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Langenheim Plant Species Data (1953) and Associated Resurvey Datasets (2014), Gunnison Basin, Colorado, USA
Quantitative plant abundance data were collected from the same 121 sites at two time periods separated by 65 years (1948-1952 and 2012-2014) in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to examine changes in plant community composition. The sites range in elevation from 2600m to 4100m. Approximately 30 sites were sampled from each of four habitat types: sagebrush (2528-3119m, n=27 sites), spruce-fir forest understory (3001-3520m, n=31 sites) , upland herb = montane meadow (3124-3850m, n=30 sites), and alpine (3549-4013m, n=33 sites). The earlier data set was collected by Jean H. Langenheim (1953, 1962) and consisted of counts of species occurrences along approximately 100m paced transects, noting species touching her boot tip every pace (n=100 sampled points per site). The later data set was collected by Stephanie D. Zorio (2015, 2016) consisting of counts of species occurrences every 1m along 300m transects (n=300 sampled points per site). The sites resurveyed by Zorio (2015, Zorio et al. 2016) were placed as close as possible to the original sites based on the written descriptions of Langenheim, but are only approximate. The GPS coordinates given for the resurveyed sites are the centerpoint of 2 perpendicular 150m transects, one across the slope and the other perpendicular to the slope. GPS coordinates for alpine sites along narrow ridges are the start and end points of three 100m transects along the ridge. Georeferenced localities and environmental site data are presented in Table 2: Lang Zorio Env Site Data. Langenheim’s original data were extracted from tables in her thesis (Langenheim 1953). These data omitted species that occurred in fewer than 14% of sites of a given habitat type (constancy). Species that occurred at very low frequencies (<1% per site) were only denoted as an x in the tables. Zorio converted these to frequencies of 0.5 for quantitative comparative purposes. This data set contains 157 species from 27 families across all sites and habitats. Species in seve
Examining genome size and nutrient influence on plant damage patterns
Data was collected to examine whether and how plant genome size (GS) interacts with environmental nutrient additions to influence the amount and patterns of damage plants sustain from invertebrate herbivores and fungal pathogens. Plants were selected based on visual abundance in treatment plots in which nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or NP combined had been annually added (Cont. is the abbreviation we used for the control plot with no nutrients added). Additionally, plant traits of percent foliar carbon (% C), percent foliar nitrogen (% N), and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured from all the same plants that damage values were observed from. Data was collected from 847 plants (626 forb individuals, 221 grass individuals) in eight grassland sites that are part of the Nutrient Network (https://nutnet.org), a globally distributed experiment in which plots have different nutrient amendment treatments that are administered identically to allow cross-site comparisons of the effects of nutrients on biodiversity patterning. The sites chosen varied along a north-south latitude, longitude, mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient in the United States. All field data was collected between May 2022 and August 2022. The sites included in this study are listed below with their respective Nutrient Network site codes. churn.us= Churning Rapids in Hancock, MI spin.us= Spindletop Farm in Lexington, KY temple.us= Temple in Temple, TX kbs.us= Kellogg Biological Station in Hickory Corners, MI konz.us= Konza Prairie Biological Station in Manhattan, KS cgbg.us= Chichaqua Bottoms Greenbelt in Maxwell, IA cdcr.us= Cedar Creek in East Bethel, MN msum.us= Minnesota State University at Moorhead in Moorhead, MN
Plant biomass, leaf area, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in wet sedge tundra, 1994, Arctic LTER, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Plant biomass, leaf area, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured in three wet sedge tundra experimental sites. Treatments at each site included factorial NxP and at the Toolik sites greenhouse and shade house. Treatments started in 1985 (Sag site) and in 1988 (Toolik sites).
Plant biomass in heath tundra experimental plots, 1996, Arctic LTER, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Plant biomass in arctic heath experimental plots. Plots set up in 1989 with nitrogen, phosphorus, nitrogen plus phosphorus and a shade treatment were harvested for above ground biomass. Root mass was also measured on a smaller subsample.
Plant biomass in mesic acidic tussock tundra, 1998 15Nitrogen controls, Toolik, Alaska.
