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FIGURE 6 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 6. Short sections showing position of Tubulichnium rectum and associated traces fossils in strata of the Ropianka Formation (Inoceramian Beds) at Słopnice, Magura Nappe, Carpathians, Poland. GPS coordinates: section A: 49°42.982'N, 020°20.448'E; section B: 49°42.974'N, 20°20.453'E, section C: 49°42.610'N, 20°20.687'E.

FIGURE 7 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 7. Stratigraphic range of Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) and number of formations per stage in which it occurs.

FIGURE 1 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 1. Location maps: 1, a part of Europe with main localities of the material studied and indication of the main study area in the Polish Carpathians; 2, the main study area in the Polish Carpathians with indication of several localities of the material studied or reported occurrences of Tubulichnium rectum.

FIGURE 2 in Hidden subsurface garden on own faeces - the trace fossil Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) from the Cretaceous-Palaeogene deep-sea sediments

FIGURE 2. Holotype of Tubulichnium rectum (Fischer-Ooster, 1858) and some other key specimens described by Fischer-Ooster (1858) and Książkiewicz (1977), which are housed in the Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern (NMBE) in Switzerland and in the Nature Education Centre of the Jagiellonian University – Museum of Geology, Kraków, Poland, respectively: 1, holotype, originally Halymenites rectus Fischer-Ooster and Chondrites targionii (Cht), Gurnigel Flysch (Maastrichtian), Seeligraben near Gurnigelbad (Switzerland), specimen NMBE 5017471. Detail illustrated in 2 marked by the quadrangle; 2, detail of 1; 3, original of Halymenites minor Fischer-Ooster, 1858 and Chondrites intricatus (Chi) from Gurnigel Flysch (Maastrichtian), Seeligraben near Gurnigelbad (Switzerland), specimen NMBE 5017474; 4, original of Halymenites incrassatus Fischer-Ooster, 1858, Fähnernspitz, Upper Cretaceous, E Switzerland, specimen NMBE 5017470; 5, holotype of Tubulichnium incertum Książkiewicz, 1977 (yellow arrow), other specimen of the same ichnotaxon (Tr) and Scolicia vertebralis (Sv); Ropianka Formation (Inoceramian Beds), Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene, Bachów, Skole Nappe, specimen UJTF 938; 6, detail of 5 showing the holotype.

Text-fig. 8. Palaeogene terrestrial fossiliferous deposits of Africa. Note the position of the Tunisian Oligocene deposits, and their obvious interest in terms of geographic position and age (data for the Palaeogene of North Africa are from Tabuce et al. 2000, 2001, 2011, Delmer et al. 2006, Coster et al. 2012, Yans et al. 2014, Solé et al. 2016). Note that Nakwai (Kenya) is no longer considered to be Oligocene. in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) And Other Large Mammals And Plants From The Oligocene Of Tunisia

Text-fig. 8. Palaeogene terrestrial fossiliferous deposits of Africa. Note the position of the Tunisian Oligocene deposits, and their obvious interest in terms of geographic position and age (data for the Palaeogene of North Africa are from Tabuce et al. 2000, 2001, 2011, Delmer et al. 2006, Coster et al. 2012, Yans et al. 2014, Solé et al. 2016). Note that Nakwai (Kenya) is no longer considered to be Oligocene.

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Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 5. Palynomorphs from Late Miocene deposits. Gaverdovsky section, North Caucasus. a – Abies minor ANANOVA; b – Picea sp.; c – Keteleeria cf. dubia CHLONOWA; d – Taxodiaceae gen.; e – Podocarpidites podocarpoides (THIERGART) KRUTZSCH; f – Pinus labdaca KRUTZSCH; g – Fagus cf. tenella PAN.; h – Juglans gracilis ANANOVA; I – Carya cf. spackmania TRAV.; j – Pterocarya sp.; k – Ulmus sp.; l – Zelkova cf. miocenica ANANOVA; m – Liquidambar sp.; n – Pediastrum simplex MEYEN; o – Spirogyra sp.; p – redeposited Palaeogene dinocyst Wilsonidinium lineidentatum (DEFLANDRE et COOKSON, 1955) LENTIN et WILLIAMS, 1976. Scale bar 40 μm for all photographs.

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Text-fig. 21. Palaeogene fossil mammal localities of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, highlighting the distribution of Omanitherium and other numidotheres and barytheres. in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 21. Palaeogene fossil mammal localities of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, highlighting the distribution of Omanitherium and other numidotheres and barytheres.

