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Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V. v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 — Europe E to the Carpathian Mts and the River Dnieper N of the Black Sea. F.s. brockmani Pocock, 1944 — Somalia. F. s. cafra Desmarest, 1822 — Zimbabwe, S Mozambique and South Africa. F. s. caucasica Satunin, 1905 — Caucasus Mts and Turkey. F.s. caudata Gray, 1874 — deserts E Caspian Sea to NW China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia. F. s. foxi Pocock, 1944 — Senegal to Lake Chad. F.s. gordoni Harrison, 1968 — Batinah coast of Oman. F.s. grampia G. S. Miller, 1907 — N Scotland. F. s. griselda Thomas, 1926 — Kalahari region to S Angola. F. s. iraki Cheesman, 1920 — Arabian Desert regions. F. s. lybica Forster, 1780 — desert regions of N Africa to Sudan and N Niger. F.s. melland: Schwann, 1904 — SC Africa. F.s. nesterovi Biurla, 1916 — Mesopotamian region to SW Iran. F. s. ocreata Gmelin, 1791 — Ethiopian highlands. F. s. ornata Gray, 1830 — India. Probably W through Iran. F.s. pyrrhus Pocock, 1944 — N Angola and SW Zaire. F. s. sarda Lataste, 1885 — coastal Maghreb region of Morocco and Algeria. F.s. tristrami Pocock, 1944 — Palestine and Red Sea coast of Arabia. F.s. ugandae Schwann, 1904 — E Africa. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 — Europe E to the Carpathian Mts and the River Dnieper N of the Black Sea. F.s. brockmani Pocock, 1944 — Somalia. F. s. cafra Desmarest, 1822 — Zimbabwe, S Mozambique and South Africa. F. s. caucasica Satunin, 1905 — Caucasus Mts and Turkey. F.s. caudata Gray, 1874 — deserts E Caspian Sea to NW China (Xinjiang) and Mongolia. F. s. foxi Pocock, 1944 — Senegal to Lake Chad. F.s. gordoni Harrison, 1968 — Batinah coast of Oman. F.s. grampia G. S. Miller, 1907 — N Scotland. F. s. griselda Thomas, 1926 — Kalahari region to S Angola. F. s. iraki Cheesman, 1920 — Arabian Desert regions. F. s. lybica Forster, 1780 — desert regions of N Africa to Sudan and N Niger. F.s. melland: Schwann, 1904 — SC Africa. F.s. nesterovi Biurla, 1916 — Mesopotamian region to SW Iran. F. s. ocreata Gmelin, 1791 — Ethiopian highlands. F. s. ornata Gray, 1830 — India. Probably W through Iran. F.s. pyrrhus Pocock, 1944 — N Angola and SW Zaire. F. s. sarda Lataste, 1885 — coastal Maghreb region of Morocco and Algeria. F.s. tristrami Pocock, 1944 — Palestine and Red Sea coast of Arabia. F.s. ugandae Schwann, 1904 — E Africa.

Subspecies and Distribution. Pl. azandica]. A. Allen, 1924 — NE Zaire. P. l. bleyenberghi Lonnberg, 1914 — S Zaire, Zambia, and Angola. P. l. kruger: Roberts, 1929 — NW (Kalahari), N, and SE South Africa. P.l. nubica de Blainville, 1843 — NE and E Africa. P.l. persica Meyer, 1826 — from Iraq to C India in the 19" century; now restricted to the Gir Forest, India. P. l. senegalensis Meyer, 1826 — West Africa E to the Central African Republic. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. Pl. azandica]. A. Allen, 1924 — NE Zaire. P. l. bleyenberghi Lonnberg, 1914 — S Zaire, Zambia, and Angola. P. l. kruger: Roberts, 1929 — NW (Kalahari), N, and SE South Africa. P.l. nubica de Blainville, 1843 — NE and E Africa. P.l. persica Meyer, 1826 — from Iraq to C India in the 19" century; now restricted to the Gir Forest, India. P. l. senegalensis Meyer, 1826 — West Africa E to the Central African Republic.

Subspecies and Distribution. A. j. jubatus Schreber, 1775 — S Africa. A. j. fearonii A. Smith, 1834 — E Africa. A. j. hecki Hilzheimer, 1913 — NW Africa. A. j. soemmeringui Fitzinger, 1855 — Somalia to Lake Tchad. A. j. venaticus Griffith, 1821 — Iran. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. A. j. jubatus Schreber, 1775 — S Africa. A. j. fearonii A. Smith, 1834 — E Africa. A. j. hecki Hilzheimer, 1913 — NW Africa. A. j. soemmeringui Fitzinger, 1855 — Somalia to Lake Tchad. A. j. venaticus Griffith, 1821 — Iran.

