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FIGURE 8 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 8. XMT result of Indospirifer sp. (3229). 1-8, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 9-15, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 16-20, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 21-22, lateral (21) and ventral (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23-24, ventral (23) and ventroanterior (24) views of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; cp, cardinal process; hp, hinge plate; sp, spiralia.

FIGURE 5 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 5. XMT result of Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32). 1-11, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 12-21, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 22-27, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 28-31, lateral (28), ventral (29), dorsal (30) and posterior (31) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 32, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sk, socket; cf, cardinal flanges.

FIGURE 4 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 4. XMT result of Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, posterior view of the coronally sectioned 3-D model. 27, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: sd, spondylium; tt, teeth.

FIGURE 7 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 7. XMT result of Spiriferina sp. (BS-1). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: dp, dental plates; ms, median septum; sp, spiralia; tt, teeth; cr, crus; sk, socket.

FIGURE 6 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 6. XMT result of Tylothyris transversa (TeP). 1-7, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 8-14, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 15-19, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 20-22, lateral (20), ventral (21) and dorsal (22) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 23, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 1 option in DataViewer). Abbreviation: sp, spiralia.

FIGURE 2 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 2. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Indospirifer sp. (3229) (1-4), Cyrtospirifer whitneyi (CD) (5-8), Spiriferidae gen. sp. indet. (S1) (9-12), Spiriferella loveni (F8) (13-16), Meekella sangzhiensis (Q- 1) (17-18) and Tyloplecta nanjingensis (Q-2) (19-20). 1, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of infilling micrite and shell fragments scattered. 2-3, transmitted light (TL) (2) and corresponding CL (3) images of luminescent shell. 4, CL image showing slightly luminescent shell. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of both luminescent shell and infilling sediment. 9-10, PPL images of brachiopod shell, infilling packstone and thin silicified layer along their boundary. 11- 12, TL (11) and CL (12) images of nonluminescent shell. 13-16, TL (13, 15) and CL (14, 16) images showing a variety of shell luminescence and infilling sediment composed of calcitic skeletal grains (bryozoan in 15 and 16). 17-20, PPL (17, 19, 20) and TL (18) images of both silicified shells and infillings. Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; fs, fragmented shell; os, other shell material; sl, silicified layer; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.

FIGURE 3 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 3. XMT result of Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406). 1-10, serial slices in the coronal plane (from posterior to anterior). 11-17, serial slices in the transverse plane (from ventral to dorsal). 18-22, serial slices in the sagittal plane (from lateral to middle). 23-25, lateral (23), ventral (24) and dorsal (25) views of the reconstructed 3-D model (external shell). 26, ventral view of the 3-D model in transparent mode. All the slice images were obtained under false-color lookup tables (Color 2 option in DataViewer). Abbreviations: tt, teeth; sp, spiralia; sk, socket.

FIGURE 1 in Virtual palaeontology: the effects of mineral composition and texture of fossil shell and hosting rock on the quality of X-ray microtomography (XMT) outcomes using Palaeozoic brachiopods

FIGURE 1. Thin section and cathodoluminescence (CL) photomicrographs: Timaniella harkeri (GSC26406) (1-4), Spiriferina sp. (BS-1) (5-8), Stenoscisma timorense (BS-2) (9-12), Cleiothyridina baracoodensis (ML32) (13-16) and Tylothyris transversa (TeP) (17-20). 1-2, transmitted light (TL) (1) and corresponding CL images (2) of nonluminescent shell and infilling sediment composed of fine sand grains. 3-4, TL (3) and CL (4) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell in the cardinal area of dorsal valve. 5-8, TL (5, 7) and CL (6, 8) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell and luminescent infilling cement. 9-12, TL (9, 11) and CL (10, 12) images of luminescent shell with thin silicified layers and recrystallization along inner wall of brachiopod shell. 13, plane-polarized light (PPL) image of the original infilling sediment composed of calcareous sands. 14, PPL image showing the section of infilling cement. 15-16, TL (15) and CL (16) images of slightly luminescent shell. 17, PPL image of infilling comprising lime mud, calcite cement and relatively large, radially arranged, siliceous crystals. 18-19, TL (18) and CL (19) images of nonluminescent associated with partially luminescent shell. 20, CL image showing the section of nonluminescent internal shell structure (spiralia) preserved within infilling (This structure is hardly recognized in the TL image). Abbreviations: bs, brachiopod shell; im, infilling material; sl, silicified layer; cc, calcite crystal; NL, nonluminescent; SL, slightly luminescent; L, luminescent.

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Fig. 2. A, B in The revision of "Cladodus" occidentalis, a late Palaeozoic ctenacanthiform shark

Fig. 2. A, B. Glikmanius occidentalis (Leidy, 1859). A. Specimen PF 8240, from the Pennsylvanian black shales of the Hesler Quarry, Indiana, in oral/lingual view (same as Williams 1985: pl. 7: 7). B. Specimen PCh/425a, from the Moscovian of Myachkovo, Moscow District, in oral (B1) and aboral (B2) views. C. Glikmanius myachkovensis (Lebedev, 2001), specimen MB.f.9452.1, from the Moscovian of Myachkovo, in labial (C1), labial/aboral (C2), and aboral (C3) views.