Figure 24 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 24. Ventral view of the suprascapular cartilages and cleithra of two anuran species. A, Pipa pipa (KU 204065). B, Xenopus wittei (KU 195673). Numbers before the colon indicate the character and numbers after the colon indicate the character state. Cartilage is shown in grey, bone is shown in white, and combined grey and stippling denotes invasion of cleithral ossification. Not to scale.

Figure 21 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 21. Ventral aspects of the postzygapophyses of three anuran taxa. A, Discoglossus galganoi (MNCN 15143). B, Xenopus laevis (KU 69842). C, Hymenochirus curtipes (KU 204127). Not to scale.

Figure 20 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 20. Ventral views (only right sides shown) of the skulls of four anuran taxa. A, Discoglossus sardus (KU 129239). B, Palaeobatrachus sp. redrawn from Báez & Trueb (1997: fig. 11). C, Silurana epitropicalis (KU 195660). D, Rhinophrynus dorsalis (KU 84886). Numbers before the colon indicate the character and numbers after the colon indicate the character state. Foramina are shown in black, cartilage is shown in grey, and bone is shown in white; the pterygoids are stippled. Not to scale.

Figure 16 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 16. Posterior views (only right sides shown) of the skulls of three anuran taxa. A, Xenopus laevis (KU 195935). B, 'X.' romeri redrawn from Estes (1975a: fig.1). C, Pipa pipa (KU 129698). Numbers before the colon indicate the character and numbers after the colon indicate the character state. Foramina are shown in black and bone is shown in white. Not to scale.

Figure 12 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 12. Sequence of development of Llankibatrachus truebae; all specimens were staged according to the Nieuwkoop & Faber (1956) normal table for Xenopus laevis and are shown in dorsal view. A, Nieuwkoop & Faber Stage 57/58 tadpole (BAR 2477–10). B, Stage 59 tadpole (BAR 1309–10). C, Stage 62 tadpole (BAR 2474–10). D, Stage 65 tadpole (BAR 2606–10). Calcium deposits and bone impressions are shown in stippling; bones are shown in black. Scale bar = 6 mm.

Figure 10 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 10. Photographs of Llankibatrachus truebae larvae. A, Nieuwkoop & Faber Stage 57/58 tadpole in ventral view; note the absence of forelimbs. B, Nieuwkoop & Faber Stage 59 (BAR 1309–10) tadpole in dorsal view; note the erupted forelimbs. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 15 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 15. Transverse sections of the skulls of two anuran taxa through the region of the optic foramina. A, Rhinophrynus dorsalis (KU 186799). B, Xenopus muelleri (KU 196041). Numbers before the colon indicate the character and numbers after the colon indicate the character state. Bone is shown in black and cartilage is shown in grey. Not to scale.

Figure 4 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 4. Reconstruction of the skull of Llankibatrachus truebae in dorsal view, based primarily on specimens BAR 2469– 10 and 2367–1. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 6. Llankibatrachus truebae. Young postmetamorphic specimens. Photographs of (A) BAR 3080–10 and (B) BAR 2467–10. Scale bars = 5 mm

Figure 19 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 19. Premaxillae in frontal view and anterior ends of maxillae in two anuran taxa. A, Pelobates syriacus (KU, 146856). B, Xenopus laevis (KU 195934). Numbers before the colon indicate the character and numbers after the colon indicate the character state. Not to scale.

Figure 3 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 3. Partial reconstruction of the skeleton of an adult Llankibatrachus truebae in dorsal view. Based on several specimens (e.g. BAR 2367–1, 2469–10, 2479–10, BAR -1). Scale bar = 3 mm.

Figure 2 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 2. Photograph of Llankibatrachus truebae (Holotype, BAR 2469–10) representing a nearly complete, articulated cranial and postcranial skeleton. The specimen is mostly preserved as a dorsal impression, although the ventral surface of several sectioned bones still in situ is also evident. Note the body outline preserved in this specimen. Scale bar = 3 mm.

Figure 14 in Ontogeny of a new Palaeogene pipid frog from southern South America and xenopodinomorph evolution

Figure 14. Nasals and sphenethmoid of two anuran taxa in dorsal view. A, Shelania pascuali (CBPA 12213). B, Xenopus laevis (KU 69842). Numbers before the colon indicate the character and numbers after the colon indicate the character state. Not to scale.