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126 results for “Predator–prey interactions”
Conspicuous coloration of toxin-resistant predators implicates additional trophic interactions in a predator-prey arms race
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Data from: Antagonistic species interaction drives selection for sex in a predator-prey system
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Thermal plasticity and evolution shape predator-prey interactions differently in clear and turbid water
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Individual survival is dictated by group personality in a marsh ecosystem predator-prey interaction
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Data from: Predator-prey interactions in the Arctic: DNA-metabarcoding reveals that nestling diet of snow buntings reflects arthropod seasonality
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Data and R code for: Handling- or digestion-limited predator: the role of body masses and habitat complexity in predator-prey feeding interaction
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Figure 6. Feeding variation during ENSO phenomenon. a in Life is uncertainı eat dessert first: feeding ecology and prey-predator interactions of the coffee snake Ninia atrata
Figure 6. Feeding variation during ENSO phenomenon. a) Linear regression models that relate the number of snakes with stomach content and prey abundance at microhabitats per sampling visit (n = 32). b) t-Test comparing the abundance of snakes with stomach content (n = 314) between good and bad climate years. Box represents the interquartile range, the line across the box indicates the median, the minimal and maximal values are provided with the whiskers.
Figure 4 in Life is uncertainı eat dessert first: feeding ecology and prey-predator interactions of the coffee snake Ninia atrata
Figure 4. Patterns of food intake, fat storage, and body size between sexes. a) The density of individuals with stomach contents tends to increase constantly with the increment of the body size in males. In contrast, the number of females with stomach contents start to grow nearly when their reached size of sexual maturity (>270 mm), before it, females maintain almost the same number of individuals with stomach contents despite their increase in body size (n = 264). b) Fat body area increase with the increment of the body size, being higher in females than males (n = 170). Redline depicts sexual maturity size in females.
Figure 3 in Life is uncertainı eat dessert first: feeding ecology and prey-predator interactions of the coffee snake Ninia atrata
Figure 3. Sexual dimorphism of Ninia atrata. a) Linear regression model of weight versus snout-vent length (SVL) depicting no-significative differences between sexes (n = 425). b) ANCOVA analysis depicting that males have longer heads than females in relation to their weight (n = 170).
Figure 1 in Life is uncertainı eat dessert first: feeding ecology and prey-predator interactions of the coffee snake Ninia atrata
Figure 1. Study area. Oil palm plantation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq 1897) of PALMASOL S.A. Red polygons represent the production batches sampled. Snakes collected from batches 8, 9 and 15 were fixed to perform dissections of their digestive tracts. Snakes from the Batch 13 were employed in the mark-recapture experiments.
Data from: Predator-prey interactions between shell-boring beetle larvae and rock-dwelling land snails
Drilus beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Elateridae) are specialized predators of land snails. Here, we describe various aspects of the predator-prey interactions between multiple Drilus species attacking multiple Albinaria (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae) species in Greece. We observe that Drilus species may be facultative or obligate Albinaria-specialists. We map geographically varying predation rates in Crete, where on average 24% of empty shells carry fatal Drilus bore holes. We also provide first-hand observations and video-footage of prey entry and exit strategies of the Drilus larvae, and evaluate the potential mutual evolutionary impacts. We find limited evidence for an effect of shell features and snail behavioral traits on inter- and intra-specifically differing predation rates. We also find that Drilus predators adjust their predation behavior based on specific shell traits of the prey. In conclusion, we suggest that, with these baseline data, this interesting predator-prey system will be available for further, detailed more evolutionary ecology studies.
Data from: Weak spatiotemporal response of prey to predation risk in a freely interacting system
1.The extent to which prey space use actively minimises predation risk continues to ignite controversy. Methodological reasons that have hindered consensus include inconsistent measurements of predation risk, biased spatiotemporal scales at which responses are measured, and lack of robust null expectations. 2.We addressed all three challenges in a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal responses of adult female elk (Cervus elaphus) to the risk of predation by grey wolves (Canis lupus) during winter in northern Yellowstone, USA. 3.We quantified spatial overlap between the winter home ranges of GPS‐collared elk and three measures of predation risk: the intensity of wolf space use, the distribution of wolf‐killed elk and vegetation openness. We also assessed whether elk varied their use of areas characterised by more or less predation risk across hours of the day, and estimated encounter rates between simultaneous elk and wolf pack trajectories. We determined whether observed values were significantly lower than expected if elk movements were random with reference to predation risk using a null model approach. 4.Although a small proportion of elk did show a tendency to minimise use of open vegetation at specific times of the day, overall we highlight a notable absence of spatiotemporal response by female elk to the risk of predation posed by wolves in northern Yellowstone. 5.Our results suggest that predator‐prey interactions may not always result in strong spatiotemporal patterns of avoidance.
