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FIG. 3 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 3. — Micro CT-scan reconstruction of the fragmentary cranium BAT-3'10.1246 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-3: A, Ventral view; B, sagittal slice; C, horizontal slice; D, transversal slice. Abbreviations: ac, accessory crest; as, accessory septum; co, cochleae; eam, external auditory meatus; fm, foramen magnum; oc, occipital condyle. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 2 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 2. — Cranium and upper dentition of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-3: A-E, cranium BAT-3'10.1570 (Holotype); A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, occlusal view of the Micro CT-scan reconstruction; D, rostral view; E, caudal view; F-L, fragmentary cranium BAT-3'11.1041, comprising the muzzle (F-G), a left fragment of the maxillary with a fragmented P3 and a complete P4 (H-I) and an isolated right P4 (J-L); F, dorsal view; G, rostral view; H, buccal view; I, occlusal view; J, buccal view; K, lingual view; L, occlusal view. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIG. 9 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 9. — Bivariate plot of the length (L) and with (W) of the m1 of Neogene martens. The linear regression a' (r2 = 0.37) is defined by relatively hypercarnivorous mustelids, characterized by slender m1 and comprise Circamustela spp., and Sinictis. The linear regression b' (r2 = 0.73) is defined by more generalist taxa, characterized by robust m1 talonid, comprising Pekania Gray, 1865, Paramartes Kretzoi, 1952 and Martes Pinel, 1792. The values are given in mm. Abbreviations: r2, coefficient of determination. Same legend than Figure 6 and m1s pictures are showed scaled between them. Source: Zdansky (1924); Pilgrim (1931); Colbert (1933, 1935); Viret (1951); Kretzoi (1952); Mein (1958); Petter (1963; 1964, 1967); Pons-Moyà (1990); Schmidt-Kittler (1995); Roussiakis (2002); Ghaafar et al. (2004); Montoya et al. (2011); Wang et al. (2012); Peigné (2012); Samuels & Cavin (2013).

FIG. 4 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 4. — Micro CT-scan reconstruction of the fragmentary cranium BAT-3'10.1246 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. from Batallones-3: A-D, the skull and jaw are shown in semitransparent turquoise and the dentition in grayscale; A, rostral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, lateral view; E, upper dentition, occlusal view; F, lower dentition, occlusal view; G-I, left hemimandible; G, buccal view; H, lingual view; I, occlusal view. Scale bars: A-D, 10 mm; E-I, 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in A new hypercarnivorous mustelid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Batallones, late Miocene (MN10), Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain

FIG. 7. — Main comparative material of species of late Miocene martens and marten-like mustelids from Eurasia analysed herein: A, BAT-3'10.1570, micro CTscan reconstruction of the left upper dentition of Circamustela peignei n. sp. (holotype) from Batallones-3, occlusal view; B-D, left hemimandible BAT-3'13.1048 of Circamustela peignei n. sp. (paratype) from Batallones-3; B, buccal view; C, lingual view; D, occlusal view; E, IPS-28086, left M1 of Circamustela dechaseauxi

FIG. 11 in New fossils of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora) from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Madrid, Spain)

FIG. 11. — Reconstruction of the life appearance of Megamphicyon giganteus (Schinz, 1825) in the Miocene habitat of the Carpetana fossil site (artwork by M. Antón).

FIG. 2 in New fossils of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora) from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Madrid, Spain)

FIG. 2. — Vertebrae and sacrum of Megamphicyon giganteus (Schinz, 1825) from Carpetana. Sacrum 08.17.10203FC: A, dorsal view, B, ventral view; C, cranial view. First lumbar vertebra (L1) 08.17.11003C: D, caudal view; E, left view. Twelfth or thirteenth thoracic vertebra (T12/T13) 08.17.11003A: F, cranial view; G, right view; H, left view; I, dorsal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 7 in New fossils of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora) from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Madrid, Spain)

FIG. 7. — Left Mt IV 08.17.99728-538 of Megamphicyon giganteus (Schinz, 1825) from Carpetana: A, dorsal view; B, medial view; C, lateral view; D, plantar view; E, proximal view; F, distal view. Scale bar: 2 cm.