Five or six quadrats (20cm x 20cm squares) along a line (block) were collected for plant biomass in mesic tussock tundra. In the lab each quadrat was separated into individual species, new and old aboveground and belowground biomass.
Above and below ground plant biomass in Arctic LTER's 1981 mesic acidic tussock tundra experimental site (MAT81) harvested in 2000, Arctic LTER, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Above and below-ground plant biomass, including plant roots, was measured in Arctic LTER's moist acidic tussock tundra experimental site (MAT81). The plots were set up in 1981 and have been harvested in previous years (See Shaver and Chapin Ecological Monographs, 61(1), 1991 pp.1-31). This file contains the 2000 harvested biomass and percent carbon and nitrogen summaries for control and fertilized plots. Leaf area data for select species are available in Shaver, G. 2016. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/13915ef410067ef23bad0faff678319c
Above ground plant and below ground stem biomass in the Arctic LTER acidic tussock tundra experimental plots, 2002, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Above ground plant and below ground stem biomass and their carbon and nitrogen content was measured in the Arctic LTER moist acidic tussock tundra experimental plots(MAT89). Treatments included control, nitrogen plus phosphorus amended plots for either 6 or 13 years and vole exclosure plots with or without amends of nitrogen and phosphorus. Note: The added Carbon and Nitrogen values were incorrectly added to the data sheet. A block of data was repeated for all treatments. In version 14 the values were corrected.
Above ground plant, belowground stem and root biomass in Arctic Long-term Ecological Research's 2006 moist acidic tussock tundra experimental sites, 2012, Toolik Lake, Alaska.
Above ground plant, belowground stem and root biomass was measured in moist acidic tussock tundra experimental sites established in 2006 by the Arctic Long-term Ecological Research site (ARC-LTER. Control plots and plots amended with three different levels of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P), F10 (10 g/m2 N and 5 g/m2 P); F5 (5 g/m2 N and 2.5 g/m2 P); F2 (2 g/m2 N and 1 g/m2 P), were sampled.
Mycorrhizal fungal communities identified from seedlings planted in the Taylor, Dalton, and Boundary fire complexes which burned in 2004
This dataset contains the operational taxonomic unit table and taxonomic assignments for fungi that were associated with the roots of seedlings planted into the 2004 burn sites. There were 458 seedlings from 22 of the 32 established intensive sites (Johnstone and Hollingsworth 2019) consistenting of black spruce, white spruce, aspen, and lodgepole pine.
Prey Capture by Carnivorous Plants Worldwide 1923-2007
Available phylogenetic data illustrate that in all carnivorous lineages, the ancestral trap type is a sticky, flypaper-type trap (Ellison and Gotelli, 2001). In the Caryophyllales, pitfall traps (Nepenthes) and snap traps (Dionaea and Aldrovanda) are derived relative to the sticky pads of Drosera. Similarly, in the Lamiales, the sticky-leaved Pinguicula is ancestral to Genlisea with its eel (or lobster-pot) traps and Utricularia with its vacuum traps. In the Ericales, the Sarraceniaceae with its pitfall traps are derived relative to Roridula, another species with flypaper traps. Muller et al. (2004) hypothesed that carnivorous genera with rapidly evolving genomes (Genlisea and Utricularia) have more predictable and frequent captures of prey than do genera with more slowly evolving genomes; by extension it could be hypothesized that in general, carnivorous plants with more complex traps should have more predictable and frequent captures of prey than do those with relatively simple traps. Increases in predictability and frequency of prey capture could be achieved by evolving more elaborate mechanisms for attracting prey, by specializing on particular types of prey, or, as Darwin suggested, by specializing on particular (large) sizes of prey. In all cases, one would expect that prey actually captured would not be a random sample of the available prey. Furthermore, when multiple species of carnivorous plants co-occur, one would predict, again following Darwin that interspecific competition would lead to specialization on particular kinds of prey. Because the traps of carnivorous plants accumulate identifiable remains of prey, analysis of trap contents can provide an aggregate record of the prey that have been successfully "sampled" by the plant. Such samples could be used to begin to test the hypothesis that carnivorous plant genera differ in prey composition and to look for evidence of specialization in prey capture. Over the past 80 years, numerous ecologists have gat