Data from: Do intraspecific or interspecific interactions determine responses to predators feeding on a shared size-structured prey community?
1. Coexistence of predators that share the same prey is common. This is still the case in size structured predator communities where predators consume prey species of different sizes (interspecific prey responses) or consume different size classes of the same species of prey (intraspecific prey responses). 2. A mechanism has recently been proposed to explain coexistence between predators that differ in size but share the same prey species, emergent facilitation, which is dependent on strong intraspecific responses from one or more prey species. Under emergent facilitation predators can depend on each other for invasion, persistence or success in a size structured prey community. 3. Experimental evidence for intraspecific size-structured responses in prey populations remain rare and further questions remain about direct interactions between predators that could prevent or limit any positive effects between predators (e.g. intraguild predation). 4. Here we provide a community wide experiment on emergent facilitation including natural predators. We investigate both the direct interaction between two predators that differ in body size (fish vs. invertebrate predator) and the indirect interaction between them via their shared prey community (zooplankton). 5. Our evidence supports the most likely expectation of interactions between differently sized predators, that intraguild predation rates are high and interspecific interactions in the shared prey community dominate the response to predation (i.e. predator-mediated competition). The question of whether emergent facilitation occurs frequently in nature requires more empirical and theoretical attention, specifically to address the likelihood that its pre-conditions may co-occur with high rates of intraguild predation.
Data from: Inferring predator-prey interactions in food webs
1. Food webs are a powerful way to represent the diversity, structure, and function of ecological systems. However, the accurate description of food webs requires significant effort in time and resources, limiting their widespread use in ecological studies. Newly published methods allow for the inference of feeding interactions using proxy variables. Here, we compare the accuracy of two recently described methods, as well as describe a composite model of the two, for the inference of feeding interactions using a large, well-described dataset. 2. Both niche and neutral processes are involved in determining whether or not two species will form a feeding link in communities. Three different models for determining niche constraints of feeding interactions are compared, and all three models are extended by incorporating neutral processes, based on relative abundances. The three models compared here infer niche processes through 1) phylogenetic relationships, 2) local species trait distributions (e.g. body size), and 3) a composite of phylogeny and local traits. 3. We show that all three methods perform well at predicting individual species interactions, and that these individual predictions scale up to the network level, resulting in food-web structure of inferred networks being similar to their empirical counterparts. 4. Our results indicate that inferring food-web structure using phylogenies can be an efficient way of getting summary webs with minimal data, and offers a conservative test of changes in food-web structure, particularly when there is low species turnover between sites. Inferences made using traits requires more data, but allows for greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying trophic interactions. A composite model of the two methods provides a framework for investigating the importance of how phylogeny, trait distributions, and relative abundances, affect species interactions, and network structure.
