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Fig. 16 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 16 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Mediterranean origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a-b. Loxoconcha gibberosa; a left valve, b right valve, 206/33 m; c-d. Loxoconcha minima; c left valve, d right valve, 203/100 m; e. Microcytherura nigrescens; right valve, 208/2 m; f. Neonesidea frequens; left valve, 205/1.5 m; g. Neonesidea inflata; right valve, 205/10m; h-i. Palmaconcha agilis; h right valve, 206/33 m, i left valve internal view, 201/70 m; j-k. Paracytherida parallia; j right valve, 206/33 m, k left valve, 206/4.5 m; l. Paradoxostoma trieste, left valve, 201/1 m; m. Pontocypris rara; right valve, 201/1 m; n-o. Pontocythere turbida; n left valve, o right valve, 206/37.5 m; p. Pseudocytherura calcarata, right valve, 208/2 m; q. Pseudopsammocythere reniformis, right valve, 205/1.5 m; r. Pterygocythereis jonesii, right valve, 206/37.5 m.

Fig. 1 Location map. a. Turkey map, b in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 1 Location map. a. Turkey map, b. Gulf of İzmit and Osmangazi Bridge Route, c. Locations and numbers of drillings.

Fig. 15 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 15 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Mediterranean origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Costa edwardsii; right valve, 206/37.5 m; b. Costa tricostata; left valve, 205/1.5 m; c-d. Cyprideis torosa; c right valve, 206/37.5 m, d left valve, 208/9 m; e-f. Cytheridea acuminata; e right valve, 208/33 m, f right valve, 207/18 m; g-h. Cytherois sp.; g right valve, 205/1.5 m. h. left valve, 201/1 m; i. Cytheropteron rotundatum, left valve, 201/1 m; j-k. Hiltermanicythere rubra; j left valve, 208/1 m; k right valve, 208/1 m; l-m. Leptocythere bacescoi, l left valve, m right valve, 206/33 m; n-o. Leptocythere bituberculata; n right valve, 206/37.5 m, o left valve, 207/18 m.

Fig. 12 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 12 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Ponto-Caspian origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a-b. Camptocypria acronasuta; a right valve, internal view, b right valve, 201/104 m; c. Candona neglecta; right valve, 204/9.3 m; d. Candona parallela pannonica; left valve, 204/9.3 m; e-f. Candona schweyeri; e left valve, 204/34 m, f right valve, internal view, 204/18 m; g-h. Cryptocyprideis bogatschovi; g left valve, h right valve, 204/43 m; i-j. Euxinocythere bacuana; i left valve, 203/95 m, j right valve, 206/63 m; k-l. Euxinocythere bosqueti; k right valve, 204/36 m, l right valve, 203/143.5 m; m-n. Euxinocythere ex gr. bosqueti; m left valve, 203/143.5 m; n left valve; o-p. Euxinocythere relicta; o left valve, p right valve, 201/74 m, 10 m; q-r. Hemicytherura bulgarica; q left valve, male 208/14 m, r right valve, female, 201/1 m.

Fig. 8 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 8 Scanning electron micrographs of selected benthic foraminiferal species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Planodiscorbis sp., 205/1.5 m: a1, spiral view; a2, umbilical view. b. Planorbulina mediterranensis, 201/1 m. c. Polymorphina sp., 206/41 m. d. Porosononion subgranosus, 207/31 m. e. Pseudotriloculina lecalvezae, 207/1 m. f. Pyrgo elongata, 201/1 m. g. Quinqueloculina berthelotiana, 208/1 m. k. Quinqueloculina laevigata, 208/9 m. i. Quinqueloculina laevigata, 208/2 m. j. Quinqueloculina parvula, 208/5 m: j1, side view; j2, apertural edge view. k. Quinqueloculina seminula, 201/1 m: k1, side view; k2, apertural edge view. l. Rectuvigerina phlegeri, 205/1.5 m. m. Reusella spinulosa, 201/1 m. n. Rosalina bradyi, 208/5 m: n1, spiral view; n2, umbilical view. o. Rosalina globularis, 208/1 m. p. Sahulia conica, 201/1 m. q. Sigmoilina costata, 208/5 m.