FIG. 1 in New fossils of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora) from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Madrid, Spain)

FIG. 1. — Fragment of the left hemimandible 08.17.4215 A 13-373 of Megamphicyon giganteus (Schinz, 1825) from Carpetana: A, buccal view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 9 in New fossils of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora) from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Madrid, Spain)

FIG. 9. — Comparison between the distal epiphyses of the right femur of several carnivorans, in distal view: A, Amphicyon major Blainville, 1841 from Sansan; B, Megamphicyon giganteus (Schinz, 1825) from Carpetana; C, Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758); D, Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780. Scale bar: 2 cm.

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FIG. 3 in A new fossil species of Trentepohlia (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the Dominican Miocene

FIG. 3. — Wing venation (A, B), head and antenna (C) of Trentepohlia (P.) miocenica Mederos & Wang n. sp. holotype specimen. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, not to scale; C, 0.5 mm.

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FIG. 1 in A new fossil species of Trentepohlia (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the Dominican Miocene

FIG. 1. — Geographical location of the studied area (A), as well as the main amber and lignite deposits from the West Indies, and general geological map (B) of the eastern region of the Dominican Republic and location of the amber deposits associated to the Yanigua Formation (modified from Iturralde-Vinent 2001; Díaz-Neira et al. 2017).

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FIG. 2. — A in A new fossil species of Trentepohlia (Diptera, Limoniidae) from the Dominican Miocene

FIG. 2. — A, general configuration of the syninclusion of the resinite piece with Trentepohlia (P.) miocenica Mederos & Wang n. sp. holotype specimen, Cecidomyiidae (Ce) and Ceratopogonidae (Cr) specimens; B, habitus of the male specimen (holotype) of T. miocenica Mederos & Wang n. sp. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 1 mm.

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An updated generic classification of Cenozoic pleurotomariid gastropods, with new records from the Oligocene and Early Miocene of India

Although taxonomically distinct, the Cenozoic pleurotomariids are the bottlenecked remnants of the Mesozoic members of the family in terms of morphology, with only conical forms surviving the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Here, we propose an updated classification scheme for the Cenozoic representatives of this group, based on data from the entire Cenozoic pleurotomariid fossil record. We consider all conventional as well as several new characters so that this scheme can readily help to distinguish Cenozoic pleurotomariid genera. Following the new classification scheme, a revision of the generic status of Cenozoic species previously assigned to 'Pleurotomaria' Defrance, 1826 is presented. Only a few Cenozoic pleurotomariid gastropods have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Here we report four species from the Oligocene of the Kutch Basin and the Early Miocene (Burdigalian) of the Dwarka Basin of Gujarat, western India, of which two are described as new: Perotrochus bermotiensis n. sp. in the genus Perotrochus Fischer, 1885, and Entemnotrochus kathiawarensis n. sp., Entemnotrochus cf. bianconii, and Entemnotrochus? sp. 1 in the genus Entemnotrochus Fischer, 1885.

FIG. 13 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 13. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, B, right coronoid in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; C-E, photograph (C) and virtual 3D models (D, E) of right splenial in lateral (C, D) and medial (E) views. Scale bars: A, B, D, E, 2 mm; C, 1 mm.

FIG. 9 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 9. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A-C, left pterygoid in dorsal (A) and ventral (B, C) views; D, detail of its denticulate field of the same pterygoid; E, F, virtual 3D models of right pterygoid in ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views. Scale bars: A-C, E, F, 2 mm; D, 1 mm.

FIG. 8 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 8. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, B, virtual 3D models of right palatine in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 7 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 7. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, B, photographs of left maxilla (A) and detail of teeth (B) in lateral view; C, D, virtual 3D model of left maxilla in lateral (C) and medial (D) views; E-G, photograph (E) and virtual 3D models (F, G) of left jugal in lateral (E, F) and medial (G) views. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, D, 5 mm; E-G, 2 mm.

FIG. 1 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 1. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, holotype of slightly disarticulated skull; B, virtual 3D models of individual bones of the same specimen. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 3 in Revision of the cranial anatomy of Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965 (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) from the late Miocene of Germany

FIG. 3. — Ophisaurus acuminatus Jörg, 1965, SMNK-PAL.8561: A, photograph of nasals in dorsal view; B, virtual 3D models of nasals and surrounding osteoderms in dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 mm.