Construction Costs of Carnivorous and Non-Carnivorous Plants at Harvard Forest 2006-2008
Leaf traits, including photosynthetic rates, leaf mass area, and leaf nutrient content covary in a coordinated way for a wide range of plant taxa. This covariation results from trade-offs between the costs of constructing plant tissues and the benefits accrued from photosynthesis. Carnivorous plants have been found to be outliers in the "universal spectrum of leaf traits" because they have very low photosynthetic rates for the amount of nitrogen in their leaves and traps. But no studies have measured simultaneously the actual construction costs of carnivorous traps and rates of photosynthesis to determine the amortization required to recover the investment (the "payback time") and thereby calculate the "marginal gain" of "investing" in carnivorous structures. The objective of this study was to measure construction costs (CCmass, grams of glucose required to build 1g of ash-free dry mass of tissue) and photosynthesis (Amass, nmol CO2 g-1 s-1) for traps, leaves, roots, and rhizomes of 15 carnivorous plant species with differing mechanisms of prey capture and consumption (pitfall traps, snap-traps, sticky pads) grown under greenhouse conditions. Payback time (h) was calculated as the quotient of CCmass and Amass after conversion to nmol of carbon per gram of ash-free dry mass. There were highly significant differences amongst species for CCmass of traps but there were no significant differences for CCmass amongst traps, roots and rhizomes. Mean (+- SD) CCmass for traps (1.14 +- 0.24 g glucose g-1) was significantly lower than the mean CCmass of leaves of 267 non-carnivorous plant species (1.47 +- 0.17 g glucose g-1). However, all 15 carnivorous plants examined in this study had low Amass and thus, the marginal gain of carnivory is small with a long payback time (524-1641 h). Our results of low CCmass for carnivorous traps is contrary to the oft-stated expectation of a high cost to construct elaborate carnivorous traps. Payback time integrates traits used to assess leaf
Moths, Ants and Pitcher Plants in Bogs at Harvard Forest and Belchertown MA 2007-2013
Ecologists have long recognized that coexistence of interacting species depends on a diversity of separate, but linked habitats. Most models of species coexistence treat these habitat "patches" as unchanging elements of the landscape, but in reality, they are constantly changing in size and shape. The structure and dynamics of the food webs that inhabit them both control and depend on these changes. In this five-year (2006-2011) collaborative project, we are using a combination of extensive field surveys and intensive field experiments to understand how species interactions change the spatial distribution of dynamic habitat patches across the landscape, and to determine how food webs are structured within and among these patches. The experimental system for this five-year research project is the Sarracenia "microecosystem": the northern pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea; the unique food web of bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, mites, and fly larvae that live within its rainwater-filled leaves; three species of bog-inhabiting ants that are the primary prey for this carnivorous plant; and larvae of the pitcher-plant moth, Exyra fax, which cut and drain pitchers and remove food web habitat. Results from surveys of bogs in all six New England state and field experiments conducted at bogs at Harvard Forest and Belchertown, Massachusetts will be used to parameterize a simulation model to predict changes in spatial structure of ant, moth, and plant populations, and the structure and composition of the aquatic food web associated with the plant. This work is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, through collaborative awards 0541680 and 0541936.
