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117 results for “Nonhuman”
Data from: Interactive bioacoustic playback as a tool for detecting and exploring nonhuman intelligence: “Conversing” with an Alaskan humpback whale
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Development of a neural interface for high-definition, long-term recording in rodents and nonhuman primates
<p>Data set and code used to generate figures in "Development of a neural interface for high-definition, long-term recording in rodents and nonhuman primates".</p> <p> </p>
Demographic analysis for article Hurricane-induced demographic changes in a nonhuman primate population
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Major disturbance events can have large impacts on the demography and dynamics of animal populations. Hurricanes are one example of an extreme climatic event, predicted to increase in intensity due to climate change, and thus expected to be a considerable threat to population viability. However, <span><span>little is understood about the </span></span>underlying demographic mechanisms shaping population response following these extreme disturbances. Here, we analyze 45 years of the most comprehensive free-ranging nonhuman primate demographic dataset to determine the effects of major hurricanes on the variability and maintenance of long-term population fitness. For this, we use individual-level data to build matrix population models and perform perturbation analyses. Despite reductions in population growth rate mediated through reduced fertility, our study reveals a demographic buffering during hurricane years. As long as survival does not decrease, our study shows that hurricanes do not result in detrimental effects at the population level, demonstrating the unbalanced contribution of survival and fertility to population fitness in long-lived animal populations.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
A comparative immunological assessment of multiple clinical-stage adjuvants for the R21 malaria vaccine in nonhuman primates
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Nonhuman Primate Center-Out and Random-Walk Reaching with Multichannel Motor Cortex Electrophysiology
<p><strong>General Description</strong></p> <p>A rhesus macaque was implanted with a 96-channel microelectrode array (Blackrock Neurotech, Inc.) in the arm area of primary motor cortex (M1). The monkey performed each reaching task with the arm contralateral to the array. We collected broadband data from each electrode at 30 kHz using a 128-channel acquisition system (Cerebus, Blackrock Neurotech, Inc.). To extract spikes, we high pass filtered the broadband data (1st order causal filter, 300 Hz cutoff) and thresholded it using a threshold manually set for each channel (average threshold = 5.2 standard deviations above mean waveform potential). To extract LFPs, we first bandpass filtered the broadband data from 0.3-500 Hz (1st order causal filter), then resampled the signal at 2 kHz, and finally notch filtered it at harmonics of 60 Hz for powerline noise removal. </p> <p>The first task we analyzed was an eight-target center-out reaching task. On each trial, the monkey began by holding at the center of a 10 cm-radius circle of targets for 0.5-0.6 s. Then, one of eight 2 cm square targets spaced at 45° intervals around the circle was illuminated. The monkey had to reach the outer target within 1.5 s and hold for a random time between 0.2-0.4s to obtain a liquid reward. The second task was a random target reaching task. On each trial, the monkey had to acquire a series of 6 randomly positioned targets appearing one-at-a-time, holding each for 0.1 s, to obtain the reward. The targets spanned the majority of the 20-by-20 pixel workspace. </p> <p><strong>Possible Uses</strong></p> <p>These data may be used for testing new BCI decoders or otherwise investigating the motor cortical electrophysiological signals (spikes, local field potentials) during reaching.</p> <p><strong>Variable Names</strong></p> <p>Inside each .mat file is a structure, traditionally called ‘bdf’, or in some cases, ‘out_struct’. We delineate important fields below: </p> <ul> <li> <p><em>bdf.units</em> contains spike timestamps </p> </li> <ul> <li> <p><em>bdf.units.id </em>is a two-element vector [channel, unit]</p> </li> <li> <p><em>bdf.units.ts </em>is an array of spike timestamps for each unit </p> </li> <li> <p>A note on resorting: The<em> bdf.units</em> structure has elements for every sorted unit, plus one element per channel for the unsorted waveforms. In the above example, that amounts to 198 elements. Generally, all these elements will have a unit ID array and some timestamps. However, the waveform data for all recorded spike waveforms in a channel will be found in only one element for that channel (the 255 unit). To illustrate, here is the bdf.units information about channel 16 in the file used to make the above structure map.</p> </li> </ul> </ul> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>id </p> </td> <td> <p>ts </p> </td> <td> <p>tsAll </p> </td> <td> <p>wv </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>[16,0] </p> </td> <td> <p>38x1 double </p> </td> <td> <p>[] </p> </td> <td> <p>[] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>[16,1] </p> </td> <td> <p>3438x1 double </p> </td> <td> <p>[] </p> </td> <td> <p>[] </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>[16,255] </p> </td> <td> <p>4199x1 double </p> </td> <td> <p>7675x1 double </p> </td> <td> <p>48x7675 double </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <ul> <li> <p>There are two sorted units 0 and 1, and a 255 element for unsorted waveforms. Notes: </p> </li> <ul> <li> <p><em>tsAll</em> and <em>wv</em> are only filled out for unit 255 of channel 16. </p> </li> <li> <p>The <em>tsAll</em> field, as its name implies, contains all timestamps recorded on that channel, including those for units 0 and 1, and the unsorted waveforms. A sanity check is that 38+3438+4199 = 7675.