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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Figure 2 in Prevalence, intensity, and attachment sites of larval mites (Acari: Erythraeidae) infesting Erginulus clavotibialis, a Neotropical harvestman (Opiliones: Cosmetidae) from Belize

Figure 2 Attachment sites and morphology of the visible parts of the chelicerae ofLeptus larvae. A. Chelicerae and pedipalps of mite attached

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Figure 3 Old, abandoned attachment sites. A in Prevalence, intensity, and attachment sites of larval mites (Acari: Erythraeidae) infesting Erginulus clavotibialis, a Neotropical harvestman (Opiliones: Cosmetidae) from Belize

Figure 3 Old, abandoned attachment sites. A. Attachment site of mite with visible, abandoned attachment sites (arrows) on femur III of host lateral view. B. Attachment site of larva with visible, abandoned attachment (arrow) on femur I of host, anterior view. C. Attachment site of mite with visible, older, smaller abandoned attachment site (arrow) visible on femur IV, lateral view. D. Attachment site of larva with visible

Sample based prevalence data complementing the European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report - Norway

This dataset contains monitoring data on zoonoses and zoonotic agents under the Directive 2003/99/EC. This Directive requires Member Sates (MSs) to collect, evaluate and report data on zoonoses and zoonotic agents. MSs can also report monitoring data and information on some other pathogenic microbiological agents in foodstuffs. Relevant EU legislation: Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005,Commission Regulation (EC) No 1441/2007, Commission Regulation (EU) No 1086/2011, Commission Regulation (EU) No 209/2013, Commission Regulation(EU) No 217/2014.

Sample based prevalence data complementing the European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report - Luxembourg

Prevalence data complementing the European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

Sample based prevalence data complementing the European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report - the United kingdom

Sample based prevalence data complementing the European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report - Finland

Sample based prevalence data complementing the European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report - Sweden

Supporting publication for 'Prevalence sample-based guidance for reporting 2021 data'

The record is aimed at helping the reporting countries to submit their sample-based level data to the EFSA Data Collection Framework. We include here two excel files and one XML file, and we give below specific information on their use. The two Excel documents help in mapping terms from the matrix catalogue ZOO_CAT_MATRIX used in the aggregated prevalence data model to FoodEx2 codes, and offer examples on how prevalence data can be reported using SSD2 and how data are aggregated afterwards. The XML file is the same example as in the Excel file with similar title but in the XML format that allows for it be uploaded in the Data Collection Framework.

Fig. 6 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 6. Prevalence of Uncinaria lucasi parasitic L3 observed in the blubber of subadult NFS males on St. Paul Island since 1963.

Fig. 5 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 5. Prevalence of Uncinaria lucasi adult nematodes observed in dead NFS pups on St. Paul Island since 1955.

Fig. 3 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 3. Parasitic third stage hookworm larvae (L3) from the blubber of a northern fur seal male: A — general view of entire L3; B — anterior part of L3, lateral view; C — anterior part of L3, dorsal view.

Fig. 2 in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 2. Life cycle of Uncinaria lucasi (drawing adapted after Olsen, 1962): L1, L2 and L3 — free-living larvae of 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages.

Fig. 1. Uncinaria lucasi adults from a in Prevalence Of Hookworms, Uncinaria Lucasi (Anсylostomatidae), In Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus Ursinus) On St. Paul Island, Alaska

Fig. 1. Uncinaria lucasi adults from a northern fur seal pup Callorhinus ursinus: A — anterior end, dorsal view; B — anterior end, lateral view; C — male tail; D — female tail.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

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Pathogen prevalence modulates medication behavior in ant Formica fusca

Ants face unique challenges regarding pathogens, as the sociality which has allowed them to form large and complex colonies also raises the potential for transmission of disease within these colonies. To cope with the threat of pathogens, ants have developed a variety of behavioral and physiological strategies. One of these strategies is self-medication, in which animals use biologically active compounds to combat pathogens in a way which would be harmful in the absence of them. Formica fusca ants are to date the only species of ants proven to successfully self-medicate against an active infection caused by a fungal pathogen by supplementing their diet with food containing hydrogen peroxide. Here, we build on that research by investigating how the prevalence of disease in colonies of F. fusca affects the strength of the self-medication response. We exposed either half of the workers of each colony or all of them to a fungal pathogen and offered them different combinations of diets. We see that workers of F. fusca engage in self-medication behavior even if exposed to a low lethal dose of a pathogen, and that the strength of that response is affected by the prevalence of the disease in the colonies. We also saw that the infection status of the individual foragers did not significantly affect their decision to forage on either control food or medicinal food as uninfected workers were also foraging on hydrogen peroxide food, which opens up the possibility of kin medication in partially infected colonies. Our results further affirm the ability of ants to self-medicate against fungal pathogens, shed new light on plasticity of self-medication and raise new questions to be investigated on the role self-medication has in social immunity.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Salmonellosis in Chicken Brooding Farms in and Around Arba Minch Town, Gamo Zone of Ethiopia

