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FIG. 5 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 5. — cf. Bavarioboa sp. from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a. Anterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 502) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figure 4. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 4 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 4. — Bavarioboa aff. hermi from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr), and caudal (ca) views: A, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 499); B, cloacal vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 501). Abbreviations:cd, condyle; ct, cotyle; hae, haemapophysis; hk, haemal keel; lf, lateral foramen; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pr, prezygapophysis; prf, prezygapophyseal articular facet; prp, prezygapophyseal process; po, postzygapophysis; pof, postzygapophyseal articular facet; scf, subcentral foramen; scr, subcentral ridge; syn, synapophysis; zy, zygosphene; zyg, zygantrum. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 10 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 10. — Texasophis cf. meini from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 554), in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4 & 7. Scale bar: 2 mm.

FIG. 14.— A in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 14.— A, Vipera sp. ("Oriental vipers" group) or Daboia sp. from the Middle Miocene (late MN 5) of Griesbeckerzell 1b; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 646) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr), and caudal (ca) views; B, Vipera sp. ("Oriental vipers" group) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of the Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 656) in dorsal (d) ventral (v), and cranial (cr) views. Abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6, 7 & 13.

FIG. 13 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 13. — Elapidae indet. from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a; trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 643) in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and caudal (ca) views. Abbreviations: scg, subcentral groove; other abbreviations: see Figure 4.

FIG. 8 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 8.— Coluber hungaricus (Bolkay, 1913) from the Middle Miocene (MN 6, base) of Griesbeckerzell 1a, in lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), cranial (cr) and caudal (ca) views: A, posterior cervical vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 541); B, middle trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 547); C, posterior trunk vertebra (BSPG 1997 XIII 549). Abbreviations: see Figures 4, 6 & 7. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 3 in Snakes from Griesbeckerzell (Langhian, Early Badenian), North Alpine Foreland Basin (Germany), with comments on the evolution of snake faunas in Central Europe during the Miocene Climatic Optimum

FIG. 3. — Synoptical chart of the chronology for the Early to Middle Miocene lithostratigraphic units in the Bavarian part of the NAFB (modified from Abdul Aziz et al. 2010) and stratigraphic position of the Griesbeckerzell localities (*): 1, Marine Molasse; 2, Grimmelfingen beds; 3, Albstein; 4, Kirchberg Formation; 5, Sand-Kalkmergel-Serie and untere Bunte Mergel Serie; 6, Limnische Untere Serie; 7, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, lower part; 8, Fluviatile Untere Serie; 9, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, upper part; 10, Fluviatile Untere Serie; 11, Zwischenmergel; 12, NÖrdlicher Vollschotter, upper part; 13, GerÖllsand Serie; 14, Brock-horizon; 15, Sand-Mergel-Decke; 16, dated volcanic ash; 17, undated volcanic ash; 18, Lower Laimering Series, Ubergangsschichten; 19, Steinbalmensande.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

20th Century Atmospheric River Archive for Western North America and Europe

General Description This datasets provides 6-hourly instantaneous atmospheric river absence-presence time series for 13 sub-regions along the coastlines of Western North America and Europe, as well the corresponding Integrated Water Vapor (IVT) values and exceeded climatological quantiles. These data were retrieved from 3 distinct reanalyses: 1. ERA-20C, 1900-2010, 1.125 degrees resolution, here termed "era20c" 2. NOAA-CIRES 20th Century Reanalysis version 2, 1900-2012, 2 degrees resolution, here termed "c20", ARs were retrieved from instantaneous ensemble-mean data. 3. ECMWF ERA-Interim, 1979-2014, 0.75 degrees resolution, here termed "interim" The file structure is as in this example: ar_Brands_v0_interim_scalifornia_JFMAOND_1979_2014.nc translates to: ar_<algorithm name>_<version>_<underlying dataset>_<target region as illustrated in fig_studyregions.pdf>_<considered months>_<start year>_<end_year>.nc The 13 study regions are indicated in <fig_studyregions.pdf> attached below and described in Brands et al. (2017). The lat-lon coordinates of each region are provided in the netCDF files. For western North America and Europe the October-through-April and October-through-March season is covered, respectively. The compressed netCDF4 files offered here come with detailed metadata information. For generating the present dataset, the initial version of the AR detection and tracking algorithm developed in my PhD thesis was used (here referred to as version 0, see Brands et al. 2017 for a full description). Although newer algorithm versions have become available in the framework of the Atmospheric River Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP, see Rutz et al. 2019), the initial version 0 was specifically developed for detecting landfalling ARs along the coastlines of Western North America and Europe. The correct functioning was supervised by eye for hundreds, if not thousands of cases. The 9 distinct AR detection and tracking methods contained in each netCDF file (coined "method 0,1...8" in there) use distinct climatological percentile thresholds to 1) detect ARs along the coastline (the detection percentile, termed "prct_detect") and then "crawl" upwards the flow guided by the strongest IVT above the tracking percentile ("prct_track") and by the respective U and V components until a minimum length of 2000 km is reached. The results obtained from the 9 methods thus differ in AR intensity. The netCDF files of the present dataset have been recompiled from the non-standard .mat files generated in my PhD thesis during the years 2013-2017. For the target regions in Europe, the content of the present dataset partly overlaps with the non-standard dataset previously published at http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14711.32160. The target regions in western North America have been newly included and are only available from the present dataset. Contact: Swen Brands, brandssf@ifca.unican.es   References Brands, S., Gutiérrez, J.M. & San-Martín, D. (2017). Twentieth-century atmospheric river activity along the west coasts of Europe and North America: algorithm formulation, reanalysis uncertainty and links to atmospheric circulation patterns. Climate Dynamics 48, 2771–2795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3095-6 Compo, G.P., Whitaker, J.S., Sardeshmukh, P.D., Matsui, N., Allan, R.J., Yin, X., Gleason, B.E., Vose, R.S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R.I., Grant, A.N., Groisman, P.Y., Jones, P.D., Kruk, M.C., Kruger, A.C., Marshall, G.J., Maugeri, M., Mok, H.Y., Nordli, Ø., Ross, T.F., Trigo, R.M., Wang, X.L., Woodruff, S.D. and Worley, S.J. (2011), The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 1-28, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.776 Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A.J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E.V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A.P., Monge-Sanz, B.M., Morcrette, J.-.-J., Park, B.-.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-.-N. and Vitart, F. (2011), The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 137: 553-597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828 Poli, P., and Coauthors, 2016: ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century. J. Climate, 29, 4083–4097, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0556.1 Rutz, J. J., Shields, C. A., Lora, J. M., Payne, A. E., Guan, B., Ullrich, P., et al. (2019). The Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP): Quantifying uncertainties in atmospheric river climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2019; 124: 13777– 13802. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030936

