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72 results for “Population: cycles”
Data from: More than meets the eye: detecting cryptic microgeographic population structure in a parasite with a complex life cycle
Nonrandom recruitment of parasites among hosts can lead to genetic differentiation among hosts and mating dynamics that promote inbreeding. It has been hypothesized that strictly aquatic parasites with intermediate hosts will behave as panmictic populations among hosts because ample opportunity exists for random mixing of unrelated individuals during transmission to the definitive host. A previous allozyme study on the marine trematode Lecithochirium fusiforme did not support this hypothesis in that there was genetic differentiation among, and significant heterozygote deficiencies within, definitive hosts. We revisit this system and use microsatellites to obtain multilocus genotypes. Our goal was to determine if cryptic subgroups and/or the presence of clones could account for the apparent deviation from 'panmixia'. We find strong evidence for cryptic subdivision (three genetic clusters) that causes the Wahlund effect and differentiation among definitive hosts. After accounting for these cryptic groups, we see panmictic genetic structure among definitive hosts that is consistent with the "high mixing in aquatic habitats" hypothesis. We see evidence for co-transmission of clones in all three clusters, but this level of clonal structure did not have a major impact in causing deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and only affected genetic differentiation among hosts in one cluster. A cursory examination of the data may have led to incorrect conclusions about non-random transmission. However, it is obvious in this system that there is more than meets the eye in relation to the actual makeup of parasite populations. In general, the methods we employ will be useful for elucidating hidden patterns in other organisms where cryptic structure may be common (e.g., those with limited morphology or complex life histories).
Data from: Warming at the population level: effects on age structure, density, and generation cycles.
The impact of climate change on strongly age-structured populations is poorly understood, despite the central role of temperature in determining developmental rates in ectotherms. Here we examine the effect of warming and its interactions with resource availability on the population dynamics of the pyralid moth Plodia interpunctella, populations of which normally show generation cycles, a consequence of strong and asymmetric age-related competition. . Warming by 3°C above the standard culture temperature led to substantial changes in population density, age structure and population dynamics. Adult populations were some 50% larger in warmed populations, probably because the reduced fecundity associated with warming leads to reduced larval competition, allowing more larvae to develop to adulthood. Warming also interacted with resource availability to alter population dynamics, with the generation cycles typical of this species breaking down in the 30° populations when standard lab. diet was provided but not when a reduced nutrient poor diet was used. Warming by 6° led to either rapid extinction or the persistence of populations at low densities for the duration of the experiment. We conclude that even moderate warming can have considerable effects on population structure and dynamics, potentially leading to complete changes in dynamics in some cases. These results are particularly relevant given the large number of economically important species that exhibit generation cycling, in many cases arising from similar mechanisms to those operating in P. interpunctella.
Data from: Large fluctuations in the effective population size of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. during vector control cycle
On Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been part of the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project since early 2004. Despite success in reducing childhood infections, areas of high transmission remained on the island. We therefore examined fluctuations in the effective population size (N_e) of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in an area of persistent high transmission over two spray rounds. We analyzed data for 13 microsatellite loci from 791 An. gambiae specimens collected at 6 time points in 2009 and 2010 and reconstructed the demographic history of the population during this period using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). Our analysis shows that IRS rounds have a big impact on N_e, reducing it by 65% to 92% from pre-spray round N_e. More importantly our analysis shows that after 3-5 months, the An. gambiae population rebounded by 2,818% compared to shortly following the spray round. Our study underscores the importance of adequate spray round frequency to provide continuous suppression of mosquito populations, and that increased spray round frequency should substantially improve the efficacy of IRS campaigns. It also demonstrates the ability of ABC to reconstruct a detailed demographic history across only a few tens of generations in a large population.
Data from: Synchronous effects produce cycles in deer populations and deer-vehicle collisions
<p>Population cycles are fundamentally linked with spatial synchrony, the prevailing paradigm being that populations with cyclic dynamics are easily synchronized. That is, population cycles help give rise to spatial synchrony. Here we demonstrate this process can work in reverse, with synchrony causing population cycles. We show that timescale-specific environmental effects, by synchronizing local population dynamics on certain timescales only, cause major population cycles over large areas in white-tailed deer. An important aspect of the new mechanism is specificity of synchronizing effects to certain timescales, which causes local dynamics to sum across space to a substantial cycle on those timescales. We also demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, that synchrony can be transmitted not only from environmental drivers to populations (deer), but also from there to human systems (deer-vehicle collisions). Because synchrony of drivers may be altered by climate change, changes to population cycles may arise via our mechanism.</p>
Fig. 3 in Rodent population cycle as a determinant of gastrointestinal nematode abundance in a low-arctic population of the red fox
Fig. 3. Annual prevalence of the two Ascarididae species relative to rodent abundance the autumn preceding winter when the foxes were sampled.
