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Fig. 2 in Taxonomic Reassessment of Albula (Albuliformes: Albulidae) from Japan and Adjacent Waters with Reliable Records of Albula argentea, A. koreana and A. oligolepis from Japan

Fig. 2. Fresh specimens of (A–C) Albula argentea, (D–F) A. koreana and (G–H) A. oligolepis. (A) KAUM–I. 9013, 265.4 mm SL, Kasasa, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima, Japan; (B) KAUM–I. 50221, 365.2 mm SL, Tanega-shima Island, Kagoshima, Japan; (C) KAUM–I. 60580, 472.0 mm SL, Tanega-shima Island, Kagoshima, Japan; (D) NSMT-P 67748, 243.7 mm SL, Cat Ba Island, Vietnam; (E) KAUM–I. 125129, 246.9 mm SL, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; (F) KAUM–I. 16854, 272.7 mm SL, Terengganu, Malaysia; (G) NSMT-P 129038, 289.2 mm SL, Amamioshima Island, Kagoshima, Japan; (H) KAUM–I. 50222, 373.4 mm SL, Tanega-shima Island, Kagoshima, Japan. Photos by KAUM (A–C, E, F, H) and NSMT (D, G).

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Fig. 9 in Taxonomic Reassessment of Albula (Albuliformes: Albulidae) from Japan and Adjacent Waters with Reliable Records of Albula argentea, A. koreana and A. oligolepis from Japan

Fig. 9. Relationships between (A) head length, (B) upper jaw length and (C) mandible length (all as % of SL) and SL (mm) in Albula argentea (red circles), A. koreana (green downward-triangles) and A. oligolepis (yellow upward-triangles).

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Fig. 1 in Taxonomic Reassessment of Albula (Albuliformes: Albulidae) from Japan and Adjacent Waters with Reliable Records of Albula argentea, A. koreana and A. oligolepis from Japan

Fig. 1. Fresh specimens of (A) Albula argentea, (B) A. koreana, (C) A. oligolepis and (D) A. glossodonta from Japan. (A) KAUM–I. 80897, 293.5 mm SL, Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima; (B) KAUM–I. 1246, 250.1 mm SL, Kasasa, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima; (C) NSMT-P 129038, 289.0 mm SL, Amami-oshima Island, Kagoshima; (D) NSMT-P 102552, 273.5 mm SL, Iriomote-jima Island, Okinawa. Photos by KAUM (A, B), NSMT (C) and H. Kishimoto (D).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2010View details →

Table 2: Reliability of the general English test

The purpose of the study was twin: to investigate the test-taking anxiety of ESP students of Engineering taking a course in general English and to shed light on the relationship between the students' test-taking anxiety and their performance on a general English test. To this end, the first phase of the study was devoted to the reliability of the two instruments employed to address the research question: (a) the anxiety questionnaire (TAS), and (b) the general English test. The second or main phase of the study was concerned with the four research question. In this section, the results of analyses related to the two phases are presented. The General English Test: The formula KR21 was used to determine the reliability of the general English test. As shown in Table 2, the reliability of the test was .82

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2010View details →

Table 1: Reliability of the test anxiety questionnaire

The purpose of the study was twin: to investigate the test-taking anxiety of ESP students of Engineering taking a course in general English and to shed light on the relationship between the students' test-taking anxiety and their performance on a general English test. To this end, the first phase of the study was devoted to the reliability of the two instruments employed to address the research question: (a) the anxiety questionnaire (TAS), and (b) the general English test. The second or main phase of the study was concerned with the four research question. In this section, the results of analyses related to the two phases are presented. The TAS: The present study used the TAS (Sarason, 1975) [27] to determine the students' test-taking anxiety. The use of Cronbach’s alpha showed the internal consistency of .876.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Table 2: Reliability Indexes of the Measures Used in Grade Three

