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Fig. 3 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 3. Landmark configuration of Rhinocypha spp. Fifteen landmarks were used in geometric morphometric analysis. Landmarks represent: (1) costa – subcostal connection, (2, 3 & 4) distal angles of arculus, (5) the nodus, (6) posterior intersection of the pterostigma and radius 1 (R1), (7) end of vein radius 2 (R2), (8) posterior end of the radius 4 (R4), (9) posterior end of the anterior media (MA), (10) posterior end of the Cubital Vein (CuP), (11) posterior end of the Anal Vein 1 (A1), (12) proximal apex of anal triangle, (13) anterior end of the cubital vein supplementary (Cupspl); (14) anterior end of the anterior media supplementary (Mspl); and (15) anterior end of the radius 4 supplementary (R4spl).

Fig. 2 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 2. Lateral view of the external morphology of the ovipositor of Rhinocypha spp. Ap: anal appendages; St: stylus; Dt: distal tooth; V3: third valves of ovipositor (valvulae 3); Lam: basal plate of ovipositor (lamina valvarum).

Fig. 1 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 1. Lateral view of thorax and anterior abdomen. Characters used in order to create the key identification for females of Rhinocypha spp. using the morphological nomenclature by Djikstra et al. (2014) and modified from Gunther (2009).

Fig. 14 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 14. Canonical Variate analysis (CVA) plot. CV1 (eigenvalue 8.887) vs CV2 (eigenvalue 2.150). 90% confidence ellipses of CVA scores. Colour of ellipses corresponds to the species written alongside.

Fig. 8 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 8. Scanning electron micrographs of sheathing valve (V3) and distal tooth of Rhinocypha spp. (a) Rhinocypha biforata, (b) Rhinocypha fenestrella, (c) Rhinocypha perforata – inset shows the carina, (d) measurement of (i) the peak of the tooth to the median base (ii) the space between the tooth. (e, f & g) shows the scanning electron micrographs of distal tooth of Rhinocypha spp.: (e) Rhinocypha biforata - (iii) indicates the width of the distal tooth, (f) Rhinocypha fenestrella – inset shows the campaniform sensilla, (g) Rhinocypha perforata, (h) campaniform sensilla at the distal tooth surface.

Fig. 11 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 11. Wireframe visualization of shape variation along the principal components one (PC1) from geometric morphometric analysis. (a) Rhinocypha biforata, (b) Rhinocypha fenestrella, (c) Rhinocypha perforata. Light blue landmarks represent the configuration of average specimen; dark blue landmarks represent one approximate extreme of the variation on that axis. Percentages indicate the proportion of total variance explained by each axis.

Fig. 5 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 5. Thorax of the females of Rhinocypha spp. (a) R. fenestrella, (b) R. perforata, and (c) R. biforata.

Fig. 7 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 7. Scanning electron micrographs of anal appendages of Rhinocypha spp. (a) Rhinocypha biforata – inset indicates the group of sensilla; (b) Rhinocypha fenestrella – inset shows the caeloconica-like sensilla; (c) Rhinocypha perforata; (d) group of sensilla on the tip of anal appendages; (e) caeloconica-like sensilla on the surface of the anal appendages. Gs: group of sensilla; Bs: basiconic sensilla; As: articulated setae.

Fig. 13 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 13. Thin-plate spline deformation grids of wing shape variation in Rhinocypha spp. (a) Rhinocypha biforata, (b) Rhinocypha fenestrella, (c) Rhinocypha perforata, demonstrating the directions (arrows).

Fig. 10 in Saphonecrus sinicus Belizin 1968, incertae sedis

Fig. 10. Scatterplot of all 15 landmarks configurations after Procrustes superimposition. The plotted line and blue dots represent the mean shape for the respective species; (a) Rhinocypha biforata, (b) Rhinocypha fenestrella, (c) Rhinocypha perforata.

Fig. 3 in Saphonecrus albidus Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Scatterplots and fitted regression lines of a) 'number of spoon-tipped setae' against carapace width and b) 'number of plumose setae' against carapace width on the second maxilliped of: ◆ Leptuca terpsichores, ▲ L. beebei, and ● Petruca panamensis.