Data from: The genetic underpinnings of population cyclicity: establishing expectations for the genetic anatomy of cycling populations
Despite extensive research into the mechanisms underlying population cyclicity, we have little understanding of the impacts of numerical fluctuations on the genetic variation of cycling populations. Thus, the potential implications of natural and anthropogenically-driven variation in population cycle dynamics on the diversity and evolutionary potential of cyclic populations is unclear. Here, we use Canada lynx Lynx canadensis matrix population models, set up in a linear stepping-stone, to generate demographic replicates of biologically realistic cycling populations. Overall, increasing cycle amplitude predictably reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation, with cyclic effects increased by population synchrony. Modest dispersal rates (1–3% of the population) between high and low amplitude cyclic populations did not diminish these effects suggesting that spatial variation in cyclic amplitude should be reflected in patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation at these rates. At high dispersal rates (6%) groups containing only high amplitude cyclic populations had higher diversity and lower differentiation than those mixed with low amplitude cyclic populations. Negative density-dependent dispersal did not impact genetic diversity, but did homogenize populations by reducing differentiation and patterns of isolation by distance. Surprisingly, temporal changes in diversity and differentiation throughout a cycle were not always consistent with population size. In particular, negative density-dependent dispersal simultaneously decreased differences in genetic diversity while increasing differences in genetic differentiation between numerical peaks and nadirs. Combined, our findings suggest demographic changes at fine temporal scales can impact genetic variation of interacting populations and provide testable predictions relating population cyclicty to genetic variation. Further, our results suggest that including realistic demographic and dispersal parameters in population genetic models and using information from temporal changes in genetic variation could help to discern complex demographic scenarios and illuminate population dynamics at fine temporal scales.
Figure 2 in Life cycle and population structure of the terrestrial isopod Hemilepistus klugii (Brandt, 1833) (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in Iran
Figure 2. Mean population density/m2 in Hemilepistus klugii from Varamin in the years 2008– 2009.
Figure 5 in Life cycle and population structure of the terrestrial isopod Hemilepistus klugii (Brandt, 1833) (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in Iran
Figure 5. Monthly sex ratio in Hemilepistus klugii from Varamin during the sampling period.
Figure 2 from: David J-F, Coulis M (2015) Millipedes faced with drought: the life cycle of a Mediterranean population of Ommatoiulus sabulosus (Linnaeus) (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 115-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8838
Figure 2 - Phenology of Ommatoiulus sabulosus in Provence (March 2010–November 2010). See explanations in the legend to Fig. 1.
Figure 1 from: David J-F, Coulis M (2015) Millipedes faced with drought: the life cycle of a Mediterranean population of Ommatoiulus sabulosus (Linnaeus) (Diplopoda, Julida, Julidae). In: Tuf IH, Tajovský K (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Myriapodology, Olomouc, Czech Republic. ZooKeys 510: 115-124. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.510.8838
Figure 1 - Phenology of Ommatoiulus sabulosus in Provence (October 2013–April 2014). Stadia are indicated on the horizontal axis and those of three identifiable generations (G 2011 without any individuals, G 2012 and G 2013) are grouped together. White bars = undifferentiated juveniles and females; grey bars = immature and intercalary males; black bars = adult males. Abundant (+) or very abundant (++) juveniles of stadia II and III were not included in the calculation of percentages.
Data from: Large fluctuations in the effective population size of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. during vector control cycle
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Data from: Warming at the population level: effects on age structure, density, and generation cycles.
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Data from: Intermittent breeding and constraints on litter size: consequences for effective population size per generation (Ne) and per reproductive cycle (Nb)
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Data from: More than meets the eye: detecting cryptic microgeographic population structure in a parasite with a complex life cycle
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Data from: The genetic underpinnings of population cyclicity: establishing expectations for the genetic anatomy of cycling populations
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Data from: Occasional long-distance dispersal increases spatial synchrony of population cycles
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Data from: Synchronous effects produce cycles in deer populations and deer-vehicle collisions
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A cycling, progenitor-like cell population at the root of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor subtype differentiation trajectories [Xenium Spatial_Transcriptomics]
GEO Series GSE283832. Homo sapiens. 7 samples. Type: Other.
A cycling, progenitor-like cell population at the root of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor subtype differentiation trajectories [snMultiome_data_organoids]
GEO Series GSE283838. Homo sapiens. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
A cycling, progenitor-like cell population at the root of atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor subtype differentiation trajectories
GEO Series GSE283843. Homo sapiens. 56 samples. Type: Other; Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing; Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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