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47 results for “Plethodon”

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dryad28/100

Data from: Preservation-induced morphological change in salamanders and failed DNA extraction from a decades-old museum specimen: implications for Plethodon ainsworthi

Natural history collections are important data repositories, but different chemical treatments of specimens can influence morphological measurements and DNA extraction, complicating taxonomic and conservation decisions dependent upon these data. One such example is the Bay Springs Salamander (Plethodon ainsworthi), the only United States amphibian categorized as Extinct by the IUCN. Recent research has proposed that P. ainsworthi is an invalid taxon, arguing that the 55-year-old type specimens' morphological distinctiveness from syntopic P. mississippi is a preservation artifact. To address this controversy, we tested for morphological changes across five experimental treatments in proxy P. shermani specimens, and we re-examined the datasets used to support the invalidity of P. ainsworthi. We also tested recently developed DNA extraction techniques on the putatively formalin-fixed P. ainsworthi holotype. We used Bayesian models to demonstrate that preservation method can differentially bias morphological measurements, with most methods causing lower estimates of mass and modestly higher estimates of snout-vent-length:head width ratio. These results are broadly consistent with previous studies of other vertebrates, but inconsistent with the hypothesis that P. ainsworthi type specimens are actually poorly preserved P. mississippi. Attempts to extract DNA from the P. ainsworthi holotype unfortunately proved unsuccessful, preventing conclusive resolution of its status and emphasizing the limitations of promising new methods. Nonetheless, we tentatively recommend continued recognition of P. ainsworthi as a valid but possibly extinct taxon. More generally, we invite all authors who study preserved specimens to recognize and report how certain chemical treatments might impact their results.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

dryad28/100

The effect of sampling density and study area size on landscape genetic inferences for the Mississippi slimy salamander (Plethodon mississippi)

In the field of landscape genetics, it is largely unknown how choices regarding population sampling density and study area size impact inferences about which habitat features impede vs. facilitate gene flow. While it is commonly recommended that sampling locations be spaced no further apart than the average individual dispersal distance, for low mobility species, this could lead to a logistically challenging number of sampling locations, or a small and unrepresentative study area. We assessed the effects of sampling density and study area size on landscape genetics inferences for a dispersal-limited amphibian, the Mississippi slimy salamander (Plethodon mississippi), via comparative analysis of nested datasets. Microsatellite-based genetic distances among individuals were divided into three datasets representing either sparse sampling across a large study area, dense sampling across a small study area, or sparse sampling across the same small study area. These datasets were each used as a response variable in maximum likelihood population effects models that assessed the nature and strength of the relationship, if any, between each of five land use classes (i.e., potential predictor variables) and the response variable. Comparative analyses were based on the rank order of effect (i.e., strongest to weakest), sign of effect (i.e., gene flow resistance vs. facilitation), spatial scale of effect, and functional relationship with gene flow. Outcomes were interpreted within the context of five possible combinations of congruence among datasets. We found that each best-fit model associated with the three datasets had the same sign of effect for hardwood forests, manmade structures, and pine forests. However, different sampling densities led to a different inferred functional relationship between agricultural areas and gene flow. Furthermore, study area size appeared to influence the inferred scale of effect of manmade structures and sign of effect of pine forests. Taken together, our findings provided evidence for an influence of sampling density, study area size, and sampling effort upon inferences. Accordingly, in the absence of strong a priori information about spatial-genetic structure and species' life history traits, we recommend iterative subsampling and reanalysis of empirical datasets, coupled with continued investigation into the sensitivities of landscape genetics analyses using simulations or other controlled experimental designs.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

zenodo28/100

Table 4 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * P, 0.02, ** P, 0.01, *** P, 0.001.<table><tbody><tr><th>Duration of period or behavior</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Apart</td><td>Close</td><td>MG</td><td>Discontinuous, female-first TSW</td><td>Continuous, female-first TSW</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>(. 2.5 cm)</td><td>(2.5 cm)</td><td>sliding</td></tr><tr><th>Male frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>I 0.922***</td><td>A 0.528*</td><td></td><td>I 0.734*</td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>I 0.748*</td></tr><tr><th>MG swipe</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>C 0.704*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mouth grasp</th><td>I 0.856**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.595**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.806**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.751***</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

