. A. General view of a branch fragment. B. Group of zooids, one ovicellate, at the growing edge of the branch. Note the growing edge intermediate between a smooth and a stepped edge. C. Closeup of the orifice, ascopore and adVentitious aVicularia. Note also the borehole patched by an aVicularium (top centre). D. Group of zooids showing seVeral repared boreholes and sealed orifices. E–F. NHMUK 1990.10.10.25. E. Aberrant autozooid with smooth, non-pseudoporous frontal shield. F. Close-up of three ovicellate zooids, the ovicell on the left showing teratology. G. NHMUK 1990.10.31.12, autozooids with adventitious avicularia preserving triangular mandibles. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C, E–G = 200 µm; D = 400 µm.

Fig. 3 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 3. Microporella tanyae sp. nov., holotype, NHMUK PI BZ 8890, Pliocene, Yorktown Formation, Virginia, USA. A. Group of ovicellate and non-ovicellate zooids. B. Close-up of an ovicell. C. Closeup of an autozooid. D. Close-up of the ascopore and avicularium with intramural buds. Scale bars: A = 400 µm; B–C = 200 µm; C = 200 µm; D = 40 µm.

Fig. 5 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 5. Microporella hastigera (Busk, 1884), paralectotype, NHMUK 1887.12.9.549a (bleached), Recent, Challenger Expedition, St. 75. A. Group of zooids at branch bifurcation. B. Close-up of two ovicellate zooids with coalescent ovicells. C. Close-up of an orifice with four oral spine bases distally, ascopore and avicularium. D. Close-up of the ascopore. E. OVicellate zooid with sealed orifice. F. Closeup of an orifice with three oral spine bases distally. Scale bars: A–B = 400 µm; C = 100 µm; D = 40 µm; E = 200 µm; F = 50 µm.

Fig. 2 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 2. Colony of Microporella tanyae sp. nov. USNM 387373, Pliocene, Yorktown Formation, Krause Pit, lower York County, Virginia, USA (Edgar Campbell Col.).

Fig. 1 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 1. Microporella bifoliata Ulrich & Bassler, 1904, Miocene, Choptank Formation, Maryland, USA. A–B. Lectotype USNM 68592A. A. General view of the branch fragment. B. Group of zooids, mostly ovicellate. C–D. Paralectotype USNM 68592B. C. Group of autozooids. D. Close-up of an autozooid. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–C = 200 µm; D = 100 µm.

Fig. 4 in Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern

Fig. 4. Microporella hastigera (Busk, 1884), lectotype, NHMUK 1887.12.9.547 (unbleached), Recent, Challenger Expedition, St. 75. A. Group of zooids at the branch tip. B. Close-up of autozooids. C–E. Close-ups of the ascopore and adventitious avicularium with the lanceolate mandible either closed (C, E) or open (D). Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 200 µm; C–D = 50 µm; E = 100 µm.

Figure 9 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 9 Microporella sp. A from Palinuro Cape, Scaletta cave PMC Rosso Collection I. H. B.88a A irregularly shaped autozooids with inconstant avicularia B close-up of two zooids with details of the orifice, the lateral condyles on the hinge-line, four or five thin oral spines and the ascopore divided by thin radial septa. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 100 µm (B).

Figure 7 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 7 Microporella modesta Di Martino, Taylor & Gordon, 2020 from several localities A Ionian Sea, Ciclopi 2000, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86a B Ionian Sea, Gulf of Noto, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86e C Sicily Strait, Egadi Islands, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86h D Ionian Sea, Castelluccio, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86c F Iberian-Provençal Basin, Asinara MPA, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.86j A bilaminar branch with elongate autozooids along branch edge and a cluster of ovicells B apparently cylindrical branch resulting from a colony encrusting an internode of Cellaria. Note the formation of irregularly elongate autozooids C unbleached colony encrusting a soft algal frond. Prominent avicularian rostra and mucros associated with ascopore contribute to the spiky appearance of the colony. Note the co-occurrence of ovicells with and without frontal tubercles D bleached colony on algae with ovicells with different degrees of frontal tubercle development E ovicellate zooids of a tubular "pseudovinculariiform" colony originally developed on a thin ephemeral substratum F originally tatiform ancestrula regenerated as a kenozooid, budding two distolateral autozooids lacking avicularia. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 200 µm (B, E, F); 500 µm (C, D).