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Data from: New and Old World phylogeography of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus): the North American origin of introduced populations in Europe

To determine the origin of introduced European populations of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) – a freshwater sunfish, native to eastern North America that has spread across western and central Europe – we investigated the phylogeography of the species by sequencing the mitochondrial NADH subunit 1 gene. A total of 543 pumpkinseed were sampled from 32 sites across the native range of the species, and from 19 sites covering much of its introduced European range. The presence and geographic distribution of two distinct clades in North American populations were discovered, suggesting that pumpkinseed survived the Pleistocene glaciations in two refugia (Atlantic and Mississippian). Analyses of mitochondrial variation revealed that European pumpkinseed may have been introduced to Europe from at least two distinct sources, but from the Atlantic drainages of North America only, which is consistent with historical records. Within Europe, haplotype distributions of pumpkinseed lend support to the entry of non-native fishes into Iberia via the so-called 'Perpignan–Barcelona corridor'. European populations possessed lower genetic diversity than populations from North America, suggesting that low genetic diversity may not preclude a species from establishing and spreading into new environments outside of their native range.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Code and data to "The shifting of buffer crop repertoires in pre-industrial north-eastern Europe "

This code and data can be used to replicate the plots and figures of the paper and to trace the correlation and tests of climate variability and crop development in the study area.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2024View details →

Data from: "Distance decay effects predominantly shape spider but not carabid community composition in crop fields in north-western Europe"

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opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Genetic relationships between sympatric and allopatric Coregonus ciscoes in North and Central Europe

Background Sympatric speciation along ecological gradients has been studied repeatedly, in particular in freshwater fishes. Rapid post-glacial ecological divergence has resulted in numerous endemic species or ecologically distinct populations in lakes of the temperate zones. Here, we focus on the Baltic cisco (Coregonus albula) complex, to study the genetic similarity among two pairs of sympatric autumn- and spring-spawning populations from post-glacial German Lakes Stechlin and Breiter Luzin. For comparison, we included a similar pair of sympatric populations from the Swedish Lake Fegen. We wanted to explore potential genetic similarities between the three sympatric cisco population pairs in the three lakes, to evaluate whether the pairs may have emerged independently in the three lakes, or whether two different species may have colonized all three lakes independently. Furthermore, we considered allopatric C. albula populations from three Polish, three Finnish, and four Swedish locations, and added one Siberian population of the sister species C. sardinella and a Swedish C. maraena (whitefish) population. By genotyping nine microsatellite markers in 655 individuals from these 18 populations, we wanted to elucidate how strongly the cisco populations differ across a larger geographical area within Europe. Finally, we compared the genetic differences between the spring- and autumn-spawning populations of ciscoes in the two German lakes to infer the potentially deteriorating effect of strong anthropogenic pressure on the lakes. Results Dendrogram, Principal Coordinate Analysis and admixture analysis all indicated strong correspondence between population differentiation and geographical location for most cisco populations in Europe, including the Siberian population of C. sardinella. However, populations from some Swedish lakes deviated from this general pattern, by showing a distinct genetic structure. We found evidence for independent evolution of the three sympatric population pairs because the populations co-occurring in the same lake were always most closely related. However, genetic differentiation was weak in the two German population pairs, but strong in the Swedish Lake Fegen, indicating that the weak differentiation in the German pairs reported earlier has eroded further. Conclusions Our results suggest that the genetic differentiation at neutral genetic markers among populations of the Baltic cisco complex has evolved (and is maintained) by random genetic drift in isolated populations. However, earlier studies on the Swedish populations combining mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data indicate that also post-glacial immigration from separate glacial refugia has shaped the present genetic population structure. The low neutral differentiation of the German sympatric pairs in contrast to the Swedish pair suggests that recent anthropogenic effects on the lakes in Germany may put the endemic spring-spawners at risk to extinction.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Niche and geographic expansions of North American trees and tall shrubs in Europe