Ecophysiology of Carnivorous Plants Worldwide 1980-2011
Identification of trade-offs among physiological and morphological traits and their use in cost-benefit models and ecological or evolutionary optimization arguments have been hallmarks of ecological analysis for at least 50 years. Carnivorous plants are model systems for studying a wide range of ecophysiological and ecological processes and the application of a cost-benefit model for the evolution of carnivory by plants has provided many novel insights into trait-based cost-benefit models. Central to the cost-benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory is the relationship between nutrients and photosynthesis; of primary interest is how carnivorous plants efficiently obtain scarce nutrients that are supplied primarily in organic form as prey, digest and mineralize them so that they can be readily used, and allocate them to immediate versus future needs. Most carnivorous plants are terrestrial - they are rooted in sandy or peaty wetland soils - and most studies of cost-benefit trade-offs in carnivorous plants are based on terrestrial carnivorous plants. However more than 10% of carnivorous plants are unrooted aquatic plants. By examining data published between 1980 and 2011, we ask whether the cost-benefit model applies equally well to aquatic carnivorous plants and what general insights into trade-off models are gained by this comparison. Nutrient limitation is more pronounced in terrestrial carnivorous plants, which also have much lower growth rates and much higher ratio of dark respiration to photosynthetic rates than aquatic carnivorous plants. Phylogenetic constraints on ecophysiological trade-offs among carnivorous plants remain unexplored. Despite differences in detail, the general cost-benefit framework continues to be of great utility in understanding the evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. We provide a research agenda that if implemented would further our understanding of ecophysiological trade-offs in carnivorous plants and also would pro
Nitrogen Deposition and Pitcher Plant Morphology in Massachusetts and Vermont 1998-1999
Atmospheric transport and deposition of nutrients, especially nitrogen, is a global environmental problem with well-documented consequences for ecosystem dynamics. However, monitoring nitrogen deposition is relatively expensive, monitoring stations are widely spaced, and estimates and predicted impacts of nitrogen deposition are currently derived from spatial modeling and interpolation of limited data. Bogs are nutrient-poor ecosystems that are especially sensitive to increasing nutrient input, and carnivorous plants, which are characteristic of these widespread ecosystem types, may be especially sensitive indicators of N deposition. Botanical carnivory is thought to have evolved in nutrient-poor and well-lit habitats such as bogs because the marginal benefits accruing from carnivory exceed the marginal photosynthetic costs associated with the maintenance of carnivorous organs. However, the production of carnivorous organs can be a phenotypically plastic trait. The northern pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, produces leaves specialized for prey capture and nutrient uptake (pitchers) and leaves that are more efficient at photosynthesis (phyllodia). We hypothesized that relative allocation to these two types of leaves reflects ambient nitrogen availability. We manipulated nutrient availability to plants with leaf enrichment and whole-plot fertilization experiments. Increased nitrogen, but not phosphorus, reduced production of pitchers relative to phyllodia; this result provided empirical support for the cost–benefit model of the evolution of botanical carnivory. Because this phenotypic shift in leaf production occurs in ecological time, our results suggest that S. purpurea could be a reliable and inexpensive biological indicator of nitrogen deposition rates. This suggestion is supported by field observations across a geographic gradient of nitrogen deposition.
Assessing Plant Phenological Patterns in Tropical Brazil 1901–2020
Phenology is a key biological trait of an organism’s success and is one of the best indicators of its response to recent climate change. Plants are among the most well-studied organisms in this regard, but observational data bearing on this topic are largely restricted to species of the northern hemisphere, mostly from ca. the last three decades. Phenological data from tropical latitudes are especially lacking. Recent research has demonstrated that mobilized online herbarium specimens provide important, albeit mostly neglected, information on plant phenology. Here, we use the web tool CrowdCurio to crowdsource phenological data from nearly 35,000 herbarium specimens representing 260 flowering plant species broadly distributed across tropical Brazil. Our results, spanning 120 years and generated from over 1000 crowdsourcers, clarify numerous aspects of tropical plant phenology. First, they reveal that plant reproductive timing is exceptionally diverse across tropical biomes and taxa. Second, they identify that phenological responses to climate are variable across taxa and biomes. Third, among those species with broad latitudinal ranges, populations from more southern latitudes are significantly more phenologically sensitive to precipitation than those from northern populations. Our results are robust to a variety of confounding factors and span large phylogenetic distances and various life histories. These may represent more global trends in the latitudinal gradient of tropical phenological response with myriad potential ecological and evolutionary consequences. This dataset may be used for non-commercial purposes. Please provide the following attribution: Davis, C., Lyra, G., Park, D., Zhang, H., Asprino, R., Maruyama, R., Torquato, D., Cook, B., Xie, J., Ellison, A. 2022. Assessing plant phenological patterns in tropical Brazil 1901–2020. Harvard Forest Data Archive: HF427. Please note that the license we provide does not apply to images linked from the data set. P
Candida Pseudoglaebosa Ecology in Sarracenia Purpurea Pitcher Plants at Harvard Forest since 2021
Fungi and bacteria are common members of the microbiomes of carnivorous plants. In the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea these microorganisms enter carnivorous pitchers shortly after pitchers develop, and may be relevant for pitcher functioning. We are sampling pitchers repeatedly over several years to better understand the culturable diversity in this habitat, with a focus on the common pitcher yeast Candida pseudoglaebosa and fungi that have the potential to interact with it. C. pseudoglaebosa dominates pitcher plants by arriving early in pitchers, and we are interested in how this yeast’s populations change over time and in response to other pitcher microorganisms. Between 2021 and 2023, we collected pitcher water from Tom Swamp in Harvard Forest and cultured 118 yeast and bacteria colonies from this water. We have found C. pseudoglaebosa and some other yeasts (Papiliotrema, Rhodotorula, and Sporidiobolus); microbial identification is ongoing. We are planning to investigate changes in C. pseudoglaebosa genetic diversity and changes in C. pseudoglaebosa interactions with other pitcher microorganisms over time.
