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152 results for “Photoperiod”
Photoperiod at emergence regulates early life history plasticity in fall Chinook salmon
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Prior exposure to long day photoperiods alters immune responses and increases susceptibility to parasitic infection in stickleback
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Data from: Climate warming prolongs the time interval between leaf-out and flowering in temperate trees: effects of chilling, forcing and photoperiod
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Compensating for climate change-induced cue-environment mismatches: evidence for contemporary evolution of a photoperiodic reaction norm in Colias butterflies
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Effects of short photoperiod and carbohydrate consumption on sleep, liver steatosis, and the gut microbiome in diurnal grass rats
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Data for: Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod
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Data from: Increasing photoperiod stimulates initiation of spring migratory behaviour and physiology in a facultative migrant, the pine siskin
The transition to a migratory state involves coordinated changes in physiology and behaviour. In species with regular, predictable (obligate) migrations, increasing day length triggers the expression of a spring migratory state and androgens play an important role in stimulating its development. In contrast, we know very little about the environmental cues and endocrine mechanisms that regulate migration in species with less predictable (facultative) migrations. Here, we tested whether photoperiod stimulates a migratory state in a facultative nomadic migrant, the pine siskin (Spinus pinus). We exposed wintering birds to either a naturally increasing or short-day photoperiod and measured physiological and behavioural changes indicative of a migratory state. We also examined changes in circulating hormones that may play a role in the migratory transition. Natural-day, but not short-day, birds displayed physiological preparations for migration, including increases in fat deposition, and expressed increased levels of migratory restlessness. We found no evidence for a role of corticosterone in the migratory transition, but testosterone may be important. This study is the first experimental test of the role of photoperiod in regulating facultative migration and demonstrates that the predictive cue used by many obligate migrants to time spring migration is also important in a facultative migrant.
Data from: The interactive effects of photoperiod and future climate change may have negative consequences for a wide-spread invasive insect
Increasing global temperatures may affect many ectotherms, including insects, although increasing temperatures are thought to benefit future populations through effects on adult size, fecundity, or populations. However, the way that temperature may interact with photoperiod is not well understood. We study this problem using the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus, an important worldwide invasive whose future spread is thought to be affected by changes in climate. We investigated how mass at maturity varied with temperature (21°C, 25°C) across short and long photoperiods, using laboratory populations from the extreme ends of this species' current US range (Florida, New Jersey). These values were used to parametrize a model to predict optimal mass based on development times; the results of a second laboratory experiment under the same treatments were compared to model predictions. Warmer conditions shortened development times in females from all locations leading to either higher or lower mass depending on the photoperiod. We then used published mass–fecundity relationships to determine the consequences of mass on fecundity under our conditions. Under the majority of scenarios warming decreased predicted fecundity under long photoperiods, but proved beneficial under short photoperiods because the costs of fast development were offset by increased survival in the face of late-season freezing risk. However, fecundity was always low under short photoperiods, so the marginal benefit of warming appears negligible given its cost under long photoperiods when the majority of reproduction occurs. Thus, with northern range expansion, where colder weather currently limits this species, detrimental effects of warming on fecundity are likely, similar to those identified for mass. Unlike previous work that has shown benefits of a warming planet to insects like Aedes albopictus, our work predicts lower performance under warming conditions in summer across the current range, a prediction with implications for range expansion, disease dynamics and populations.
Experimental manipulation of photoperiod influences migration timing in a wild, long-distance migratory songbird
<p>Previous laboratory studies have demonstrated the role of photoperiod in cueing the migration timing of small land birds; however, how migration timing of young birds in wild environments develops in relation to these cues have rarely been investigated. Such investigations can make important contributions to our developing understanding of the phenotypic plasticity of migration timing to new conditions with climate change, where changes in the timing of nesting may expose juvenile birds to different photoperiods. We investigated the impact of manipulating photoperiod during nestling development in a long-distance migratory songbird on the timing of post-breeding movements in the wild. Using programmable lighting installed in the nest-boxes of purple martins (<em>Progne subis</em>), we exposed developing nestlings, from hatch to fledge date, to an extended photoperiod that matched the day length of the summer solstice in Manitoba, Canada. We found that birds with a simulated, earlier photoperiod had a longer nesting period and later fledge and autumn departure dates than control group birds. This study demonstrates the phenotypic plasticity of first-year birds to the ontogenetic effect of their hatch date in the formation of the timing of their first post-breeding movements. Further, we discuss how these results have implications for the potential use of assisted evolution approaches to alter migration timing to match new conditions with climate change.</p>
Photoperiod influences the shape and scaling of freshwater phytoplankton responses to light and temperature
Light fluctuations are ubiquitous, exist across multiple spatial and temporal scales, and directly affect the physiology and ecology of photoautotrophs. However, the indirect effects of light fluctuations on the sensitivity of organisms to other key environmental factors are unclear. Here, we evaluate how photoperiod regime (period of time each day where organisms receive light), a dynamic element of aquatic ecosystems, can influence the interactive effects of temperature and irradiance (intensity of light) on the growth rate of phytoplankton populations. We first completed a literature review and meta-analysis that suggests photoperiod alters the individual effects of temperature – but not irradiance – on algal growth rates and that highlights how few studies experimentally manipulate photoperiod, temperature, and irradiance. To address this empirical gap, we conducted a set of laboratory experiments on three freshwater phytoplankton species (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, and Cryptomonas ovata). We measured performance surfaces relating growth rate to irradiance and temperature gradients for each species in constant (24:0 hours of light:dark) environments. We then evaluated whether analogous surfaces measured under different photoperiods and scaled by the duration of light availability could be inferred from results under constant light. For a majority of the combinations of species and photoperiods examined, photoperiod meaningfully altered the intercept and shape of performance surfaces. These differences were most pronounced under the shortest photoperiod (6:18 light:dark), where populations underperformed expectations. Alterations to performance surfaces were non-linear and mostly structured by temperature with higher temperatures yielding higher than anticipated growth rates. Collectively, these experiments and synthesis reveal the potential for photoperiod regime to influence the effects of temperature, irradiance, and their interaction on phytoplankton growth. Beyond the environmental variables and organisms presently considered, this research highlights the capacity for dynamic, abiotic variables to exert direct effects while also influencing relationships among other environmental factors.
