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101 results for “Plant pest”
Data from: Spotting the pests of tomorrow - Sampling designs for detection of species associations with woody plants
Aim: Early warning against potentially harmful organisms of woody plant species can be achieved by sampling sentinel plants in exporting countries. However, it is unclear where sentinel plants can best be located, and how many samples are required and when and how often sampling optimally should take place for the adequate assessment of the biodiversity associated with the target plant species. We aimed to review spatial and temporal factors affecting associate biodiversity of single woody plant species and to develop guidance for the design of global biodiversity sampling studies. Location: Worldwide. Taxon: Insects and Fungi. Methods: Literature about factors affecting the diversity of insects and fungi in association with single plant species on global, regional, local and different temporal scales was reviewed. Case studies of insect and fungal diversity, primarily collected on single plant species, and the cost of collecting and analysing samples from locations around the world were analysed. Results: The review of the literature illustrated various factors affecting diversity, and the case studies allowed quantification of the relative impact of some spatial, temporal and financial aspects on captured biodiversity and, thus, illustrate the need to consider all possible factors that may affect the result of the sampling when deciding on a sampling design. Main conclusions: Our study illustrates the factors that should be considered when deciding on the location and timing of sampling for sentinel plants, which is important because of the trade-off between the number of samples and sampling locations needed to detect many of the species which may be potential pests, and the cost of (repeated) sampling in many locations. Decisions about the sampling design must be based on the objective of the sampling, but our recommendations apply irrespective of the targeted plant species or country.
Dataset used for the submitted manuscript "The hump-shaped effect of plant functional diversity on the biological control of a multi-species pest community"
<p>Dataset</p>
A molecular method for biomonitoring of an exotic plant-pest: leafmining for environmental DNA
<p><span>1. Understanding how invasive species respond to novel environments is limited by a lack of sensitivity and throughput in conventional biomonitoring methods.<i> </i>Arthropods in particular are often difficult to monitor due to their small size, rapid lifecycles, and/or visual similarities with co-occurring species<i>. </i>This is true for the agromyzid leafminer fly, <i>Liriomyza sativae</i>, a global pest of vegetable and nursery industries that has recently established in Australia. </span></p> <p><span>2. A robust method based on environmental DNA (eDNA) was developed exploiting traces of DNA left inside 'empty' leaf mines, which are straightforward to collect and persist longer in the environment than the fly. This extends the window of possible diagnosis to at least 28 days after a leaf mine becomes empty. The test allowed for visually indistinguishable leafmining damage caused by <i>L. sativae</i> to be genetically differentiated from that of other flies. </span></p> <p><span> 3. Field application resulted in the identification of new local plant hosts for <i>L. sativae</i>, including widely distributed weeds and common garden crops, which has important implications for the pest's ability to spread. Moreover, the test confirmed the presence of a previously unknown population of <i>L. sativae</i> on an island in the Torres Strait. </span></p> <p>4. The developed eDNA method is likely to become an important tool for <i>L. sativae</i> and other leafmining species of biosecurity significance, which, historically, have been difficult to detect, diagnose and monitor. More generally, eDNA is emerging as a highly sensitive and labour-efficient surveillance tool for difficult to survey species to improve outcomes for agricultural industries, global health, and the environment.</p>
Data from: The genetic architecture of ecological adaptation: intraspecific variation in host plant use by the lepidopteran crop pest Chloridea virescens
Intraspecific variation in ecologically important traits is a cornerstone of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The evolution and maintenance of this variation depends on genetic architecture, which in turn determines responses to natural selection. Some models suggest that traits with complex architectures are less likely to respond to selection than those with simple architectures, yet rapid divergence has been observed in such traits. The simultaneous evolutionary lability and genetic complexity of host plant use in the Lepidopteran subfamily Heliothinae suggest that architecture may not constrain ecological adaptation in this group. Here we investigate the response of Chloridea virescens, a generalist that feeds on diverse plant species, to selection for performance on a novel host, Physalis angulata (Solanaceae). P. angulata is the preferred host of Chloridea subflexa, a narrow specialist on the genus Physalis. In previous experiments, we found that the performance of C. subflexa on P. angulata depends on many loci of small effect distributed throughout the genome, but whether the same architecture would be involved in the generalist's adoption of P. angulata was unknown. Here we report a rapid response to selection in C. virescens for performance on P. angulata, and establish that the genetic architecture of intraspecific variation is quite similar to that of the interspecific differences in terms of the number, distribution, and effect sizes of the QTL involved. We discuss the impact of genetic architecture on the ability of Heliothine moths to respond to varying ecological selection pressures.
