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154 results for “Multiple Origins”
Figure 2 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)
Figure 2. Chewing mandibles, SEM micrograph, dorsal view. A, Derallus sp., first-instar larva. B, Enochrus sp., firstinstar larva. C, Tropisternus sp., second-instar larva. D, Hydrophilus (Dibolocelus) palpalis Brullé, 1837, first-instar larva. E, Dactylosternum cacti (LeConte, 1855), third-instar larva. F, Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus, 1761), third-instar larva. Abbreviations: rc1, first retinaculum; rc2, second retinaculum; rc3, third retinaculum.
Figure 7 in REVIEW Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)
Figure 7. Labroclypeal region of Laccobius larvae. A, B, Laccobius kunashiricus Shatrovskiy, 1984, third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: A, labroclypeus; B, left epistomal lobe. C–E, Laccobius (Microlaccobius) sp., third-instar larva, SEM micrograph, dorsal view: C, left epistomal lobe; D; detail of gFR2 setae; E, seta-like cuticular projections of the latero-ventral membranous lobe. Abbreviations: EpLb, epistomal lobe; NS, nasale. Colours: light blue, frontoclypeal region; green, gFR1, group of sensilla of nasale; violet, gFR2, group of sensilla of epistomal lobe.
Figure 6 in Multiple origins of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): molecular phylogeny, overview of genera and a new genus from Africa
Figure 6. Moss-inhabiting flea beetle genera distributed in Europe. A, Minota obesa; B, Mniophila muscorum; C, Mniophilosoma laeve.
Figure 3 in Multiple origins of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): molecular phylogeny, overview of genera and a new genus from Africa
Figure 3. Moss-inhabiting flea beetle genera distributed in America. A, Distigmoptera borealis; B, Erinaceialtica janestanleyae; C, Andersonaltica neiba; D, Ulrica eltoro; E, Menudos maricao; F, Kiskeya baorucae; G, Monotalla guadeloupensis; H, Nicaltica selvanegra; I, Stevenaltica normi; J, Borinken elyunque.
Figure 2 in Multiple origins of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): molecular phylogeny, overview of genera and a new genus from Africa
Figure 2. Majority-rule consensus phylogenetic tree of flea beetles (Alticini) inferred from the Bayesian analysis. Node labels represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap values inferred from the ML analysis. Monophyletic generic groups and major clades are marked. Branch colours show different life-strategies mapped on the tree using ancestral character state mapping under the Mk model.
Figure 5. Benedictoides munclingeri. A in Multiple origins of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): molecular phylogeny, overview of genera and a new genus from Africa
Figure 5. Benedictoides munclingeri. A, habitus in dorsal view; B, habitus in lateral view; C, habitus in ventral view; D, detail of head and pronotum; E, aedeagus in dorsal, lateral and ventral view; F, pronotum and elytral base of Benedictoides; G, pronotum and elytral base of Benedictus.
Figure 1 in Multiple origins of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): molecular phylogeny, overview of genera and a new genus from Africa
Figure 1. Habitats of moss-inhabiting flea beetles. A, B, cloud forests in Mt. Cameroon, type locality of Benedictoides munclingeri (photo by Pavel Munclinger); C, montane coniferous forest in Taiwan, habitat of Ivalia uenoi; D, laurisilva subtropical oceanic rainforest in Madeira, habitat of Mniophilosoma laeve; E, Central European mixed beech forest, habitat of Mniophila muscorum; F, Cangshanaltica sp. nov. in the sample accumulated by sifting moss cushions in Zhejiang, China.
Figure 4 in Multiple origins of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): molecular phylogeny, overview of genera and a new genus from Africa
Figure 4. Moss-inhabiting flea beetle genera distributed in Asia. A A, Paraminotella nigrita; B, Benedictus shivalayanicus; C, Paraminota lauribina; D, Ivalia korakundah; E, Cangshanaltica nigra; F, Baoshanaltica minuta; G, Phaelota viridipennis; H, Clavicornaltica dali.