</p> </li> <li> <p>The <em>wv</em> field contains the waveforms corresponding to tsAll. Here, there are 48 points per waveform.</p> </li> <li> <p>In general, <em>tsAll</em> will accompany the highest numbered unit.</p> </li> </ul> </ul> <ul> <li> <p><em>bdf.analog.data</em> contains the local field potential (LFP) data</p> </li> <li> <p><em>bdf.analog.ts</em> contains the timestamps for the LFP data as well as the kinematic data </p> </li> <li> <p><em>bdf.pos</em> contains manipulandum position </p> </li> <li> <p><em>bdf.vel </em>contains manipulandum velocity </p> </li> <li> <p><em>bdf.acc</em> contains manipulandum acceleration</p> </li> <li> <p><em>bdf.words</em> contains information about how the run occurred, such as times of trial onset, whether the trial was a success or failure, etc </p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>For <span>center-out</span> data </p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>The <em>bdf.words</em> field can be processed by running the function: tt = co_trial_table(bdf); </p> </li> <li> <p>The numeric array tt will then have Nx10 columns, where each row is a trial and each column gives the following information (this is replicated in the documentation of the function file): </p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>1: Start time </p> </li> <li> <p>2: Bump direction -- -1 for none </p> </li> <li> <p>3: Bump phase -- H (hold), D (delay), or M (movement) </p> </li> <li> <p>4: Bump time </p> </li> <li> <p>5: Target -- -1 for none (e.g., a neutral bump) </p> </li> <li> <p>6: OT on time </p> </li> <li> <p>7: Go cue </p> </li> <li> <p>8: Movement start time </p> </li> <li> <p>9: Trial End time </p> </li> <li> <p>10: Trial result -- R (reward), A (aborted), I (incomplete), or N (no-result) </p> </li> </ul> </ul> <li> <p>For <span>random-walk</span> data </p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>In RW hand-control data, 1 trial consisted of N distinct movements, where N was usually 6 or 8. In other words, N targets were presented successively, and all required to be hit, prior to delivery of a reward. For each target presentation, there is a time-stamp in the field bdf.words. There is also a time-stamp for the event of the cursor first entering the target. This information is presented in two columns, where the first column is the timestamp and the second column is an event code, which indicates:</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>18: trial-start event flag </p> </li> <li> <p>49: target presentation </p> </li> <li> <p>160: cursor enters target </p> </li> <li> <p>32: success </p> </li> <li> <p>33/35: failure</p> </li> </ul> </ul> </ul> </ul>
What does it mean to be wild? Assessing anthropogenic environments of nonhuman primate specimens in museum collections
<p>Natural history collections are often thought to represent environments in a pristine natural state, free from human intervention – the so-called "wild". In this study, we aim to assess the level of human influence represented by natural history collections of wild-collected primates over 120 years at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH). Our sample consisted of 875 catarrhine primate specimens in NMNH collections, representing 13 genera collected from 39 countries (1882–2004). Using archival and accession information, we determined the approximate locations from which specimens were collected. We then plotted location coordinates onto publicly available anthrome maps created by Ellis et al. (2010), which delineate terrestrial biomes of human population density and land use worldwide since the 1700s. We found that among primates collected from their native ranges, 92% were from an environment that had some level of human impact, suggesting that the majority of presumed wild-collected primate specimens lived in an environment influenced by humans during their lifetimes. The degree to which human-modified environments may have impacted the lives of primates currently held in museum collections has been historically ignored, implicating unforeseen consequences for collections-based research. While unique effects related to commensalism with humans remain understudied, effects currently attributed to natural phenomena may, in fact, be related to anthropogenic pressures on unmanaged populations of primates.</p>
FasL microgels induce immune acceptance of islet allografts in nonhuman primates
<p>Islet transplantation to treat insulin-dependent diabetes is greatly limited by the need for maintenance immunosuppression. We report a strategy through which cotransplantation of allogeneic islets and streptavidin (SA)–FasL–presenting microgels to the omentum under transient rapamycin monotherapy resulted in robust glycemic control, sustained C-peptide levels, and graft survival in diabetic nonhuman primates for >6 months. Surgical extraction of the graft resulted in prompt hyperglycemia. In contrast, animals receiving microgels without SA-FasL under the same rapamycin regimen rejected islet grafts acutely. Graft survival was associated with increased number of FoxP3 + cells in the graft site with no significant changes in T cell systemic frequencies or responses to donor and third-party antigens, indicating localized tolerance. Recipients of SA-FasL microgels exhibited normal liver and kidney metabolic function, demonstrating safety. This localized immunomodulatory strategy succeeded with unmodified islets and does not require long-term immunosuppression, showing translational potential in β cell replacement for treating type 1 diabetes.</p>
Data from: Experimental evidence for phonemic contrasts in a nonhuman vocal system