Figure 2 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 2 Microporella appendiculata (Heller, 1867) from the Iberian-Provençal Basin A, B Bisbe cave E Falco Cave, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.84b C, D, F, G Ionian Sea, Ciclopi 2000, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.84a A unbleached autozooids with trifurcate proximal oral spines and long, setiform avicularian mandibles B unbleached autozooids with bifurcate proximal oral spines. Note the vertical arrangement of the unbranched distal spines forming a sort of fence around the orifice C two kenozooidal ovicells developed on marginal autozooids D colony portion showing the co-occurrence of kenozooidal ovicells (black arrows) and ovicells formed by the distal autozooid (white arrow). Note the occurrence of bifurcate and trifurcate proximal spines E young colony showing the tatiform ancestrula and first budded autozooids with bifurcate proximal spines F ancestrula regenerated as a miniaturised autozooid G close-up of the ascopore. Scale bars: 200 µm (A–D); 500 µm (E); 100 µm (F); 30 µm (G).

Figure 11 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 11 Microporella verrucosa (Peach, 1868) from the Ionian Sea, Ciclopi Islands MPA, PMC. Rosso Collection I.H. B-17a A typical rhomboidal autozooids with large avicularia, transversely C-shaped fissure-like ascopore at the same level as the frontal shield, large pseudopores and larger marginal areolae, and thin oral spines surrounding the distal half of the orifice B autozooids, two of which have ovicells pierced by small, evenly distributed pseudopores, and outlined by a row of few, large, elongate pores C horseshoe-shaped orifice with blunt lateral condyles and slightly corrugated proximal border at the end of a smooth proximal shelf. Note the distal rim of calcification D a possibly abutted autozooid lacking the orifice E autozooids, one exceptionally developing paired avicularia F unbleached colony portion with opercula and open mandibles. Scale bars: 200 µm (A, B, D–F); 50 µm (C).

Figure 8 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 8 Microporella pachyspina sp. nov. from Sicily Strait, Egadi Islands A–E holotype PMC. B31a.3.12.2020 F, G paratype PMC. B31b. 3.12.2020 A colony general view B close-up of orifice with proximolateral rectangular condyles, smooth hinge-line, and five oral spine bases. Note the giant proximolateral pair of spine bases located at hinge-line level and at some distance from the thinner, distal ones C close-up of avicularium with truncated, channelled rostrum projecting laterally outside its edge affecting the shape of the adjacent zooid margin D close-up of ascopore with proximal mucro E ovicells smooth and imperforate centrally, finely granular and with a row of large pores peripherally. Radial buttresses between marginal pores converge towards the median umbo F Ancestrula budding one distal and two distolateral autozooids. Two larger, proximolateral, curved autozooids complete the periancestrular region G autozooids from the colony growing margin with six or seven oral spines. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 50 µm (B–D); 200 µm (E–G).

Figure 6 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 6 Microporella ichnusae sp. nov. from the Iberian-Provençal Basin, NW Sardinia, Capo Caccia-Isola Piana MPA, Bisbe Cave, Holotype PMC. B30a. 20.11.2020 A colony portion with broken ovicells, autozooids showing evidences of reparation, and kenozooids with (white asterisk) and without (black asterisk) avicularia B autozooids with complete or broken ovicells C paired autozooids, seemingly repaired, one lacking avicularium D close-up of a colony portion with evidence of zooidal repair. Note the occluded orifice indicated by the partly protruding spines (see arrow) E group of zooids (two ovicellate), some with open or closed mandibles and one lacking an avicularium F close-up of two zooids. Owing to the absence of an ascopore, which is usually placed at the same level as the avicularium, the upper one is more likely to be a kenozooid equipped with an avicularium than an autozooid with obliterated orifice. Note also the different frontal shield texture of its proximal margin, likely due to ovicell resorption G close-up of an autozooid with sealed orifice (central zooid), and an orifice with a thin secondary rim, indicating intramural budding presumably as a result of predation. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 200 µm (B–G).