Distribution. Patchily distributed in sub-Saharan Africa: NW uplands of Liberia; E & S DR Congo and Rwanda; and more widely from Ethiopia to S South Africa. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Patchily distributed in sub-Saharan Africa: NW uplands of Liberia; E & S DR Congo and Rwanda; and more widely from Ethiopia to S South Africa.

Subspecies and Distribution. S.l.leucogasterCretzschmar,1826—NofequatorfromMauritaniaandSenegalEtoEthiopiaandNWKenya. S. l. damarensis Thomas, 1906 — S of equator in SE Kenya, W Angola, W Zambia, S Malawi, Namibia, N Botswana, NW Zimbabwe, and S Mozambique; possibly in NE South Africa. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.l.leucogasterCretzschmar,1826—NofequatorfromMauritaniaandSenegalEtoEthiopiaandNWKenya. S. l. damarensis Thomas, 1906 — S of equator in SE Kenya, W Angola, W Zambia, S Malawi, Namibia, N Botswana, NW Zimbabwe, and S Mozambique; possibly in NE South Africa.

Distribution. Widespread in C & E Africa, from Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea (Mbini) into DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, NW Angola, and N Malawi. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Widespread in C & E Africa, from Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea (Mbini) into DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, NW Angola, and N Malawi.

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed.

Distribution. Confirmed from NW Africa, the Sahel, and Nile Valley, E through the Middle East and WArabia to NW& C India (E to E Madhya Pradesh, 80° E); with possible distribution spots in E & SE India (indicated byfour mostlyhistorical records). Reportedly common in Bangladesh (yet disproved by recent reports) and retained on species lists of Myanmar, Thailand, and Sumatra without being supported by anyrecent record. in Rhinopomatidae

Distribution. Confirmed from NW Africa, the Sahel, and Nile Valley, E through the Middle East and WArabia to NW& C India (E to E Madhya Pradesh, 80° E); with possible distribution spots in E & SE India (indicated byfour mostlyhistorical records). Reportedly common in Bangladesh (yet disproved by recent reports) and retained on species lists of Myanmar, Thailand, and Sumatra without being supported by anyrecent record.

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Distribution. Tanzania (not extreme NW), extreme S DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia (not extreme N), S Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, and N South Africa. Demarcation of the distribution between the Zambezi Kudu and the Northern Kudu (S. chora) in S Kenya and N Tanzania requires additional research. in Bovidae

Distribution. Tanzania (not extreme NW), extreme S DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia (not extreme N), S Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, and N South Africa. Demarcation of the distribution between the Zambezi Kudu and the Northern Kudu (S. chora) in S Kenya and N Tanzania requires additional research.

Distribution. Quite sparsely in SC Africa in E & S DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, SW Tanzania, C & E Angola, Zambia, and NW Mozambique; possibly in Malawi. in Molossidae

Distribution. Quite sparsely in SC Africa in E & S DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, SW Tanzania, C & E Angola, Zambia, and NW Mozambique; possibly in Malawi.

Distribution. Widely distributed in tropical Africa from Mauritania and Senegal in NW to Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia in NE, S to Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, with an apparently isolated population in E South Africa. in Nycteridae

Distribution. Widely distributed in tropical Africa from Mauritania and Senegal in NW to Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia in NE, S to Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, with an apparently isolated population in E South Africa.

Distribution. Patchily distributed in tropical forests of W & C Africa extending from Sierra Leone and Liberia to Togo and from SW Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon (including Bioko I) through DR Congo to South Sudan, W Uganda, SW Kenya, and NW Tanzania, and S to N Angola. in Nycteridae

Distribution. Patchily distributed in tropical forests of W & C Africa extending from Sierra Leone and Liberia to Togo and from SW Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon (including Bioko I) through DR Congo to South Sudan, W Uganda, SW Kenya, and NW Tanzania, and S to N Angola.