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What does it mean to be wild? Assessing human influence on the environments of nonhuman primate specimens in museum collections
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Demographic analysis for article Hurricane-induced demographic changes in a nonhuman primate population
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Data from: Characterization of regional left ventricular function in nonhuman primates using magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers: a test-retest repeatability and inter-subject variability study
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FasL microgels induce immune acceptance of islet allografts in nonhuman primates
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Data from: Self-deception in nonhuman animals: weak crayfish escalated aggression as if they were strong
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Data from: Physiological and social consequences of gastrointestinal nematode infection in a nonhuman primate
Gastrointestinal nematodes are intensely studied models for host-pathogen interactions in wildlife, yet consequences of infections are not fully understood. Among the potential costs of nematode infection are physiological changes caused by immune system activation, reduction or reallocation of available energy, as well as potential social consequences in terms of decreased social activity or avoidance of infected individuals. We used experimental anthelmintic treatment to investigate effects of strongyle nematode infection in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), comparing 56 treated to 17 untreated individuals. Deworming success was monitored by coproscopy and infection probability estimated from patch occupancy models. Increasing strongyle infection probabilities were associated with increased fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels and slightly decreased activity, and had no significant effect on energy balance quantified as urinary C-peptide levels. The frequency to approach into close spatial proximity of a partner was predicted by the partner's, but not focal individual's infection status, with a tendency towards infected individuals being approached less frequently. Although effects were weak, they suggest a co-occurrence of sickness and avoidance behavior, both possibly shaping social interaction patterns with potential consequences for an individual's social relationships. This study adds to the growing body of research on the complex interactions of sociality, health and fitness in a group living species.
Data from: Distinct BOLD fMRI responses of capsaicin-induced thermal sensation reveal pain-related brain activation in nonhuman primates
Background: Approximately 20% of the adult population suffer from chronic pain that is not adequately treated by current therapies, highlighting a great need for improved treatment options. To develop effective analgesics, experimental human and animal models of pain are critical. Topically/intra-dermally applied capsaicin induces hyperalgesia and allodynia to thermal and tactile stimuli that mimics chronic pain and is a useful translation from preclinical research to clinical investigation. Many behavioral and self-report studies of pain have exploited the use of the capsaicin pain model, but objective biomarker correlates of the capsaicin augmented nociceptive response in nonhuman primates remains to be explored. Methodology: Here we establish an aversive capsaicin-induced fMRI model using non-noxious heat stimuli in Cynomolgus monkeys (n = 8). BOLD fMRI data were collected during thermal challenge (ON:20 s/42°C; OFF:40 s/35°C, 4-cycle) at baseline and 30 min post-capsaicin (0.1 mg, topical, forearm) application. Tail withdrawal behavioral studies were also conducted in the same animals using 42°C or 48°C water bath pre- and post- capsaicin application (0.1 mg, subcutaneous, tail). Principal Findings: Group comparisons between pre- and post-capsaicin application revealed significant BOLD signal increases in brain regions associated with the 'pain matrix', including somatosensory, frontal, and cingulate cortices, as well as the cerebellum (paired t-test, p<0.02, n = 8), while no significant change was found after the vehicle application. The tail withdrawal behavioral study demonstrated a significant main effect of temperature and a trend towards capsaicin induced reduction of latency at both temperatures. Conclusions: These findings provide insights into the specific brain regions involved with aversive, 'pain-like', responses in a nonhuman primate model. Future studies may employ both behavioral and fMRI measures as translational biomarkers to gain deeper understanding of pain processing and evaluate the preclinical efficacy of novel analgesics.
Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular characterization of parabasilids isolated from ex situ nonhuman primates and their keepers at different institutions in Brazil
Fig. 1. Diversity of species of group Parabasalia, characterized by molecular techniques, in samples from NHPs and their keepers at institutions in the Brazilian states of Par´a (northern region), Rio de Janeiro and S˜ao Paulo (southeast region) and Santa Catarina (southern region).
Data from: Distinct BOLD fMRI responses of capsaicin-induced thermal sensation reveal pain-related brain activation in nonhuman primates
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Data from: Vocal turn-taking in a nonhuman primate is learned during ontogeny
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Data from: Physiological and social consequences of gastrointestinal nematode infection in a nonhuman primate
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Data from: MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells respond to mycobacterial vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.