We all authors have done this research entitled ‘’Prevalence and Factors Associated with Salmonellosis in Chicken Brooding Farms in and Around Arba Minch Town, Gamo Zone of Ethiopia’’ for disseminating the result of our finding to the scientific community. The research has its strength as we did on chicken brooding farms which are the emerging production system in Ethiopia context and women and young cooperatives are highly engaged in this business but they have faced health-related problems in their management system. Therefore, this research was initiated based on practical challenges observed by the authors during professional support to brooding farm owners. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of Salmonellosis and its potential factors with their antibiotic resistance pattern in the study area because there is irrational use of antibiotics among human and animal health in the study area this might have a source of development of drug resistance in Ethiopia and the study area in particular. Furthermore the study focus on bacteriological analysis, risk factor association and drug sensitivity test due to the limitation of resource that can be baseline data for characterization.

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Data from: Habitat quality influences pollinator pathogen prevalence through both habitat–disease and biodiversity–disease pathways

The dilution effect hypothesis posits that increasing biodiversity reduces infectious disease transmission. Here, we propose that habitat quality might modulate this negative biodiversity–disease relationship. Habitat may influence pathogen prevalence directly by affecting host traits like nutrition and immune response (we coined this as the 'habitat–disease relationship') or indirectly by changing host biodiversity (biodiversity–disease relationship). We used a path model to test the relative strength of links between habitat, biodiversity, and pathogen prevalence in a pollinator–virus system. High-quality habitat metrics were directly associated with viral prevalence, providing evidence for a habitat–disease relationship. However, the strength and direction of specific habitat effects on viral prevalence varied based on the characteristics of the habitat, host, and pathogen. In general, more natural area and richness of landcover types were directly associated with increased viral prevalence, while greater floral density was associated with reduced viral prevalence. More natural habitat was also indirectly associated with reduced prevalence of two key viruses (black queen cell virus and deformed wing virus) via increased pollinator species richness, providing evidence for a habitat-mediated dilution effect on viral prevalence. Biodiversity–disease relationships varied across viruses, as prevalence of sacbrood virus was not associated with any habitat quality or pollinator community metrics. Across all viruses and hosts, habitat–disease and biodiversity–disease paths had effects of similar magnitude on viral prevalence. Therefore, habitat quality is a key driver of variation in pathogen prevalence among communities via both direct habitat–disease and indirect biodiversity–disease pathways, though the specific patterns varied among different viruses and host species. Critically, habitat–disease relationships could either contribute to or obscure dilution effects in natural systems depending on the relative strength and direction of the habitat–disease and biodiversity–disease pathways in that host–pathogen system. Therefore, habitat may be an important driver in the complex interactions between hosts and pathogens.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Figure 3 in Species identification and seasonal prevalence of house dust mites in Assiut City, Egypt: A descriptive study in an urban area

Figure 3. Dermatophagoides farinae adult female (SEM photo) – a. Dorsal view shows sce (external scapular seta) is much longer than sci (internal scapular seta); b. Ventral view shows the genital system of the female; c. Lateral views shows the finely striated body and prodorsal shield; d. Hysterostoma region and anal opening; e. Epigynium and genital opening; f. Ventral view of the gnathostoma.

Figure 2 in Species identification and seasonal prevalence of house dust mites in Assiut City, Egypt: A descriptive study in an urban area

Figure 2. Dermatophagoides farinae (adult male) – a. Habitus (100×) before being cleared in Hoyer's medium and the enlarged 1st and 3rd pairs of legs are noted; b. Fused apodemes I (arrow) while apodemes II (arrow head) and apodemes III (curved arrow) are not fused (200×); c. Anal plate (arrow), post anal seta 2 (ps2) (curved arrow) (400×).

Figure 1 in Species identification and seasonal prevalence of house dust mites in Assiut City, Egypt: A descriptive study in an urban area

Figure 1. Dermatophagoides farinae (adult female) – a. Habitus (before being cleared) (10×); b. Habitus (after being cleared in Hoyer's medium) (x100); c. Distal solenidion on tarsus I (arrow head), terminal spinous process (curved arrow) and tarsus II with the two distal solenidia (arrow) (200×); d. Magnified tarsus II with distal solenidia (arrow head) and two small spinous tubercles (long arrow) (400×); e. The low-arched epigynium (arrow) and the faint transverse striations above it (arrow head); f. Bursa copulatrix (arrow), its external opening and sclerotized part (arrow head).