The procedures of lexical instruction and vocabulary testing continued up to the end of the course when the book content was exhausted. Lastly, near to the end of the academic year, the students took the End of the Course Achievement (ECA) exams (See Appendix 3) the major objectives of which were to make a holistic assessment concerning the achievement of the prespecified course objectives. These tests are usually designed, standardized, and administered either directly by the central offices of the Ministry of Education, or indirectly by the teachers at the local schools. However, no matter who develops them, they follow a uniform scheme or format which is mandated by the officials of the Ministry of Education. The reliability indexes obtained from the batteries utilized in the study are presented in Tables 2

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale: validity, reliability and fairness in Peruvian adults

Abstract: Background: Loneliness, transient or long-lasting, constitutes one of the mental health problems of great public impact with peculiar characteristics. It can be defined as a subjective and unpleasant experience, in turn associated with other serious psychological symptoms. This variable in question has not been addressed in a timely manner, among other reasons due to the scarcity of instruments for specific populations. Although the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS), based on Weiss' multidimensional model, has been adapted and validated in different contexts, it is still insufficient in Peru. Precisely, the objective was to determine the psychometric properties of the DJGLS, its internal structure and factorial invariance. Methods: An online survey of 1248 Peruvians between 18 and 70 years of age (M= 27.37, SD= 11.29) from all regions was used. The validation of the DJGLS was analyzed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), convergent validity, measurement invariance and internal consistency reliability. Results: Psychometric properties were found with adequate values in its internal structure by means of the CFA, where it was found that the components of the scale are interrelated and the data matrix is factorizable. Here we present a model of two specific factors and one general factor, which is consistent with theory and has practical utility, revealing acceptable reliability values and invariance between sexes. Conclusions: Adequate psychometric properties, which allow for a better data collection process in further related research, are revealed.   Keywords: loneliness; validity; reliability; fairness; adults.

Figure 4 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 4. Typical tracks produced in the walk. The faster the walk (and the longer the limbs and the shorter the trunk), the greater is the distance (d) between the ipsilateral front- and hind hooves (i.e. the degree of overstepping increases); horizontal axis: distance covered in m. (a) Slow walk and (b) Fast walk of a German warmblood.

Figure 8 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 8. Typical footfall pattern of the canter (German: Galopp) in its three varieties. (a) Right lead of a Paso Fino at slow speed; (b) Left lead of a German warmblood horse at normal speed; (c) Right lead of a medium sized German saddle horse at fast speed. The stride length increases with increasing speed. The Paso Fino places the hind hooves between the imprints of the fore hooves, because of slow speed. The warmblood has the same limb length as the Paso Fino, but it is placing the hind hooves beneath the prints of the fore hooves, because of higher speed. The German saddle horse is medium sized and places the hind hooves in front of the fore hooves. With increasing speed in the canter, the separation between all four hoofprints becomes clearer (in the example of right lead the group HL, HR, FL, FR.).

Figure 1 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 1. Horse hooves. (a) Hind hoof and fore hoof of a horse seen from below; (b) Longitudinal section through the mechanically relevant elements of the autopodium. The hoof is shown during the middle of the stance phase, while highest loads are acting. Dots at the tips of the hooves are indicating the points used for track measurement. The difference between the imprints of hind hoof and fore hooves is not obvious, so that both are hardly discernible in most tracks.

Figure 3 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 3. Relationship between trunk length and length of the limbs. The extremities are reduced to their "functional limb lengths". Step length (s) is the product of excursion angles (α or β) and limb lengths (for example s sin αl αĮ sin αĮ l). The = fa + fr longer the limbs, the lower the ground level below the animal, and the greater the distance (s) covered during each step, without any change of trunk length. The uppermost ground level indicates a lagging of the hind hoof behind the imprint of the fore hoof; the middle level indicates capping; the lowermost indicates overstepping. Excursion angles (α and β) are determined by the resultant GRF. Among living mammals, α usually is greater than αĮ, while β is commonly smaller than β Į; l – left forelimb in anteversion; l – fa fr left forelimb in retroversion; lha – left hind in anteversion; lhr – left hind in retroversion.

Figure 7 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 7. Part of the original tracks comparing fast running pace (a) and fast trot (b). In the running pace the contralateral hoofprints are grouped together with overstepping of the fore hoof over the contralateral hind hoof. In the trot the ipsilateral hoofprints are grouped with an overstepping of the front hoof over the ipsilateral hind hoof. The horizontal axis shows the distance covered in cm.