Predator-prey interactions in anurans of the tropical dry forests of the Colombian Caribbean: a functional approach
<p>Anuran prey selection might be mediated by traits, either by mismatches in predator and prey traits (preventing interactions) or by predator selection of prey traits (encouraging interactions). These effect traits could be summarized in two contrasting foraging strategies: "active" and "sit-and-wait" foragers. We evaluated whether anurans could be classified in groups of species sharing traits associated to their diet, and what is the relation between particular effect traits of anurans and their prey. We collected anurans and identified their stomach contents once during dry, minor and major rain seasons in six dry forest sites in the Colombian Caribbean. For each of the 19 anuran species and 436 prey items, we registered six effect traits. We applied RLQ and Fourth-corner methodologies to relate predator and prey traits through their interaction matrix. Predators were assigned to five groups according to their differences in locomotion, body shape, proportion of the jaw width, mode of tongue protrusion, and strata preferred. Regarding preys, species were assigned to four groups according to their gregariousness, body shape and hardness, defensive traits, and mobility. Body size of both, predators and prey, had a minor contribution in the group assignment. We found that predators using active search target low mobility preys, whereas species using sit-and-wait strategy target highly nutritive prey that are difficult to manipulate. By linking amphibian diet with foraging strategies, we hope to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms behind anuran-prey food web patterns and to build more realistic models of functional response to changing environments.<span> </span></p>
Data from: Trophic sensitivity of invasive predator and native prey interactions: integrating environmental context and climate change
Climate change is predicted to intensify the impacts of invasive species by enhancing their performance relative to their native counterparts. However, few studies have compared the performance of invasive predators and native prey, despite the fact that non-native predators are well known to disrupt native communities. The 'trophic sensitivity hypothesis' suggests that predators are less tolerant of increasing environmental stress than their prey, whereas the 'tolerant invaders hypothesis' suggests that invaders are more tolerant than native species due to selection during the introduction process. It is therefore unclear how invasive predators will respond to increasing climate stressors. We coupled physiological measurements (thermal tolerance, thermal optima, salinity tolerance, predation rate) with environmental time-series data to assess the effects of warming and extreme low salinity events on non-native predators (gastropods) and native prey (oysters) from a coastal ecosystem. In general support of the trophic sensitivity hypothesis, we found that both non-native predators exhibited lower thermal optima relative to native prey, lower salinity tolerance and one predator was less tolerant of warming. However, because warming tolerance was extremely high (i.e. habitat temperature is 7·9–21 °C below thermal tolerance), near-term warming may first increase predator performance (consumption and growth rates), with negative effects on prey. Low salinity will likely produce heterogeneous effects on predator–prey interactions due to varying watershed sizes among estuaries that control the duration of low salinity events. The trophic sensitivity hypothesis may be a useful framework for understanding community responses to extreme climate change, which portends a decoupling of predator–prey interactions. However, we conclude that this hypothesis must be evaluated in environmental context and that coupling physiological metrics with in situ environmental data offers the best predictive power of near-term climate change impacts on invaded communities. Within our study system, warming is likely to intensify the impacts of both invasive predators, which may greatly reduce the abundance of the native oyster, a species of conservation and restoration focus.
Data from: Prey limitation drives variation in allometric scaling of predator-prey interactions
Ecologists have long searched for a universal size-scaling constant that governs trophic interactions. Although this is an appealing theoretical concept, Predator-Prey Size Ratios (PPSR) vary strikingly across and within natural food webs, meaning that predators deviate from their optimal prey size by consuming relatively larger or smaller prey. Here, we suggest that this unexpected variation in allometric scaling of trophic interactions can be predicted by gradients of prey limitation consistent with predictions from the Optimal Foraging Theory. We analyzed >6,000 trophic interactions of 52 populations from four tropical frog species along a gradient of prey limitation. Mean of PPSR and its variance differed up to two orders of magnitude across and within food webs. Importantly, as prey availability decreased across food webs, PPSR and its variance became more size-dependent. Thus, trophic interactions did not follow a fixed allometric scaling but changed predictably with the strength of prey limitation. Our results emphasize the importance of ecological contexts in arranging food webs and the need to incorporate ecological drivers of PPSR and its variance in food web and community models.
Figure 3 in Prey-predator interactions and body size relationships between annual cicadas and spiders in Japan
Figure 3. Comparison of prey–predator size ratio among predator spider species. Data indicate at least three observations per prey–predator interaction (see Materials and methods). Different prey species are indicated by different colours on plots. Dashed line indicated the prey–predator body size ratio of 1.0. Data set = subset that excluded rare prey-predator interactions (n <3).
Figure 2 in Prey-predator interactions and body size relationships between annual cicadas and spiders in Japan
Figure 2. Number of incidents of prey–predator interactions between spiders and annual cicadas. Data set = total data.
Figure 1 in Prey-predator interactions and body size relationships between annual cicadas and spiders in Japan
Figure 1. Cases of the predation of annual cicadas by orb-web spiders (Araneidae). a) Female Araneus ventricosus feeding on Hyalessa maculaticollis; b) Female Argiope bruenichii feeding on Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata; c) Female Trichonephila clavata feeding on Tanna japonensis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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