Distribution. Very patchily distributed in tropical forests of W & C Africa in Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, and NE DR Congo, with outlying records from NW Tanzania and NE Angola. in Nycteridae

Distribution. Very patchily distributed in tropical forests of W & C Africa in Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, and NE DR Congo, with outlying records from NW Tanzania and NE Angola.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. S.c.grmmiaLinnaeus,1758—SSouthAfrica(CapeProvince). S.c.altivallisHeller,1912—CKenya(AberdareMtsandMtKenya). S.gcaffraFitzinger,1869—SMozambique,EZimbabwe,Swaziland,Lesotho,NESouthAfrica. S.g.campbelliaeGray,1843—EGuinea,SMali,NIvoryCoast,SBurkinaFaso,NGhana,Togo,Benin,SNiger,Nigeria,NCameroon,SChad,CentralAfricanRepublic,SWSudan,WUganda,Rwanda,Burundi. S.c.hindeiWroughton,1910—SEKenyaandNTanzania. S.c.lobeliarumLonnberg,1919—EUganda,WKenya(restrictedtoMtElgon). S.c.madoquaRuppell,1835—WEthiopia(highlands),WEritrea. S.gnyansaeNeumann,1905—SESudan,WEthiopia,EUganda,andWKenya. S.c.orbicularisPeters,1852—SSomalia,EKenya,Tanzania,EZambia,Malawi,NMozambique. S.c.splendidulaGray,1871—SEGabon,SRepublicoftheCongo,SDRCongo,NAngola,EBotswana,WZambia,WZimbabwe. S. c. stemhardti Zukowsky, 1924 — S Angola, Namibia, W Botswana, NW South Africa. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.c.grmmiaLinnaeus,1758—SSouthAfrica(CapeProvince). S.c.altivallisHeller,1912—CKenya(AberdareMtsandMtKenya). S.gcaffraFitzinger,1869—SMozambique,EZimbabwe,Swaziland,Lesotho,NESouthAfrica. S.g.campbelliaeGray,1843—EGuinea,SMali,NIvoryCoast,SBurkinaFaso,NGhana,Togo,Benin,SNiger,Nigeria,NCameroon,SChad,CentralAfricanRepublic,SWSudan,WUganda,Rwanda,Burundi. S.c.hindeiWroughton,1910—SEKenyaandNTanzania. S.c.lobeliarumLonnberg,1919—EUganda,WKenya(restrictedtoMtElgon). S.c.madoquaRuppell,1835—WEthiopia(highlands),WEritrea. S.gnyansaeNeumann,1905—SESudan,WEthiopia,EUganda,andWKenya. S.c.orbicularisPeters,1852—SSomalia,EKenya,Tanzania,EZambia,Malawi,NMozambique. S.c.splendidulaGray,1871—SEGabon,SRepublicoftheCongo,SDRCongo,NAngola,EBotswana,WZambia,WZimbabwe. S. c. stemhardti Zukowsky, 1924 — S Angola, Namibia, W Botswana, NW South Africa.

opennotspecifiedJul 2016View details →

Distribution. Widely distributed in W & C Africa, from Senegal to Gabon, E DR Congo and Bioko I, also isolated records in NW Angola, NW Zambia, and W Uganda. in Anomaluridae

Distribution. Widely distributed in W & C Africa, from Senegal to Gabon, E DR Congo and Bioko I, also isolated records in NW Angola, NW Zambia, and W Uganda.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Widespread in S Africa, from SW Angola and NW & E Namibia E to Zambia, Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, and S to E & S South Africa and Swaziland; isolated populations occur in C Nigeria, SW Uganda, SW Ethiopia, C & S Kenya, and N & S Tanzania. in Nesomyidae

Distribution. Widespread in S Africa, from SW Angola and NW & E Namibia E to Zambia, Malawi, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, and S to E & S South Africa and Swaziland; isolated populations occur in C Nigeria, SW Uganda, SW Ethiopia, C & S Kenya, and N & S Tanzania.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Distribution. Occurs widely in E & S Africa (SW Angola E to S DR Congo, Zambia, extreme N Botswana, and Malawi, and S to Zimbabwe, C & S Mozambique, Swaziland, and E South Africa; isolated populations occur in the highlands of Ethiopia, NE DR Congo and extreme S South Sudan E to S Uganda, SW Kenya, and NW Tanzania; also recorded in SE Tanzania. in Nesomyidae

Distribution. Occurs widely in E & S Africa (SW Angola E to S DR Congo, Zambia, extreme N Botswana, and Malawi, and S to Zimbabwe, C & S Mozambique, Swaziland, and E South Africa; isolated populations occur in the highlands of Ethiopia, NE DR Congo and extreme S South Sudan E to S Uganda, SW Kenya, and NW Tanzania; also recorded in SE Tanzania.