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Fig. 1. A in The revision of "Cladodus" occidentalis, a late Palaeozoic ctenacanthiform shark

Fig. 1. A. Glikmanius occidentalis (Leidy, 1859), holotype, specimen ANSP 8394, from the upper Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian) of Manhattan, Kansas, in lingual (A1), aboral (A2), and labial/aboral (A3) views. B. Glikmanius sp., specimen CM 44504B, from the Namurian E3, Bear Gulch, Montana, in lingual view. C–E. G. occidentalis. C. Specimen USNM 14107, from undetermined Carboniferous of Illinois, labial view. D. Specimen BMNH P.7043 (labelled as Cladodus impressus Woodward), from the Moscovian of Myachkovo, Moscow District, in lateral view. E. The first ever published specimen, BMNH P.7364, from the Chance Pennystone, Coal Measures of Donnington, Coalbrook Dale, Shropshire, UK, labial view. F, G. Glikmanius sp., photographs in aniseed oil, parts of occlusal view, specimen MP30−1, from the Serpukhovian of the Kalinovskie Vyselki Quarry, Moscow District. F. Lingual part of the base. G. Intermediate cusp. H. Lateral cusp.

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Fig. 2 in Repaired injuries and shell form in some Palaeozoic pleurotomarioid gastropods

Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of Fig. 1 as a guide to emphasize the location of repaired injuries, here shown in thicker lines. For explanation see Fig. 1 captions and the text. A–F. Turbiniform shells. G–J. Trochiform shells. K, L. Planispiral shells.

Figure 72 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 72. Comparative drawings of the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos (Carroll, 2000b), the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia, and the primitive living caecilian Ichthyophis (F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007, in press). A, D, G, H, dorsal, palatal, lateral, and occipital views of Rhynchonkos. B, E, dorsal and palatal views of Eocaecilia. C, F, dorsal and lateral views of Ichthyophis.

Figure 74 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 74. Comparative reconstructions of the skeletons of (A), the Lower Permian microsaur Rhynchonkos [reproduced from Carroll & Gaskill (1978)], and (B) the Lower Jurassic caecilian Eocaecilia [reproduced from F. A. Jenkins, D. Walsh & R. L. Carroll, 2007 (in press)].

Figure 76 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 76. Ranges of occurrence of major Carboniferous amphibian clades, based on the 2004 geological time scale of Gradstein et al. (2004).

Figure 78 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 78. Tree resulting from swapping branches of the originally most parsimonious cladogram generated by PAUP to accord with the relationships based on the pattern of nested synapomorphies. Numbers of addition steps required for each swap calculated by Mesquite (Maddison & Maddison, 2004).

Figure 67 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 67. Amphibamus grandiceps (United States National Museum 4400). A, dorsal view of skull, showing ossification of the circumorbital bones prior to the breakdown of the calcium carbonate in the endolymphatic ducts. B, ventral view of skeleton, showing infillings of the stomach and intestine. Reproduced from Milner (1982).

Figure 70. The Lower Carboniferous temnospondyl Balanerpeton. A, B in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 70. The Lower Carboniferous temnospondyl Balanerpeton. A, B, skull in dorsal and palatal views. C, D, lower jaw in lateral and medial views. E, reconstruction of skeleton. F, G, lower forelimbs and hindlimbs. Reproduced from Milner & Sequeira (1994).

Figure 68 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 68. Skull and skeleton of Dendrerpeton, an early temnospondyl amphibian from the Westphalian A of Joggins, Nova Scotia. Reproduced from Holmes et al. (1998).

Figure 69 in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 69. Middle ear of temnospondyls. A, lateral view of the skull of the Westphalian A Dendrerpeton, showing the area scanned to produce images B–E (unpublished images based on data from Robinson, 2005). B, lateral view of the braincase and right stapes, shown as if the right cheek were removed. C–E, left stapes in posterior, anterior, and medial views. F, G, posterior and medial views of the left stapes of the Lower Permian Doleserpeton. Reproduced from Lombard & Bolt (1988).

Figure 66. A in The Palaeozoic Ancestry of Salamanders, Frogs and Caecilians

Figure 66. A, skull of the amphibamid Amphibamus grandiceps (Field Museum of Natural History PR664) from the Westphalian D of Mazon Creek, Illinois, showing the early ossification of most of the circumorbital bones, in contrast to (B), the comparably sized branchiosaurid, Apateon (see Fig. 54C1), in which these bones are slower to ossify. C, skeleton of Amphibamus grandiceps, showing the long, salamander-like tail. Reproduced from Milner (1982).