Fig. 13 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 13 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Ponto-Caspian origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a-b. Loxocaspia lepida; a left valve, b right valve, 204/9.3 m; c-d. Loxoconcha immodulata; c left valve, male, d left valve, female, 204/9.3 m; e. Loxoconcha sp.; left valve, 206/63 m; f-h. Loxocorniculina djaffarovi; f left valve, 207/22.75 m, g dorsal view, 207/22.75 m, h left valve, 206/8 m; i. Trapezicandona sp.; right valve, 201/108 m; j-k. Tyrrhenoythere amnicola donetziensis; j right valve, k left valve, 204/9.3 m; l-n. Xestoleberis chanakovi; l right valve, 203/143.5 m; m right valve, internal view, 203/147 m; n left valve, internal view, 203/147 m.

Fig. 4 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of selected benthic foraminiferal species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Adelosina carinatastriata, 208/5 m. b. Adelosina mediterranensis, 201/1 m. c. Ammonia compacta, 207/31 m: c1, spiral view; c2, umbilical view. d. Ammonia compacta, 208/1 m: d1, spiral view; d2, peripheral view; d3, umbilical view. e. Ammonia parkinsoniana, 206/37.5 m: e1, spiral view; e2, umbilical view. f. Ammonia parkinsoniana, 208/1 m: f1, spiral view; f2, peripheral view; f3, umbilical view. g. Ammonia tepida, 208/5 m: g1, spiral view; g2, umbilical view. h. Amphicoryna scalaris, 206/4.5 m. i. Astrononion stelligerum, 205/1.5 m.

Fig. 11 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 11 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Ponto-Caspian origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a-b. Amnicythere bendovanica; a right valve, 204/9.3 m, b left valve, 204/13 m; c-d. Amnicythere hilda; c right valve, d left valve, 204/56 m; e. Amnicythere longa; right valve, 204/9.3 m; f-g. Amnicythere olivia; f right valve, g left valve, 204/34 m; h-i. Amnicythere pediformis; h left valve, i right valve, 204/13 m; j-k. Amnicythere quinquetuberculata; j left valve, k right valve, 206/63 m; l-m. Amnicythere striatacostata; l right valve, 204/34 m; m left valve, 204/18 m; n-o. Bacunella dorsoarcuata; n right valve, o left valve 204/43 m.

Fig. 3 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 3 Lithological features and sand distributions of collected sediment samples a. Dilovası, b. Hersek Burnu. The lower intervals of drillings 10MB-204 (120-80 m), 10MB-205 (117.2-40 m), 10MB-206 (122-80 m), 10MB-207 (120.9-50 m) and 10MB-208 (200- 40 m) are not shown due to absence of sample.

Fig. 2 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 2 Growth curve used in determination of ED for sample 10MB-201 74 m by using regenerative procedure.

Fig. 14 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs of selected Mediterranean origin ostracod species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Acanthocythereis hystrix; right valve, 205/1.5 m; b-c. Aurila convexa; b left valve, 205/1.5 m, c right valve, 208/5 m; d. Aurila interpretis; left valve, 205/1.5 m; e. Bosquetina carinella; left valve, 206/33 m; f. Bythocythere minima; left valve, 201/1 m; g-h. Callistocythere intricatoides; g left valve, h right valve, 206/37.5 m; i-j. Callistocythere pallida; i right valve, j left valve, 208/5 m; k-l. Carinocythereis carinata; k right valve, l left valve, 206/37.5 m; m. Carinocythereis rhombica; right valve, 206/4.5 m; n. Costa edwardsii; left valve, 206/37.5 m.

Fig. 7 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 7 Scanning electron micrographs of selected benthic foraminiferal species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Favulina hexagona, 206/37.5 m. b. Fissurina staphyllearia, 206/37.5 m. c. Fursenkoina complanata, 206/14 m. d. Gavelinopsis praegeri, 206/37.5 m: d1, spiral view; d2, umbilical view. e. Globobulimina affinis, 201/1 m. f. Globocassidulina subglobosa, 201/1 m. g. Haynesina depressula, 206/33 m. h. Haynesina sp., 208/1 m. i. Hyalinea balthica, 206/33 m. j. Miliolinella subrotunda, 208/5 m. k. Miliolinella subrotunda, 208/9 m. l. Neoconorbina terquemi, 208/5 m: l1, spiral view; l2, umbilical view. m. Nonion subturgidum, 206/41 m: m1, side view; m2, apertural edge view. n. Nonionoides turgidus, 208/33 m: n1, spiral view; n2, peripheral view; n3, umbilical view.