Microbial, Plant, and Soil Impacts on Soil Nutrient Cycling in Harvard Forest and Greater Boston 2021-2022
Microbes are the driving force behind nutrient cycling within soils, secreting enzymes necessary to break down organic matter, immobilizing nutrients and C, or transferring nutrients to plant hosts. Even though nutrients would almost never move through ecosystems without microbes, we know little about how their composition and activity is related to ecosystem nutrient cycling, and their importance relative to plant and soil abiotic factors. In this study, we sought to determine which commonly measured soil microbial community characteristics best explain soil N and P cycling, and the relative contributions of microbial, plant, and abiotic factors in explaining these processes.
Vascular Plant Species at Harvard Forest 1992
This dataset contains a list of vascular plant species found in 269 22.5 x 22.5 m plots sampled in the 1992 Prospect Hill vegetation survey. The species list was compiled on 5 May 1993.
Seasonal aboveground plant biomass estimates at 15 net primary production (NPP) study sites at Jornada Basin LTER from 1989-ongoing
This data package contains aboveground vegetation cover, volume, and calculated biomass values at the 15 Net Primary Production (NPP) study sites on Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) lands. Sites were selected to represent the 5 major ecosystem types in the Chihuahuan Desert (upland grasslands, playa grasslands, mesquite-dominated shrublands, creosotebush-dominated shrublands, tarbush-dominated shrublands). For each ecosystem type, three sites were selected to represent the range in variability in production and plant diversity; thus the locations are not replicates. All sites are excluded from domestic grazing. Eleven sites are in non-grazed pastures, and at the other four sites 1 hectare areas around the observational plots were fenced in 1988. At all sites a grid of 49 (48 at one playa location) 1m x 1m replicate quadrats was laid out when sampling began in 1989. For each quadrat, aboveground biomass has been calculated from two data sources: 1) non-destructive horizontal cover and vertical height measurements of individual plants, or plant parts, within each quadrat, and 2) linear regression coefficients for each plant species derived from off-quadrat cover, height, and harvested biomass measurements. Non-destructive measurements (1) are taken during winter, spring, and fall measurement campaigns, then aggregated by species for each quadrat, and resulting dimensions are used to calculate species biomass (grams) by quadrat and season using using the species-specific regression coefficients derived from dataset 2. This is the most detailed biomass dataset available and can be used to derive values of net primary production between seasons or annually. Each dataset record contains calculated biomass (and related variables) by species, quadrat, season, and site. Data collection is ongoing with new observations in spring, fall, and winter of each year, but this data package may be updated less frequently. Attenti
Spring and Fall plant cover across grassland-shrubland ecotones at 3 sites in the Jornada Basin, 2005-ongoing
The objective of this ongoing study is to investigate how pulses of precipitation translate into pulses of plant aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) across grassland to shrubland ecotones in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. This dataset consists of ocular plant cover and height measurements to be used for estimating aboveground net primary in three habitat vegetation zones (grassland, ecotone, and shrubland) at three grassland-to-shrubland ecotone sites in the Jornada Basin, Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. Sampling is conducted twice a year: in the spring before the growing season and in the fall after the growing season.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.