Data from: High effectiveness of tailored flower strips in reducing pests and crop plant damage
Providing key resources to animals may enhance both their biodiversity and the ecosystem services they provide. We examined the performance of annual flower strips targeted at the promotion of natural pest control in winter wheat. Flower strips were experimentally sown along 10 winter wheat fields across a gradient of landscape complexity (i.e. proportion non-crop area within 750 m around focal fields) and compared with 15 fields with wheat control strips. We found strong reductions in cereal leaf beetle (CLB) density (larvae: 40%; adults of the second generation: 53%) and plant damage caused by CLB (61%) in fields with flower strips compared with control fields. Natural enemies of CLB were strongly increased in flower strips and in part also in adjacent wheat fields. Flower strip effects on natural enemies, pests and crop damage were largely independent of landscape complexity (8–75% non-crop area). Our study demonstrates a high effectiveness of annual flower strips in promoting pest control, reducing CLB pest levels below the economic threshold. Hence, the studied flower strip offers a viable alternative to insecticides. This highlights the high potential of tailored agri-environment schemes to contribute to ecological intensification and may encourage more farmers to adopt such schemes.
FIGURES 11–15 in Descriptions of the immature stages and new host plant records of Notozulia entreriana (Berg) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) pests of grasses in subtropical areas of the Americas
FIGURES 11–15. Apical portion of tibiae and tarsi of immature stages of Notozulia entreriana. (11) First instar. (12) Second instar. (13) Third instar. (14) Fourth instar. (15) Fifth instar. Scale bar= 1 mm.
FIGURES 6–10 in Descriptions of the immature stages and new host plant records of Notozulia entreriana (Berg) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) pests of grasses in subtropical areas of the Americas
FIGURES 6–10. Antennae of Notozulia entreriana, nymphal instars. (6) First instar. (7) Second instar. (8) Third instar. (9) Fourth instar. (10) Fifth instar. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 1–5 in Descriptions of the immature stages and new host plant records of Notozulia entreriana (Berg) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) pests of grasses in subtropical areas of the Americas
FIGURES 1–5. Immature stages of Notozulia entreriana in dorsal view. (1) First instar, (2) Second instar, (3) Third instar. (4) Fourth instar. (5) Fifth instar. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Introduced plants induce outbreaks of a native pest and facilitate invasion in the plants' native range: Evidence from the emerald ash borer
<p>1. Biological invasions are among the most serious threats to native forest ecosystems worldwide due to ever-increasing international trade and global change. Understanding the invasion processes and ecology of invasive pests in both newly invaded and native habitats is necessary to effectively manage the risks they pose. 2. The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is one of the most devastating invasive forest insect pests in North America and has also invaded European Russia and parts of Europe. Through synthesizing historical data spanning >100 years and contemporary field observations in China, we examined EAB's distribution, occurrence, and outbreak frequency in its native range in relation to historical introductions and plantings of non-Asian ash trees in China. 3. The frequencies and levels of EAB infestations in China gradually increased from 1900 to 2021 after a time-lag of 30-50 years following introductions and widespread plantings of non-Asian ash trees from North America. Increased frequencies of EAB outbreaks following the planting of North American ash trees in China may have increased the risk of EAB invading North America and other novel regions. 4. Synthesis. Our findings demonstrated that planting susceptible non-native host plants can induce outbreaks of a native insect pest in its native range, which in turn may enhance risks of invading novel regions via human-assisted activities (e.g., international trade). In addition, our findings suggest that lag-times of several decades between planting susceptible hosts and initial pest outbreaks may pose challenges in predicting the true risk of invading novel regions. Consequently, comprehensive risk assessment for invasive insect pests should consider the role of non-native plants introduced or planted in the pest's native range.</p>
Supplementary material 4 from: Hong SC, Magarey RD, Borchert DM, Vargas RI, Souder SK (2015) Site-specific temporal and spatial validation of a generic plant pest forecast system with observations of Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly). NeoBiota 27: 37-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.27.5177
Figure S1: Explanation note: Fit of low temperature mortality function (line) to observations (diamonds).