dataset_all = dataset used in analysis spe_info = information about species bio_1 - bio_19 = Worldclim raster for native range (North America) bio_1_inv - bio_19_inv = Worldclim rasters for invaded range (Europe)

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Hotspots in the grid: Avian sensitivity and vulnerability to collision risk from energy infrastructure interactions in Europe and North Africa

Wind turbines and power lines can cause bird mortality due to collision or electrocution. The biodiversity impacts of energy infrastructure (EI) can be minimised through effective landscape-scale planning and mitigation. The identification of high-vulnerability areas is urgently needed to assess potential cumulative impacts of EI while supporting the transition to zero-carbon energy. We collected GPS location data from 1,454 birds from 27 species susceptible to collision within Europe and North Africa and identified areas where tracked birds are most at risk of colliding with existing EI. Sensitivity to EI development was estimated for wind turbines and power lines by calculating the proportion of GPS flight locations at heights where birds were at risk of collision and accounting for species' specific susceptibility to collision. We mapped the maximum collision sensitivity value obtained across all species, in each 5x5 km grid cell, across Europe and North Africa. Vulnerability to collision was obtained by overlaying the sensitivity surfaces with density of wind turbines and transmission power lines. Results: Exposure to risk varied across the 27 species, with some species flying consistently at heights where they risk collision. For areas with sufficient tracking data within Europe and North Africa, 13.6% of the area was classified as high sensitivity to wind turbines and 9.4% was classified as high sensitivity to transmission power lines. Sensitive areas were concentrated within important migratory corridors and along coastlines. Hotspots of vulnerability to collision with wind turbines and transmission power lines (2018 data) were scattered across the study region with highest concentrations occurring in central Europe, near the strait of Gibraltar and the Bosporus in Turkey. Synthesis and Applications: We identify the areas of Europe and North Africa that are most sensitive for the specific populations of birds for which sufficient GPS tracking data at high spatial resolution were available. We also map vulnerability hotspots where mitigation at existing EI should be prioritised to reduce collision risks. As tracking data availability improves our method could be applied to more species and areas to help reduce bird-EI conflicts.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2003View details →

Fig. 22.3 in Chapter 22: Rodents from the Chinese Neogene: Biogeographic Relationships with Europe and North America

Fig. 22.3. Biogeographic relationships of major groups of Neogene rodents found in China.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2003View details →

Fig. 22.2 in Chapter 22: Rodents from the Chinese Neogene: Biogeographic Relationships with Europe and North America

Fig. 22.2. Correlation of Chinese Neogene biochrons with those of Europe and North America.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2018View details →

Fig. 1 in Genetic diversity of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in Korea and comparison with COI sequence datasets from East Asia, Europe, and North America

Fig. 1. Halyomorpha halys collection sites in Korea and the USA.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Ecogeographic drivers of the spatial spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe and North America, 2016–2022

H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have caused outbreaks in Europe among wild and domestic birds since 2016 and were introduced to North America via wild migratory birds in December 2021. We examined the spatiotemporal extent of HPAI viruses across continents and characterize ecological and environmental predictors of virus spread between geographic regions through constructing a Bayesian phylodynamic generalized linear model (phylodynamic-GLM). Findings demonstrate localized epidemics of H5Nx throughout Europe in the first several years of the epizootic, followed by a singular branching point where H5N1 viruses were introduced to North America, likely via stopover locations throughout the North Atlantic. Once in the US, H5Nx viruses spread at a greater rate between US-based regions and no evidence demonstrated spread back to any European region. We establish that geographic proximity is a predictor of virus spread between regions, which implies that inter-continental transport across the Atlantic Ocean is relatively rare. Increase in mean ambient temperature over time was predictive of reduced H5Nx virus spread, which may reflect the effect of climate change on declines in host species abundance, decreased persistence of the virus in the environment, or changes in migratory patterns due to ecological alterations. Our data provide new knowledge about the spread and directionality of H5Nx virus dispersal in Europe and North America during an actively evolving inter-continental outbreak, including predictors of virus movement between regions, which will contribute to surveillance and mitigation strategies as the outbreak unfolds, and in future instances of uncontained avian spread of HPAI viruses.

publicNov 2021View details →

Genetic relationships between sympatric and allopatric Coregonus ciscoes in North and Central Europe

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