Supplemental appendices: Bursts of rapid diversification, multiple dispersals out of southern Africa, and two origins of dioecy punctuate the evolution of Asparagus
<p>Supplemental datasets for manuscript titled "Bursts of rapid diversification, multiple dispersals out of southern Africa, and two origins of dioecy punctuate the evolution of Asparagus"</p>
Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent origins of functional kleptoplasty in Sacoglossa (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda)
Fig. 3 Phylogeny of the Sacoglossa based on Bayesian analysis (50 % majority rule consensus tree). Numbers at nodes indicate Posterior Probability (PP), black circles indicate PP=100, and black asterisks indicate PP=95–99. The inner dark gray circle borders functional-retention information of taxa, the outer food sources (displayed are only three major food sources per species). The scale bar displays substitutions per site. Yellow highlighted is the "outgroup", pink the Oxynoacea, purple the Platyhedylidae, green the " Limapontioidea ", and blue the
Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent origins of functional kleptoplasty in Sacoglossa (Heterobranchia, Gastropoda)
Fig. 2 Maximum quantum yield measurements (Fv/Fm) of Elysia clarki. Specimens of E. clarki were either starved under 40 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 (diamonds) or in complete darkness (rectangles) over a period of 49 days. Error bars indicate standard deviation between different specimens for each measuring point. Because specimens were fixed at certain intervals, finally only one individual was left at day 49
Data from: The rice paradox: multiple origins but single domestication in Asian rice
The origin of domesticated Asian rice (Oryza sativa) has been a contentious topic, with conflicting evidence for either single or multiple domestication of this key crop species. We examined the evolutionary history of domesticated rice by analyzing de novo assembled genomes from domesticated rice and its wild progenitors. Our results indicate multiple origins, where each domesticated rice subpopulation (japonica, indica, and aus) arose separately from progenitor O. rufipogon and/or O. nivara. Coalescence-based modeling of demographic parameters estimate that the first domesticated rice population to split off from O. rufipogon was O. sativa ssp. japonica, occurring at ~13.1 – 24.1 kya, which is an order of magnitude older then the earliest archaeological date of domestication. This date is consistent, however, with the expansion of O. rufipogon populations after the Last Glacial Maximum ~18 kya and archaeological evidence for early wild rice management in China. We also show that there is significant gene flow from japonica to both indica (~17%) and aus (~15%), which led to the transfer of domestication alleles from early-domesticated japonica to proto-indica and proto-aus populations. Our results provide support for a model in which different rice subspecies had separate origins, but that de novo domestication occurred only once, in O. sativa ssp. japonica, and introgressive hybridization from early japonica to proto-indica and proto-aus led to domesticated indica and aus rice.
Data from: Multiple origins of sex chromosome fusions correlated with chiasma localization in Habronattus jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)
Entelegyne spiders rarely show fusions yielding neo-Y chromosomes, which M. J. D. White attributed to a constraint in spiders, namely their proximal chiasma localization acting to upset meiotic segregation in males with fusions. Of the 75 taxa of Habronattus and outgroups studied, 47 have X1X20 sex chromosomes in males, 10 have X1X2Y, 15 have X1X2X3Y, 2 have X0, and one has both X1X20 and X1X2X3Y. Chromosome numbers and behavior suggest neo-Ys formed by an autosome-X fusion to make X1X2Y, with a second fusion to an autosome to make X1X2X3Y. Phylogeny shows at least 8-15 gains (or possibly some losses) of neo-Y (i.e. X-autosome fusions), a remarkable number for such a small clade. In contrast to the many X-autosome fusions, at most one autosome-autosome fusion is indicated. Origins of neo-Y are correlated significantly with distal localization of chiasmata, supporting White's hypothesis that evolution of neo-Y systems is facilitated by looser pairing (distal chiasmata) at meiosis. However, an alternative (or contributing) explanation for the correlation is that X-autosome fusions were selected to permit isolation of male-favored alleles to the neo-Y chromosome, aided by distal chiasmata limiting recombination. This intralocus sexual conflict hypothesis could explain both the many X-autosome fusions, and the stunning complexity of male Habronattus courtship displays.