Fig. 5 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 5 Scanning electron micrographs of selected benthic foraminiferal species identified from the İzmit Gulf drilling cores. a. Asterigerinata mamilla, 206/37.5 m: a1, spiral view; a2, peripheral view; a3, umbilical view. b. Aubignyna perlucida, 208/37.5 m: b1, spiral view; b2, umbilical view. c. Aubignyna perlucida, 207/31 m: c1, spiral view; c2, peripheral view; c3, umbilical view. d. Biloculinella labiata, 204/13 m. e. Bolivina alata, 207/22 m. f. Bolivina dilatata, 206/37.5 m. g. Bolivina dilatata, 208/18 m. h. Bolivina ordinaria, 207/22.75 m. i. Bolivina ordinaria, 206/8 m: i1, side view; i2, apertural edge view. j. Bolivina pseudoplicata, 206/37.5 m. k. Bolivina spathulata, 206/37.5 m. l. Bolivina striatula, 206/14 m. m. Bolivina striatula, 208/25 m. n. Bulimina aculeata, 208/33 m. o. Bulimina elongata, 208/18 m. p. Bulimina marginata, 207/18 m. q. Bulimina marginata, 207/22.75 m.

Fig. 10 in Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Faunal And Floral Records Of Upper Pleistocene-Holocene Sediments From The İzmit Gulf (Marmara Sea, Turkey)

Fig. 10 Total Benthic Foraminifera (TBF) and Species Number (SN) in drillings a. Dilovası and b. Hersek Burnu. TBF indicates numbers of specimens per 10 g dry sediment. The lower intervals of drillings 10MB-204 (120-80 m), 10MB-205 (117.2-40 m), 10MB- 206 (122-80 m), 10MB-207 (120.9-50 m) and 10MB-208 (200-40 m) are not shown due to absence of sample.

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FIGURE 2 in Late Pleistocene and Holocene pikas (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Europe and the validity of Ochotona spelaea: New insights based on mtDNA analysis

FIGURE 2. Haplotype network of species of the genus Ochotona based on the analysis of cytochrome b mtDNA sequences.

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FIGURE 1 in Late Pleistocene and Holocene pikas (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Europe and the validity of Ochotona spelaea: New insights based on mtDNA analysis

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of the genus Ochotona based on the analysis of cytochrome b mtDNA sequences.

FIGURE 8 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 8. Fossils referred to Echinotriton andersoni. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 290 registered as RUMF-GF-04052) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of 11 registered as RUMF-GF-04051) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04047) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of 30 registered as RUMF-GF-04045) in lateral view; 9, right quadrate (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04049) in dorsal view; 10, right dentary (one of 70 registered as RUMF-GF-04050) in medial view; 11, right rib (one of 181 registered as RUMF-GF-04053) in posterior view; 12, right humerus (one of 144 registered as RUMF-GF-04054) in lateral view; and 13, right femur (one of 163 registered as RUMF-GF-04055) in posterior view. Abbreviations: tro, trochanter; the others are the same as Figure 7. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 6. Fossils referred to Buergeria japonica (1–4) and Rhacophorus viridis viridis (5–11). 1–3, right female humerus lacking the proximal part (YMHF-MA 010) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking most part of the crista dorsalis (RUMF-GF-04024) in lateral view; 5–7, left female humerus (one of seven registered as RUMF-GF-04025) in ventral (5), medial (6), and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, left male humerus (RUMF-GF-04027) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium: RUMF-GF-04029) in left lateral view. Abbreviations: pre.acet, preacetabular zone; the others are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 7. Fossils referred to Cynops ensicauda. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 108 registered as RUMF-GF-04039) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04038) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04033) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04032) in lateral view; 9, right dentary (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04037) in medial view; 10, right rib (one of 25 registered as RUMF-GF-04040) in posterior view; 11, right humerus (one of 85 registered as RUMF-GF-04041) in lateral view; and 12, right femur (one of 92 registered as RUMF-GF-04042) in posterior view. Abbreviations: con, condyle; diap, diapophyses; epi.pr, epipleural processes; neu.sp, neural spine; n.prep, notch for prearticular; parap, parapophyses; pos.pr, posterior process; subd.d, subdental ditch; zygap, zygapophyses. The arrow in 12 indicates the concavity (see text). Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 2. Photograph of the Sashiki Fissure (left) and schematic figure showing the structure of the fissure (right). In the right figure, broken lines represent the outline of the fissure behind rock, shaded areas represent studied sediments, and open circles represent the locations of the dating samples.