Figure 1 in Clues supporting photoperiod as the main determinant of seasonal variation in amphibian activity
Figure 1. Path diagram of structural equation model, evaluating 265 the hypotheses that anuran species respond to the month as a latent variable that is a construct of photoperiod, temperature and rainfall. The whole model is congruent with observed data as indicated by its non-significant probability. Paths values are standardized effects ± 1 standard error. Asterisks (*) denote significant coefficients (P <0.05) and "ns" denote non-significant coefficients (P> 0.05). Arrow width represents the strength of the causal link. Month, latent variable; S, number of species calling per month; P, photoperiod; T, mean monthly temperature; R, monthly rainfall; u1 to u4, associated error variable.
Figure 3 in Clues supporting photoperiod as the main determinant of seasonal variation in amphibian activity
Figure 3. Correlation between residuals of the regression between photoperiod and amphibian activity and the fit of the sinusoidal model.
Figure 2 in Clues supporting photoperiod as the main determinant of seasonal variation in amphibian activity
Figure 2. Linear regression of the number of species calling per month (S) between September 1998 and April 2000 with photoperiod (P).
Figure 6 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod
Figure 6. Similarity of calling season for males of 18 anuran species recorded between August 2005 and July 2006. The rectangles indicate groups with overlap greater than 70%. r5cophenetic correlation coefficient. Group I: species that called mainly during spring and summer; group II: species that called only during summer; group III: species that called during spring; group IV: species that called throughout the year, except in summer. Species abbreviations follow Figure 3.
Figure 5 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod
Figure 5. Scatter diagrams representing the correlation of the photoperiod with richness (A) and with abundance (B) of anurans in calling activities (rs50.70 and P50.01; rs50.73 and P,0.01, respectively) between August 2005 and July 2006.
Figure 4 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod
Figure 4. Rose diagram of circular analysis of richness (A) and abundance (B) of calling males of 18 anuran species in calling activity between August 2005 and July 2006 in the municipality of Itaara, southern Brazil. The angles represent the months. The length of the mean vector (r) is a measure of concentration of data around the year.
Figure 3 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod
Figure 3. Similarity of habitat use for males of 18 anuran species recorded in three sites in the municipality of Itaara, southern Brazil. The rectangles indicate groups with overlap up to 90%. r5cophenetic correlation coefficient. Group I: species in permanent ponds; group II: species in permanent ponds and neighbouring swampy regions; group III: species in permanent ponds and dam backwater; group IV: species in permanent ponds, open dam and dam backwater; group V: species in permanent and temporary ponds; group VI: species in permanent and temporary ponds and dam backwater. Species: Aplastodiscus perviridis (Ape), Chaunus achavali (Cac), Dendropsophus minutus (Dmi), D. sanborni (Dsa), Elachistocleis bicolor (Ebi), Hypsiboas faber (Hfa), Hypsiboas pulchellus (Hpu), Leptodactylus fuscus (Lfu), L. gracilis (Lgr), L. ocellatus (Loc), Limnomedusa macroglossa (Lma), Physalaemus cf. gracilis (Pgr), P. cuvieri (Pcu), Pseudis minuta (Pmi), Pseudopaludicola falcipes (Pfa), Scinax fuscovarius (Sfu), S. granulatus (Sgr), S. squalirostris (Ssq).
Figure 1 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod
Figure 1. Monthly rainfall and maximum and minimum mean air temperatures throughout the period of study, August 2005–July 2006.
Photoperiod influences the shape and scaling of freshwater phytoplankton responses to light and temperature
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Data from: Rapid adaptive evolution of photoperiodic response during invasion and range expansion across a climatic gradient
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