Figure 2 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 2. Raw data of two randomly chosen trackways; horizontal axis: distance covered in cm. (a) Slow tölt (i.e. amble); (b) Fast tölt of an Icelandic horse; FR – front right; HR – hind right; FL – front left; HL – hind left.

Figure 6 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 6. Typical tracks produced in the trot of a German warmblood. With higher speed, the overstepping (d) of the ipsilateral hind hoof is increasing. (b) Slow trot: the hind hoof is placed right on top of the fore hoof imprint (capping); (a) fast (extended) trot, which leads to marked overstepping. A third possibility is the placing of the hind hoof in front of the fore hoof at very slow speed (this is rarely done and not shown here).

Figure 5 in Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? - Part 1: The case of horses

Figure 5. Typical track produced in the tölt (amble) of an Icelandic horse. In the amble the overstepping (d1) is greater than in the walk and the contralateral hoofprints are close to each other at fast speeds (d2). This is similar to the pace. (a) Slow tölt; (b) fast tölt.

Fig. 6 in Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract

Fig. 6: ML phylogenetic tree of the genus Polyclinum (sequences abbreviation: Pln) based on COI nucleotide sequences (1560 aligned nucleotide sites; best-fit substitution model GTR+I+G; bootstrap on 100 replicates). Eudistoma and Pseudodistoma species were used as outgroups. The sequence list and species abbreviations are reported in Supplementary table S1. Black dots: bootstrap values ≥ 70 %; red: P. constellatum sequences; blue: P. indicum sequences; yellow background: our sequences.

Fig. 4 in Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract

Fig. 4: A, C) Colonies of Polyclinum constellatum with different colours photographed and collected in the Heraklion marina (Crete) (A: colony K11 and C: colony K12); B) Transversal section of the colonies, joined only at the surface layer (upper white arrow); D) Zooid extracted from the red-orange colony (K11), with magnification of the 6-lobed anus; E) Zooid extracted from the dark blue colony (K12) with magnification of the 6-lobed anus. Both K11 and K12 have the same COI haplotype (sequence AC number: MT873559).

Fig. 5 in Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract

Fig. 5: A) Larva of P. constellatum, showing the ocellus, four long narrow ampullae, three adhesive papillae and a group of a few small ventral vesicles (red arrow). am, ampullae; ap, adhesive papillae; oc, ocellus; B) Larva of P. constellatum, red arrow pointing out the calcite crystal in the middle of the body.

Fig. 2 in Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract

Fig. 2: A) Orange colony of Polyclinum constellatum from Taranto harbour (colony P1); B) Magnification of the oral (arrow pointing put the oral tentacles of different size) and cloacal aperture (asterisk); C) P. constellatum collected in Heraklion (colony K19) with zooids arranged in systems around the cloacal apertures; D) Section of the colony showing the zooids located only around the outer edge (arrow).

Fig. 3 in Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract

Fig. 3: A) Whole zooid of Polyclinum constellatum, showing a clear division into thorax, abdomen and post-abdomen with a long vascular stolon. ab, abdomen; pa, post-abdomen; th, thorax; vs, vascular stolon; B) Zooid with evident pharynx, rectum, anus and four embryos incubated in the atrial cavity. The funnel-shaped oesophagus, the smooth stomach and the twisted gut loop are visible in the abdomen. The post-abdomen shows the heart at its terminal end, as well as several rounded testicular follicles and the ovary, with the gonoducts running parallel to the rectum. an, anus; e, embryos; gd, gonoducts; gl, gut loop; oe, oesophagus; ov, ovary; h, heart; r, rectum; st, stomach; tf, testicular follicles; C) Magnification of the oral siphon with six pointed lobes (arrows) and six longitudinal muscle bands (indicated with numbers 1-6); D) Branchial sac with 18 rows of stigmata and narrow languets of the dorsal lamina (arrows); E) Magnification of the pharynx, with minute papillae (arrows) at the level of the transverse vessels; F) Magnification of the six-lobed anus (lobes indicated with numbers 1-6).