Figure 4 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 4 Microporella ciliata (Pallas, 1766) from the Ionian Sea, Gulf of Noto, PMC Rosso-Collection I. H. B.85a A general view of the colony B autozooids at the colony margin showing distal and distolateral pore chamber windows C ovicellate autozooids D autozooid with the characteristic four, thin, oral spine bases. Note how commonly avicularia regenerate E close-up of the orifice showing a series of median denticles and two lateral condyles. Scale bars: 500 µm (A); 250 µm (B); 200 µm (C); 100 µm (D); 50 µm (E).

Figure 3 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 3 Microporella bicollaris sp. nov. from the Ionian Sea A, B, F Gulf of Taranto, Porto Cesareo MPA, sample PCE 10 Holotype, PMC. B29a. 20.11.2020 C, D SE Sicily, Plemmirio MPA, Mazzere cave, Paratype PMC. B29b2. 20.11.2020 E, G Gulf of Taranto, Porto Cesareo MPA, sample PCI 10, Paratype, PMC. B29b1. 20.11.2020 A two colonies nearly completely covering subsequent segments of the green alga Halimeda tunaB peripheral colony portion, showing the transition from the older autozooids (ovicellate, bottom right) to younger autozooids (non-ovicellate, top left) C group of autozooids, one with six oral spine bases (centre left) D close-up of two ovicellate zooids with the typical personate ovicell forming a collar bridge between the orifice and the ascopore E close-up of the orifice with five spine bases and smooth hinge-line with two rectangular condyles at corners F unbleached group of ovicellate autozooids with well-developed collars and avicularian mandibles G group of bleached autozooids, some ovicellate, fouled by algae. Note the collar developing from converging lateral lappets, the vizor-like band of gymnocystal calcification leaving visible the proximalmost pair of oral spines. Scale bars: 1 mm (A); 500 µm (B, C, F); 200 µm (D, G); 100 µm (E).

Figure 10 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 10 Microporella verrucosa (Peach, 1868) from the Ionian Sea, Ciclopi Islands MPAA, BPMC. Rosso Collection I.H. B-17a C–FPMC. Rosso Collection I.H. B-17a1 A young colony showing the encrusting portion with ancestrula (arrow) and starting developing branch (top right) B partly overgrown ancestrula and periancestrular autozooids C growing tip of a distally enlarging branch D old (proximal) branch portion showing secondary calcification obliterating orifices, sometimes only frontal avicularia are still visible E transverse section of a branch showing the thick walls converging towards the centre of the branch F close-up of wedge-shaped polypide cavities visible in transverse section. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, B, D, E); 1 mm (C); 200 µm (F).

Figure 5 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 5 Microporella ichnusae sp. nov. from the Iberian-Provençal Basin, NW Sardinia, Capo Caccia-Isola Piana MPA, Falco Cave, Paratype PMC. B30b. 20.11.2020 A unbleached colony B avicularium with open mandible, showing the channelled rostrum. The straight, short, setiform mandible has a hook at about one-third of its length which clamps it to the rostrum tip C bleached autozooids showing size and shape variability. Note that the majority of autozooids has a single avicularium, while few autozooids have paired avicularia (white asterisks) or none (black asterisks) D irregularly-shaped autozooids and kenozooids along the contact zone of lobes E autozooids and kenozooid (asterisk) near the colony margin with pore-chamber windows visible along exposed lateral walls F autozooid at the growing edge showing the morphology of the orifice and four, thin spine bases. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, C, D, E); 50 µm (B); 100 µm (F).

Figure 1 from: Di Martino E, Rosso A (2021) Seek and ye shall find: new species and new records of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomatida) in the Mediterranean. ZooKeys 1053: 1-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.65324

Figure 1 Geographical distribution of the Mediterranean species of Microporella studied in this paper, either based on examined material (larger symbols) or on data from the literature (Kukliński and Taylor 2008 for M. ciliata; Hayward and McKinney 2002; Chimenz Gusso et al. 2014 and Di Martino et al. 2020a for M. modesta; André et al. 2014 and Achilleos et al. 2020 for M. verrucosa) that include SEM images (smaller symbols). Black circles: M. appendiculata; grey circles: M. bicollaris sp. nov.; white circles: M. ciliata; grey asterisk: M. ichnusae sp. nov.; grey squares: M. modesta; black squares: M. pachyspina sp. nov.; black cross: Microporella sp. A; black asterisks: M. verrucosa.