Fig. 2 in Saphonecrus albidus Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 2. Scatterplots and fitted regression lines of 'number of spoon-tipped setae' (a–c), and 'number of plumose setae' (d–f) against carapace width on the second maxilliped of a) Leptuca terpsichores: ◆ female, ◇ male (r 2ñ 0.57; r 2ò 0.44); b) L. beebei: ▲ female, △ male (r 2ñ 0.74; r 2ò 0.78); c) Petruca panamensis: ● female, ○ male (r 2ñ 0.88; r 2ò 0.64); d) L. terpsichores: ◆ female, ◇ male (r 2ñ 0.45; r 2ò 0.60); e) L. beebei: ▲ female, △ male (r 2ñ 0.61; r 2ò 0.50); f) P. panamensis: ● female, ○ male (r 2ñ 0.87; r 2ò 0.72).

Fig. 1 in Saphonecrus albidus Lobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar 2022, sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Second maxilliped of: a) Leptuca terpsichores; b) L. beebei; c) P. panamensis. ST, spoon-tipped setae; P, plumose setae.

Fig. 3 in Fig. 1 in Saphonecrus shirakashii

Fig. 3. Number of days required to moult into the juvenile stages (larval duration) of Paratya compressa (A) and Paratya improvisa (B). Larvae were reared under 25 combinations of five different temperatures (x axis) and salinities (different coloured bars). Numbers of individuals are shown above the bars.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 1 in Saphonecrus shirakashii

Fig. 2. Response-surface contour plots of larval survival rates at different combinations of temperature and salinity conditions in Paratya compressa (A) and Paratya improvisa (B).

Fig. 2 in Saphonecrus shirakashii

Fig. 2. Thermotolerance represented by critical thermal minima (CTMin) and critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of Kelletia kelletii adults acclimated to different temperatures. The zone bordered by circles represents the 95% confidence interval of the median. The bars include 50% of the distribution and the vertical lines represent the quartiles.

Fig. 2 in Saphonecrus globosus Schweger and Tang 2015

Fig. 2. Osteological features in some trichomycterine species. (a–c), left suspensorium and opercular apparatus, lateral view, of (a), Ituglanis boitata; (b), Ituglanis payaya; (c), Trichomycterus albinotatus. (d–f), hyoid arch, middle and left portions, ventral view, of (d), I. boitata; (e), I. payaya; (f), Trichomycterus itatiayae. (g–h), mesethmoidal region, middle and left portions, dorsal view, of (g), I. payaya; (h), I. boitata. (i– j), neurocranium, dorsal view, of (i), I. boitata; (j), I. payaya. Abbreviations: acf, anterior cranial fontanel; pcf, posterior cranial fontanel; ptsc, posttemporosupracheithrum; sppc, sphenotic-prootic-pterosphenoid complex. Larger stippling represents cartilages.

Fig. 1 in Saphonecrus globosus Schweger and Tang 2015

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree generated by Maximum Likelihood analysis for 53 Trichomycterinae and three outgroups (COI, CYTB, MYH6 and RAG2, total of 2974 bp); numbers above the branches are bootstrap values and fast bootstrap values, respectively, separated by a bar; percentages under the branches are posterior probabilities from the Bayesian Inference; asterisks represent maximum values.

Fig. 1 in Saphonecrus shirakashii

Fig. 1. Preferred temperature of Kelletia kelletii adults acclimated to different temperatures. The zone, bordered by circles, represents the 95% confidence interval of the median. The bars include 50% of the organism's distribution. The 45° construction continuous line represents the point where preferred and acclimation temperatures are equal.

Fig. 4 in Saphonecrus shirakashii

Fig. 4. High metabolic rate (HMR, closed red circles) and low metabolic rate (LMR, closed black circles) of Kelletia kelletii obtained with the temperature-induced metabolic rate (TIMR) method, acclimated to different temperatures. The asterisk above the points indicates significant difference (P <0.05).