opennotspecifiedJul 2024View details →

zenodo28/100

Table 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * P, 0.025, ** P, 0.015, *** P, 0.001.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Male behavior</th><th>Female behavior</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Mouth grasp</th><th>Position for TSW</th><th>Undulate tail</th><th>Turn back</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Male behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>A 0.773***</td><td>A 0.660**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td>I 0.824**</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.548**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.801**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td>A 0.507*</td><td></td><td>C 0.762**</td></tr><tr><th>Chin over</th><td></td><td>A 0.566**</td><td>C 0.793**</td><td>A 0.912***</td></tr></tbody></table>

opennotspecifiedJul 2024View details →

zenodo28/100

Table 2 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1 r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2 r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3 r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4 r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Pre-TSW phase</th><th>TSW & sperm-transfer phase</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(A) 1</th><th>(B)</th><th>(C) 2,3</th><th>(D) 2,4</th><th>(E)</th><th>(F) 3,4</th><th>(G)</th><th>(H) 1</th><th>(I)</th><th>(J)</th><th>(K)</th><th>Total</th><th>Total</th><th>Total</th></tr><tr><th>Pair</th><th>Apart</th><th>Close</th><th>Sliding</th><th>ffTSWd</th><th>ffTSWc</th><th>upTSW</th><th>spTSW</th><th>TSW</th><th>SD</th><th>LOS</th><th>POC</th><th>B to G</th><th>B to K</th><th>A to K</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>29</td><td>152</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>31</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.5*</td><td>166</td><td>204.9</td><td>233.9</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>13</td><td>122</td><td>3</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>22</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.4*</td><td>153</td><td>183.7</td><td>196.7</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>9</td><td>69</td><td>19</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>2</td><td>23</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>166</td><td>197.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>2</td><td>66</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>5</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.5*</td><td>91</td><td>126.1</td><td>334.3</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>71</td><td>24</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>42</td><td>7</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.5*</td><td>39</td><td>88.8</td><td>159.8</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>172</td><td>45</td><td>35</td><td>26</td><td>170</td><td>35</td><td>12</td><td>223</td><td>9</td><td>0.3</td><td></td><td>323</td><td>555.3</td><td>727.3</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>12</td><td>69</td><td>33</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>20</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>140</td><td>169.2</td><td>181.2</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>8</td><td>36</td><td>33</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>42</td><td>1</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.7</td><td>119</td><td>154</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>29</td><td>119</td><td>68</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>10</td><td>43</td><td>7</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>285</td><td>336.1</td><td>365.1</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>8</td><td>323</td><td>48</td><td>32</td><td>0</td><td>88</td><td>12</td><td>32</td><td>6</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.9*</td><td>503</td><td>542.3</td><td>550.3</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>33</td><td>184</td><td>210</td><td>46</td><td>0</td><td>270</td><td>5</td><td>30</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6*</td><td>715</td><td>754</td><td>787</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>386</td><td>1209</td><td>466</td><td>158</td><td>170</td><td>623</td><td>74</td><td>518</td><td>83</td><td>4.3</td><td>6.3</td><td>2700</td><td>3311.6</td><td>3697.6</td></tr><tr><th>Mean</th><td>35.1</td><td>109.9</td><td>42.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>15.5</td><td>56.6</td><td>6.7</td><td>47.1</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>245.5</td><td>301.1</td><td>369.8</td></tr><tr><th>SD</th><td>49.4</td><td>86.7</td><td>59.3</td><td>15.1</td><td>51.3</td><td>77.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>58.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>202.3</td><td>218.6</td><td>237.3</td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to G</th><td></td><td>44.8</td><td>17.3</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.3</td><td>23.1</td><td>2.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to K</th><td></td><td>36.5</td><td>14.1</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>18.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>15.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>A to K</th><td>10.4</td><td>32.7</td><td>12.6</td><td>4.3</td><td>4.6</td><td>16.8</td><td>2.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

opennotspecifiedJul 2024View details →

dryad28/100

Data from: Preservation-induced morphological change in salamanders and failed DNA extraction from a decades-old museum specimen: implications for Plethodon ainsworthi

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicFeb 2020View details →

dryad28/100

The effect of sampling density and study area size on landscape genetic inferences for the Mississippi slimy salamander (Plethodon mississippi)

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

publicDec 2021View details →

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