Supplementary material 5 from: Hong SC, Magarey RD, Borchert DM, Vargas RI, Souder SK (2015) Site-specific temporal and spatial validation of a generic plant pest forecast system with observations of Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly). NeoBiota 27: 37-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.27.5177
Figure S2: Explanation note: Fit of high temperature mortality function (line) to observations (diamonds).
Supplementary material 1 from: Hong SC, Magarey RD, Borchert DM, Vargas RI, Souder SK (2015) Site-specific temporal and spatial validation of a generic plant pest forecast system with observations of Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly). NeoBiota 27: 37-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.27.5177
Table S1: Explanation note: List of references for oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) distribution.
Supplementary material 3 from: Hong SC, Magarey RD, Borchert DM, Vargas RI, Souder SK (2015) Site-specific temporal and spatial validation of a generic plant pest forecast system with observations of Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly). NeoBiota 27: 37-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.27.5177
Table S3: Explanation note: Summary statistics of low and high temperature mortality of Bactrocera dorsalis.
Supplementary material 2 from: Hong SC, Magarey RD, Borchert DM, Vargas RI, Souder SK (2015) Site-specific temporal and spatial validation of a generic plant pest forecast system with observations of Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly). NeoBiota 27: 37-67. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.27.5177
Table S2: Explanation note: List of references for Bactrocera invadens distribution (Courtesy to Marc De Meyer, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium).
In 2017, Plantix, a free smartphone app that helps identify plant damage, was introduced to the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with an extension partner. Plantix was created by Progressive Environmental and Agricultural Technologies (PEAT), a German startup. Two PEAT cofounders, Charlotte Schuman (second from the right) and Alex Kennepohl (center, with eyeglasses), confer about the smartphone app with students from Angrau University. Farmers and gardeners can transmit their plant images to Plantix, which uses deep learning and computer vision to help identify diseases and pests. The smartphone app offers symptom descriptions, treatment recommendations, and potential preventive actions. Photographs: Courtesy of PEAT GmbH. in Deep learning brings speed, accuracy to the life sciences.
In 2017, Plantix, a free smartphone app that helps identify plant damage, was introduced to the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, with an extension partner. Plantix was created by Progressive Environmental and Agricultural Technologies (PEAT), a German startup. Two PEAT cofounders, Charlotte Schuman (second from the right) and Alex Kennepohl (center, with eyeglasses), confer about the smartphone app with students from Angrau University. Farmers and gardeners can transmit their plant images to Plantix, which uses deep learning and computer vision to help identify diseases and pests. The smartphone app offers symptom descriptions, treatment recommendations, and potential preventive actions. Photographs: Courtesy of PEAT GmbH.
FIGURE 18. Hyperlasion aliens Mohrig, 2004 in Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions
FIGURE 18. Hyperlasion aliens Mohrig, 2004 (specimen from Papua New Guinea). A. Hypopygium. B. Flagellomere 3–5. C. Male.
FIGURE 17 in Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions
FIGURE 17. Scatopsciara atomaria (Zetterstedt, 1851). A. Hypopygium. B. Flagellomeres 4–6. C. Palpus. D. Fore tibia.
FIGURE 16 in Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions
FIGURE 16. Bradysia strenua (winnertz, 1867). A. Left side of the hypopygium in ventral view. B. Gonostylus. C. 4th flagellomere. D. Scutellum.
FIGURE 15 in Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions
FIGURE 15. Corynoptera concinna (winnertz, 1867). A. Hypopygium. B. Basal segments of antenna. C. Fore tibia.
FIGURE 14 in Black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) found in association with cultivated plants and mushrooms in Australia, with notes on cosmopolitan pest species and biosecurity interceptions
FIGURE 14. Bradysia spatitergum (Hardy, 1956). A. Hypopygium, ventral side. B. Hypopygium, dorsal side. C. Flagellomeres 3–5.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.