Phylotranscriptomics points to multiple independent origins of multicellularity and cellular differentiation in the volvocine algae
<p class="western">The volvocine algae, which include the single-celled species <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> and the colonial species <i>Volvox carteri</i>, serve as a model in which to study the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation. Studies reconstructing the history of this group have by and large relied on datasets of one to a few genes for phylogenetic inference and ancestral character state reconstruction. As a result, volvocine phylogenies lack concordance depending on the number and/or type of genes (i.e., chloroplast vs nuclear) chosen for phylogenetic inference. While multiple studies suggest that multicellularity evolved only once in the volvocine algae, that each of its three colonial families is monophyletic, and that there have been at least three independent origins of cellular differentiation in the group, other studies call into question one or more of these conclusions. An accurate assessment of the evolutionary history of the volvocine algae requires inference of a more robust phylogeny. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on 55 strains representing 47 volvocine algal species and obtained similar data from curated databases on 13 additional strains. We then compiled a dataset consisting of transcripts for 40 single-copy, protein-coding, nuclear genes, and subjected the predicted amino acid sequences of these genes to maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference, and coalescent-based analyses. These analyses show that multicellularity independently evolved at least twice in the volvocine algae and that the colonial family Goniaceae is not monophyletic. Our data further indicate that cellular differentiation arose independently at least four, and possibly as many as six times, within the volvocine algae. Altogether, our results demonstrate that multicellularity and cellular differentiation are evolutionarily labile in the volvocine algae, affirming the importance of this group as a model system for the study of major transitions in the history of life.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
FIGURE 3. Specimens of the common brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis, from New Guinea, illustrating colour variation. A. AVRU-UPNG PT004, from Heropa plantation, Doboduru, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea. B. AVRU-UPNG PT001) from Wamawamana, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. C. Captive specimen from Merauke, Papua, Indonesia (Klaus Römer, personal collection; photograph by Klaus Römer). Note the warmer colour tone and lighter head compared to the PNG specimens. D. NMPNG R 24583, from Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
FIGURE 2 in Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
FIGURE 2. Distribution of sampling sites, haplotype clades and hypothesised colonisation routes of Pseudonaja textilis into New Guinea. + indicates populations from Central Province, PNG, that were not sampled in this study, but are predicted to nest with the eastern New Guinea populations. Light grey shading designates likely areas of dry land at times with sea levels more than 75 metres below current levels (modified from Voris, 2000). This is only shown for the Sahul Shelf, not for other parts of the Indonesian islands or Australia. Dark grey shading indicates the approximate location of Lake Carpentaria (Keenan, 1994; Voris, 2000). The northernmost records of P. textilis in the Northern Territory are also indicated.
FIGURE 1 in Origin of the eastern brownsnake, Pseudonaja textilis (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril) (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae) in New Guinea: evidence of multiple dispersals from Australia, and comments on the status of Pseudonaja textilis pughi Hoser 2003
FIGURE 1. Bayesian inference tree for the included haplotypes of Pseudonaja textilis. New Guinea haplotypes are in bold type and enlarged font, all other samples are Australian. Branch support values are Bayesian posterior probabilities, parsimony bootstrap and Bremer support. Only values of over 0.5 (Bayesian) and 50% bootstrap support (MP) are given, dashes indicate support below that level. Taxon label information includes GenBank accession number, locality, state/ country (NSW = New South Wales, SA = South Australia, Qld = Queensland, NT = Northern Territory, PNG = Papua New Guinea), and, where applicable, the haplotype number from Skinner et al. (2005).
Figure 19 in Styracopterid (Actinopterygii) ontogeny and the multiple origins of post-Hangenberg deep-bodied fishes
Figure 19. Comparison of early actinopterygian skulls IV. A, Discoserra (after Hurley et al., 2007). B, Proceramala (after Poplin & Lund, 2000). C, Aesopichthys (after Poplin & Lund, 2000). D, Frederichthys (after Coates, 1993).
Figure 9. Fouldenia dorsal fins. Unlabelled scale bars equal 1 in Styracopterid (Actinopterygii) ontogeny and the multiple origins of post-Hangenberg deep-bodied fishes
Figure 9. Fouldenia dorsal fins. Unlabelled scale bars equal 1 cm. A, NMS 1980.40.30; B, NMS 1980.40.27; C, NMS 1965.4.3; D, NMS 1980.40.31; E, NHM P61548; F, NHM P61549.
Figure 4 in Styracopterid (Actinopterygii) ontogeny and the multiple origins of post-Hangenberg deep-bodied fishes
Figure 4. Styracopterus reconstructions and squamation. Reconstruction drawings of various size classes are based on all available specimens around each length, and are near actual size at full resolution. Squamation photographs are shown at three times the size, at the scale of reconstructions. Roman numerals on the reconstructions indicate the position of scales with matching labels. Medium-grey infill indicates the documented extent of thick ganoine plates covering other ornament. A, 8-cm, scales from GSE 8731; B, 12 cm, scales from GSE 5672–3; NHM 1891.53.49 and NHM 1891.53.49–50; C, 16 cm, scales from GSE 2136 and GSE 5663–4.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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